Blue justice: A survey for eliciting perceptions of environmental justice among coastal planners’ and small-scale fishers in Northern-Norway

Ocean-based economic development arising from an increasing interest in the ‘blue economy’ is placing ecosystems and small-scale fisheries under pressure. The dominant policy response for dealing with multiple uses is the allocation of coastal space through coastal zone planning (CZP). Recent studies have shown that the rush to develop the blue economy and regulate coastal activity can result in social injustices and the exclusion of less powerful and unrecognized groups (e.g., small-scale fishers, women, Indigenous peoples and youth). To achieve a primary goal of the 2030 sustainable development agenda to “leave no one behind”, it is important to understand the implications of coastal planning and development for these groups. Here, we present a social survey protocol for examining perceptions of justice related to small-scale fisheries (SSF) in the context of the blue economy in coastal areas. Specifically, we designed the survey instrument and sampling protocol to assess whether decisions about the use of the coastal zone over the last five years have i) followed principles of good governance, ii) recognized fishers’ knowledge, culture and rights and iii) been attentive to impacts of changed coastal zone use on fisheries. The survey will engage coastal planners (N = app. 120) and fishers (N = app. 4300) in all the coastal municipalities (N = 81) in Northern-Norway. The sampling protocol is designed to ensure representation of different sectors of society, including those defined by gender, age, ethnicity and occupation (e.g., small-scale fishers, large-scale fishers, coastal planners).

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Participatory Mapping for Strengthening Environmental Governance on Socio-Ecological Impacts of Infrastructure in the Amazon: Lessons to Improve Tools and Strategies

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132414048 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 14048

Author(s):

Carla Mere-Roncal ◽

Gabriel Cardoso Carrero ◽

Andrea Birgit Chavez ◽

Angelica Maria Almeyda Zambrano ◽

Bette Loiselle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Environmental Governance ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Good Governance ◽

Knowledge Exchange ◽

Ecological Impacts ◽

Participatory Mapping ◽

Infrastructure Development ◽

Development Agenda ◽

Novel Approach

The Amazon region has been viewed as a source of economic growth based on extractive industry and large-scale infrastructure development endeavors, such as roads, dams, oil and gas pipelines and mining. International and national policies advocating for the development of the Amazon often conflict with the environmental sector tasked with conserving its unique ecosystems and peoples through a sustainable development agenda. New practices of environmental governance can help mitigate adverse socio-economic and ecological effects. For example, forming a “community of practice and learning” (CoP-L) is an approach for improving governance via collaboration and knowledge exchange. The Governance and Infrastructure in the Amazon (GIA) project, in which this study is embedded, has proposed that fostering a CoP-L on tools and strategies to improve infrastructure governance can serve as a mechanism to promote learning and action on factors related to governance effectiveness. A particular tool used by the GIA project for generating and sharing knowledge has been participatory mapping (Pmap). This study analyzes Pmap exercises conducted through workshops in four different Amazonian regions. The goal of Pmap was to capture different perspectives from stakeholders based on their experiences and interests to visualize and reflect on (1) areas of value, (2) areas of concern and (3) recommended actions related to reducing impacts of infrastructure development and improvement of governance processes. We used a mixed-methods approach to explore textual analysis, regional multi-iteration discussion with stakeholders, participatory mapping and integration with ancillary geospatial datasets. We believe that by sharing local-knowledge-driven data and strengthening multi-actor dialogue and collaboration, this novel approach can improve day to day practices of CoP-L members and, therefore, the transparency of infrastructure planning and good governance.

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Using pingers to reduce bycatch of small cetaceans in Peru's small-scale driftnet fishery

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s0030605312000658 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 595-606 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jeffrey C. Mangel ◽

Joanna Alfaro-Shigueto ◽

Matthew J. Witt ◽

David J. Hodgson ◽

Brendan J. Godley

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Small Scale ◽

Marine Fauna ◽

Incidental Capture ◽

Small Scale Fisheries ◽

Control Sets ◽

Northern Peru ◽

Catch Rates

AbstractThere is growing awareness that small-scale fisheries may have large impacts on threatened marine fauna. Bycatch of small cetaceans by the Peruvian small-scale driftnet fleet results in the deaths of thousands of animals annually. We sought to assess the effectiveness of acoustic alarms (pingers) for reducing the incidental capture of dolphins and porpoises by this fleet. Forty-three experimental trips (156 fishing sets) and 47 control trips (195 fishing sets) out of Salaverry Port, northern Peru, were observed from April 2009 to August 2011. Twenty-two percent of control sets captured small cetaceans (67 individuals) and 16% of experimental sets had captures of small cetaceans (33 individuals). The bycatch rate of experimental sets was 0.50 individuals km−2h−1, whereas for control sets the rate was 0.80 individuals km−2h−1. This 37% reduction in bycatch rate suggests that pingers may be effective in reducing the bycatch of small cetaceans in this fishery. Catch rates of the fishery's target shark and ray species were unchanged. Given the vast size of this fishery and its current levels of bycatch of small cetaceans (> 10,000 individuals annually), even the modest declines in bycatch we observed could result in reductions in mortality of hundreds or thousands of small cetaceans per annum. Challenges, including increased costs, to large-scale utilization of pingers have yet to be overcome. The harpooning of dolphins for use as bait will also need to be addressed for further reductions in dolphin and porpoise bycatch and mortality to be achievable.

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Challenges Posed on The New Mining Act and Its Regulations in Tanzania

Journal of Politics and Law ◽

10.5539/jpl.v8n4p185 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 185 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Charles W. Marwa ◽

Isabela Warioba

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Large Scale ◽

Good Governance ◽

Land Ownership ◽

Local Communities ◽

Small Scale ◽

Mining Sector ◽

Mining Companies ◽

Mining Law ◽

The Relationship

This paper assesses the challenges that are posed to the new mining law and other Regulations that govern the mining sector in Tanzania. The main issues discussed in this paper include the conflicts between the local people and the mining companies regarding land ownership, compensation and forced eviction, conflicts between Small Scale Mining (SSM) and Large Scale Mining (LSM).The findings obtained by the authors, intimates that the major problems in the mining sector are due to lack of law enforcement and good governance in the sector as well as lack of awareness of the laws governing the sector by the local communities.Lastly, the authors concludes and recommend that, until and unless the laws are adhered to and kept into practice, the problems in the mining sector will not be easily resolved. Hence in order for the mining sector to benefit the indigenous and the investors, there should be enhancement of sustainable development;, people should be educated on the laws and the effects of mining on the environment and the relationship between SSM and LSM be improved.

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Experience and Plans for Rationalization of Small-Scale Fisheries in India

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f73-343 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 30 (12) ◽

pp. 2172-2177

Author(s):

P. C. George

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Training Programs ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Small Scale ◽

Fishing Industry ◽

Small Scale Fisheries ◽

The Past ◽

The World ◽

Fishing Capacity ◽

Small Craft

Small-scale fisheries have traditionally been the backbone of the fishing industry all over the world. Although large-scale mechanized fishing has come into the limelight recently, even such countries as have developed substantial capability in this direction still have a large fleet of small boats in coastal areas. The landings of this sector of the industry are always substantial, and in many countries they still dominate the picture. In India, small-scale fisheries landed almost 1.15 million tons in 1971. This figure has been increasing as motor-powered small craft have increased in numbers, although 70% of marine fish is still caught from nonpowered boats. Measures taken to increase fishing capacity, landings, and net fishermen’s income over the past 10 years include various kinds of loans and subsidies for the purchase of boats, motors, and nets; assistance for the construction of ponds in inland areas; organization of cooperatives; training programs for fishermen and supporting personnel, especially motor repairmen (with the cooperation of Norway); and gear and vessel research including pilot-scale demonstrations with new types of vessels and equipment.

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Co-Management of Small-Scale Fisheries in Chile From a Network Governance Perspective

Environments ◽

10.3390/environments7120104 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 104

Author(s):

Cristian Albornoz ◽

Johannes Glückler

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Local Level ◽

Network Governance ◽

Small Scale ◽

Small Scale Fisheries ◽

Public Subsidies ◽

Key Characteristics ◽

Shared Authority ◽

The Government ◽

Benthic Resources

We examine decision-making, shared authority, and pluralism as key characteristics for the effective co-management of natural resources. Drawing on the concept of network governance, we complement this approach by studying localized practices of governance that support existing and compensate for missing aspects in the regulation. The regime of territorial use rights for fisheries (TURF) in Chile is a recognized example of large-scale co-management that has given rise to local organizations that manage and exploit benthic resources. Based on multi-sited qualitative fieldwork across five regions, we analyze practices with respect to two governance objects: the deterrence of illegal fishing and the periodic assessment of the fisheries’ biology fields. Our analysis shows that local fisher organizations have institutionalized informal practices of surveillance and monitoring to fill in the gaps of existing regulations. Although fisher organizations and consultants—the so-called management and exploitation areas for benthic resources (AMERB)—have managed to operate the TURF regime, they depend on the government to enforce regulations and receive public subsidies to cover the costs of delegated governance tasks. We suggest that governance effectiveness could benefit from delegating additional authority to the local level. This would enhance the supervision of productive areas and better adaptation of national co-management regulations to the specific geographical context.

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Effect of temporal and spatial resolution on identification of fishing activities in small-scale fisheries using pots and traps

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1093/icesjms/fsz073 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 76 (6) ◽

pp. 1601-1609 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tania Mendo ◽

Sophie Smout ◽

Tommaso Russo ◽

Lorenzo D’Andrea ◽

Mark James

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Spatial Resolution ◽

Large Scale ◽

Low Cost ◽

Grid Cell ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Satellite System ◽

Small Scale ◽

Fishing Activity ◽

Small Scale Fisheries

Abstract Analysis of data from vessel monitoring systems and automated identification systems in large-scale fisheries is used to describe the spatial distribution of effort, impact on habitats, and location of fishing grounds. To identify when and where fishing activities occur, analysis needs to take account of different fishing practices in different fleets. Small-scale fisheries (SSFs) vessels have generally been exempted from positional reporting requirements, but recent developments of compact low-cost systems offer the potential to monitor them effectively. To characterize the spatial distribution of fishing activities in SSFs, positions should be collected with sufficient frequency to allow detection of different fishing behaviours, while minimizing demands for data transmission, storage, and analysis. This study sought to suggest optimal rates of data collection to characterize fishing activities at appropriate spatial resolution. In a SSF case study, on-board observers collected Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) position and fishing activity every second during each trip. In analysis, data were re-sampled to lower temporal resolutions to evaluate the effect on the identification of number of hauls and area fished. The effect of estimation at different spatial resolutions was also explored. Consistent results were found for polling intervals <60 s in small vessels and <120 in medium and large vessels. Grid cell size of 100 × 100 m resulted in best estimations of area fished. Remote collection and analysis of GNSS or equivalent data at low cost and sufficient resolution to infer small-scale fisheries activities. This has significant implications globally for sustainable management of these fisheries, many of which are currently unregulated.

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Securing a Just Space for Small-Scale Fisheries in the Blue Economy

Frontiers in Marine Science ◽

10.3389/fmars.2019.00171 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Philippa J. Cohen ◽

Edward H. Allison ◽

Neil L. Andrew ◽

Joshua Cinner ◽

Louisa S. Evans ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Scale ◽

Small Scale Fisheries ◽

Blue Economy

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Northern Lights Tourism in Iceland, Norway and Finland

Septentrio Reports ◽

10.7557/7.3266 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bente Heimtun ◽

Gunnar Þór Jóhannesson ◽

Seija Tuulentie

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

The Arctic ◽

Small Scale ◽

Outdoor Activities ◽

Northern Norway ◽

Winter Tourism ◽

Aurora Borealis ◽

Mass Tourism ◽

Finnish Lapland

This report is the result of fieldwork in Iceland, Northern Norway and Finnish Lapland, undertaken by tourism researchers from the three countries in 2014. One aim of the study was to establish comparative knowledge on Northern Lights tours. The research is part of the ‘Winter tourism’<a title="" href="file:///Y:/Septentrio_Academic_Publishing/Tidsskriftene/Septentrio%20Reports/2015-1/Report-ver2.docx">[1]</a> project at UiT The Arctic University of Norway. During the last decade Northern Lights tourism has boomed in the case study areas. Important destinations for Aurora tourism are: Reykjavik and Akureyri in Iceland, Tromsø and Alta in Norway, and Rovaniemi and the region around Muonio in Finland. A common feature of this type of tourism is the increased interest from international tourists, mainly from Europe, Northern America and Asia. Moreover, these tourists travel to both large scale and small scale destinations. In common are also the development of mass tourism in the bigger cities, in regards of the number of tour providers and number of tourists, and a more moderate development in the smaller cities. In spite of commonalities several factors also separate the tours and destinations. The Norwegian Northern Lights tours, for instance, tend to be more expensive and they often last longer. In Finland most of the tours are in combination with other outdoor activities and mass tourism is the most noticeable in Reykjavik. Thus, there the tours are the cheapest. Furthermore, in Iceland and Alta mostly local guides are employed, whereas in Finnish Lapland and Tromsø many workers are from other Europeans countries. The researchers participated in 17 tours in total. Consequently this report gives only a glimpse of various ways of guiding and how skills, knowledge, equipment, weather and so on affect Aurora Borealis performances in a toured setting. This report continues with a presentation of the Northern Lights tourism development and offers in each country. In the description of each country we also point to guiding practices that enhance and diminish the experiences with the tours. In the last section we discuss the Northern Lights tourism in the three countries, and reflect upon the importance of the guide, safety and infrastructure and some other aspects of the tours.

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