scholarly journals Clinical epidemiological characteristics of mycetoma in Eastern Sennar locality, Sennar State, Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0009847
Author(s):  
Rowa Hassan ◽  
Kebede Deribe ◽  
Ahmed Hassan Fahal ◽  
Melanie Newport ◽  
Sahar Bakhiet
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
The State ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Mycetoma epidemiological features remain uncharacterised. Few studies have been conducted in a community-based setting to explore the epidemiological features and risk factors for mycetoma in Sudan. To bridge this gap, this study was conducted in Eastern Sennar Locality, Sennar State, Sudan, to report the clinical, epidemiological characteristics of mycetoma patients and the disease burden in the state. We used cluster sampling; sixty villages were randomly selected across the locality’s five administrative units, and a household-to-household survey was conducted. We collected data using pre-designed questionnaires at the community, household, and individual levels. We performed descriptive analyses of the data and produced prevalence maps using ArcGIS 10.5 ([ESRI] Inc., Redlands CA, USA). A total of 41,176 individuals were surveyed, and 359 mycetoma patients were identified. The overall prevalence of mycetoma was 0.87% (95%CI = 0.78–0.97%), the prevalence among males was 0.83% (95%CI = 0.71–0.96%), and females 0.92% (95% CI = 0.79–1.06%). Individuals in the age group 31–45 years had the highest prevalence among the different age groups (1.52%, 95% CI = 1.23–1.86%). The prevalence map showed patients clustered within the central and north-eastern part of the locality, while villages in the south-western part had few or no cases. In conclusion, this clinical epidemiological study is pioneering and shows that mycetoma is prevalent in certain parts of Sudan. This data obtained will support the design of measures to reduce the disease burden in the state. The survey procedures and protocols can be adopted for further studies in Sudan and beyond.

scholarly journals Population-based seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 is more than halfway through the herd immunity threshold in the State of Maranhao, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva ◽  
Lídio Gonçalves Lima Neto ◽  
Conceição de Maria Pedrozo e Silva Azevedo ◽  
Léa Márcia Melo da Costa ◽  
Maylla Luana Barbosa Martins Bragança ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
False Negative ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The State ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay

Background: Few population-based studies on the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been performed to date, and most of them have used lateral flow immunoassays with finger-prick, which may yield false-negative results and thus underestimate the true infection rate. Methods: A population-based household survey was performed in the State of Maranhao, Brazil, from 27 July 2020 to 8 August 2020 to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 using a serum testing electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. A three-stage cluster sampling stratified by four state regions was used. The estimates took clustering, stratification, and non-response into account. Qualitative detection of IgM and IgG antibodies was performed in a fully-automated Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 electrochemiluminescence immunoassay on the Cobas e601 analyser (Roche Diagnostics). Findings: A total of 3156 individuals were interviewed. Seroprevalence of total antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was 40.4% (95%CI 35.6-45.3). Population adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions was higher at the beginning of the pandemic than in the last month. SARS-CoV-2 infection rates were significantly lower among mask wearers and among those who maintained social and physical distancing in the last month compared to their counterparts. Among the infected, 62.2% had more than three symptoms, 11.1% had one or two symptoms, and 26.0% were asymptomatic. The infection fatality rate was 0.17%, higher for males and advanced age groups. The ratio of estimated infections to reported cases was 22.2. Interpretation: To the best of our knowledge, the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 estimated in this population-based survey was the highest and the closest to the herd immunity threshold reported to date. Our results suggest that the herd immunity threshold is not as low as 20%, but at least higher than or equal to around 40%. The infection fatality rate was one of the lowest reported so far, and the proportion of asymptomatic cases was low.

scholarly journals Trends of epidemiological characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury in China, 2009–2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dingjun Hao ◽  
Jinpeng Du ◽  
Liang Yan ◽  
Baorong He ◽  
Xiao Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objective We focus on providing the first comprehensive national dataset on the incidence, injury aetiology and mortality of TSCI in China. Methods A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used. We included TSCI cases from all hospitals in three regions, nine provinces and 27 cities in China via search of electronic medical records and retrospectively analysed the characteristics of TSCI in China from 2009 to 2018. We estimated the incidence of TSCI in the total population and subgroups. Results There were 5954 actual cases in 2009, corresponding to a total estimated TSCI incidence of 45.1 cases per million population (95% CI, 44.0–46.3). There were 10,074 actual cases in 2018, corresponding to a total estimated TSCI incidence of 66.5 cases per million population (95% CI, 65.2–67.8) (P < 0.001; annual average percentage change (AAPC), 4.4%). From 2009 to 2018, the incidence of almost all sex/age groups showed an increasing trend over time (P < 0.001; AAPC, 0.7–8.8%). The elderly population (aged 65–74) displayed the highest incidence of TSCI (with an average annual incidence of 127.1 cases per million [95% CI, 119.8–134.3]). Conclusions The TSCI incidence increased significantly from 2009 to 2018. The incidence in the elderly populations was consistently high and continues to increase over time. The mortality of TSCI patients in hospitals is relatively low and continues to decrease each year, but elderly individuals remain at a high risk of hospital death.

scholarly journals Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of measles in the Astrakhan region in 2013–2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-93
Author(s):  
G. A. Kharchenko ◽  
O. G, Kimirilova
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Past ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Measles Incidence ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

In the first quarter of 2019, we registered 872 cases of measles in Russia, indicating a tense epidemic situation of this disease.Purpose. To determine clinical and epidemiological features of measles in the Astrakhan region (AR) from January 2013 to April 2019.Material and methods. We analyzed 663 cases of measles confirmed by enzyme immunoassay (293 children + 370 adults) in the AR from January 2013 to April 2019. Results. We found that in the age structure of measles incidence in AO prevail patients aged from 18 to 29 years old, unvaccinated or lacking vaccination information, unvaccinated children of 1-2 years old and children under 1 year old, not subject to measles vaccination. The main reasons for the lack of vaccination in children with measles under 17 years are medical withdrawal; and among adults – insufficient vaccination of people under 35 years and the absence of vaccination in people over 35 years. The main reasons for the incidence of measles among vaccinated children and adults is the violations of vaccination, inaccuracy of official measles vaccination data, which is confirmed by serological monitoring, indicating a decrease in the seropositive individuals among vaccinated persons. The presence of measles foci and the spread of infection can be explained by nosocomial outbreaks, spread of measles in the organized groups as a result of untimely identification and isolation of patients. Measles in children and adults of different age groups, both vaccinated and unvaccinated, occurred typically with a predominance of moderate form. The Filatov – Koplik symptom, despite its detection in only 54% of patients, remains the main sign for the diagnosis of measles in the catarrhal period of the disease, and pigmentation is a sign of the past illness. 

scholarly journals Household transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 in the time of unprecedented travel lockdown in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ke Xu ◽  
Xiao-Fan Liu ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Sheikh Taslim Ali ◽  
Zhanwei Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

AbstractImportanceSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in the city of Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and then spread globally. Limited information is available for characterizing epidemiological features and transmission patterns in the regions outside of Hubei Province. Detailed data on transmission at the individual level could be an asset to understand the transmission mechanisms and respective patterns in different settings.ObjectiveTo reconstruct infection events and transmission clusters of SARS-CoV-2 for estimating epidemiological characteristics at household and non-household settings, including super-spreading events, serial intervals, age- and gender-stratified risks of infection in China outside of Hubei Province.Design, Setting, and Participants9,120 confirmed cases reported online by 264 Chinese urban Health Commissions in 27 provinces from January 20 to February 19, 2020. A line-list database is established with detailed information on demographic, social and epidemiological characteristics. The infection events are categorized into the household and non-household settings.ExposuresConfirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections.Main Outcomes and MeasuresInformation about demographic characteristics, social relationships, travel history, timelines of potential exposure, symptom onset, confirmation, and hospitalization were extracted from online public reports. 1,407 infection events formed 643 transmission clusters were reconstructed.ResultsIn total 34 primary cases were identified as super spreaders, and 5 household super-spreading events were observed. The mean serial interval is estimated to be 4.95 days (standard deviation: 5.24 days) and 5.19 days (standard deviation: 5.28 days) for households and non-household transmissions, respectively. The risk of being infected outside of households is higher for age groups between 18 and 64 years, whereas the hazard of being infected within households is higher for age groups of young (<18) and elderly (>65) people.Conclusions and RelevanceThe identification of super-spreading events, short serial intervals, and a higher risk of being infected outside of households for male people of age between 18 and 64 indicate a significant barrier to the case identification and management, which calls for intensive non-pharmaceutical interventions (e.g. cancellation of public gathering, limited access of public services) as the potential mitigation strategies.Key PointsQuestionWhat epidemiological characteristics and risk factors are associated with household and non-household transmissions of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China outside of Hubei Province?FindingsIn this epidemiological study analyzing 1,407 SARS-CoV-2 infection events reported between 20 January 2020 and 19 February 2020, 643 transmission clusters were reconstructed to demonstrate the non-negligible frequency of super-spreading events, short duration of serial intervals, and a higher risk of being infected outside of household for male people of age between 18 and 64 years.MeaningThese findings provide epidemiological features and risk estimates for both household and non-household transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 in China outside of Hubei Province.

scholarly journals The Prevalence of Schistosomasis among People in Almatama locality River Nile State, Sudan

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Hussein ◽  
Dawria. Adam ◽  
Suleman Alkamil ◽  
Belal Abdallah A. Adam
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Stool Examination ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Stagnant Water ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urine Examination ◽  
Administrative Unit ◽  
Strong Relation

This is cross sectional descriptive community based study to measure the prevalence of Schistosomasis disease, multistage cluster sampling was taken (500person), and the data was collected by the flowing methods, Urine Examination, Stool examination, and Questionnaire, the data was analyzed by using (SPSS) the main result for study Schistosomosis Hematoupium was 15% and Schistosomosis Mansoni was Zero, the prevalence was high in Tibaha Alkhwad administrative unit with 6.0%, Almata with 5.2% and Wedhamid with 3.8%. The study found there was strong relation between Shistosomasis and both genders (male, female) where the prevalence was high among male 10.8%, the study also showed there was strong relationship between Schistosomasis and age groups, The prevalence increases among age group (15 to 25 years )with (5.8%), There was strong significant relation between swimming in stagnant water and getting infected with Schistosomasis, The prevalence increases among people go to swimming in stagnant water with 11.0% (PV =0.0000 significant),

scholarly journals Predictive markers of transmission in areas with different malaria endemicity in north-eastern Tanzania based on seroprevalence of antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Kaaya ◽  
Debora C. Kajeguka ◽  
Johnson J. Matowo ◽  
Arnold J. Ndaro ◽  
Franklin W. Mosha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Malaria Endemicity ◽  
North Eastern

Abstract Objective A community-based cross-sectional study was done to assess Plasmodium falciparum exposure in areas with different malaria endemicity in north-eastern Tanzania using serological markers; PfAMA-1 and PfMSP-119. Results Bondo had a higher seroprevalence 36.6% (188) for PfAMA-1 as compared to Hai 13.8% (33), χ2 = 34.66, p < 0.01. Likewise, Bondo had a higher seroprevalence 201(36.6%) for PfMSP-1 as compared to Hai 41 (17.2%), χ2 = 29.62, p < 0.01. Anti-PfAMA-1 titters were higher in malaria positive individuals (n = 47) than in malaria negative individuals (n = 741) (p = 0.07). Anti-PfMSP-1 antibody concentrations were significantly higher in malaria-positive individuals (n = 47) than in malaria-negative individuals (n = 741) (p = 0.003). Antibody response against PfAMA-1 was significantly different between the three age groups; < 5 years, 5 to 15 years and > 15 years in both sites of Bondo and Hai. Likewise, antibody response against PfMSP-119 was significantly different between the three age groups in the two sites (p < 0.001). We also found significant differences in the anti-PfAMA-1and anti-PfMSP-119 antibody concentrations among the three age groups in the two sites (p = 0.004 and 0.005) respectively. Immunological indicators of P. falciparum exposure have proven to be useful in explaining long-term changes in the transmission dynamics, especially in low transmission settings.

Epidemiological Characteristics of Meningococcal Infection in Moscow

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
M. I. Gritsay ◽  
M. A. Koroleva ◽  
N. N. Fomkina ◽  
I. S. Koroleva
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Invasive Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Meningococcal Infection ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Teenagers And Young Adults ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Aims. The purpose of this study was to identify current epidemiological features of meningococcal infection in Moscow.Materials and methods. Cases of invasive meningococcal disease in Moscow from 2014 to 2018 and the biomaterial from patients with an invasive meningococcal disease were analyzed.Results. The features of the epidemic process of meningococcal disease in Moscow were revealed: increasing in the incidence rate involving teenagers and young adults into the epidemic process; meningococcal strains of serogroups W and A increased in the etiology of the invasive meningococcal disease; high mortality rate.Conclusions. It seems reasonable to recommend vaccination against meningococcal disease by including adolescents, young adults and persons over 65 years old.

Mole (Talpa europaea L., 1758) in funds of the State Natural History Museum of the NAS of Ukraine

2018 ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Khodzinskyi V. ◽  
Cheremnykh N.
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The State ◽  
Natural History Museum ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Talpa Europaea ◽  
Gathering Place ◽  
Collection Sites ◽  
Main Material

The natural collection (n = 280 specimens) of the mole (Talpa europaea L., 1758) from the collections of the State Natural History Museum of the NAS of Ukraine was studied. The main material was collected in May-August by 23 collectors during the period 1868-1998. Morphometry of 86% of mole specimens was carried out, 52% of the individuals were weighed before preparation, the sex was set at 81% of individuals, and the age – 73%. Natural mole from the museum's funds are extracted or found in Bulgaria (1 gathering place) and six regions of West of Ukraine (30 collection sites). The ratio of the sexes of mole individuals, exhibits which are stored in the museum's funds, is 1.0 : 0.7 (♂ : ♀), age groups – 1.0 : 0.3 (ad. : subad.).

An Epidemiological Analysis of COVID-19 Confirmed Cases, Reported at National Institute of Health, Pakistan (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambreen Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Travel History ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Multi Center Study ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is a zoonotic disease of novel origin that posed a continuous threat to health worldwide after taking the shape of the pandemic. An understanding of disease epidemiology is supportive in timely preventive and control measures as well as contact tracing and curbing surveillance activities. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to determine the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 confirmed cases reported at the National Institute of Health Pakistan and elements of its spread in Pakistan. METHODS A retrospective record review was conducted at the National Institute of Health (NIH) Islamabad, Pakistan from January 25 to April 4, 2020. Univariate and bivariate analysis was done with 95% CI and p<0.05. RESULTS A total of 14,422 samples of suspected COVID-19 cases were received with a positivity rate of 9% (n=1348). Among all 70% (n=939) were male. The median age was 41years of age (range: 01-99Years). Among all, 19% were from 30-39 years old followed by 50-59 years old (17%). Children remained the least affected by 3% (n=35). Of the total reported cases, 55% (n=735) have reported the travel history within the last 14 days. Among these travelers’ international travelers were 23% (n=166) and domestic travelers were 77% (n=569). Travel history including both international and domestic remained significantly associated with the different age groups and Young adults remained more vulnerable to COVID-19 (P=0.03). Fever, SOB, and Cough remained the most significantly associated (P<0.05) in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS A higher incidence of COVID-19 among elderly men suggests robust quarantine measures for this target population. An escalating incidence of local transmission needs strict social distancing and hygiene practices to help flatten the curve. An extensive multi-center study is also recommended for a full understanding of disease dynamics.

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