scholarly journals Psychosis proneness, loneliness, and hallucinations in nonclinical individuals

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251753
Author(s):  
Sarah Hope Lincoln ◽  
Taylor Johnson ◽  
Sarah Kim ◽  
Emma Edenbaum ◽  
Jill M. Hooley
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Normal Functioning ◽  
Hallucinatory Experience ◽  
Psychosis Proneness ◽  
Nonclinical Sample ◽  
The Relationship

Hallucinations occur along a continuum of normal functioning. Investigating the factors related to this experience in nonclinical individuals may offer important information for understanding the etiology of hallucinations in psychiatric populations. In this study we test the relationship between psychosis proneness, loneliness, and auditory hallucinations in a nonclinical sample using the White Christmas paradigm. Seventy-six undergraduate students participated in this study. We found that slightly more than half of our participants endorsed a hallucinatory experience during the White Christmas paradigm. However, we did not observe a relationship between the number of hallucinatory experiences and schizotypy, propensity to hallucinate, or loneliness. Moreover, there were no differences on these measures between individuals who reported hearing a hallucination during the White Christmas paradigm relative to those who did not. Thus, there may be other contextual factors not investigated in this study that might clarify the mechanism by which auditory hallucinations are experienced in a nonclinical population.

The causal relationship between envy and depression: A cross-lagged regression analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Xinsheng Jiang ◽  
Jinyu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Social Comparison ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Gender Effect ◽  
Comparison Theory ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Nonclinical Sample ◽  
Upward Social Comparison ◽  
The Relationship

The causal relationship between envy and depression is currently far from clear. We conducted a cross-lagged regression analysis of data on envy and depression, obtained from a nonclinical sample of 260 undergraduate students at two time points spaced 14 months apart. From the perspective of social comparison theory, the results show that although after 14 months envy positively predicted depression, depression did not predict envy. The envy–depression relationship is, thus, a unidirectional causality. In addition, there was no overall gender effect on the relationship between envy and depression. Our finding of the effect of upward social comparison on the envy–depression relationship provides guidance for the treatment of depression in clinical practice.

Relationship between Anger and Paranoid Thoughts in a Nonclinical Sample

2009 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Yamauchi ◽  
Anju Sudo ◽  
Yoshihiko Tanno
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Anger Expression ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Trait Anger ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Weak Effect ◽  
Student Group ◽  
Nonclinical Sample ◽  
The Relationship

Anger has been suggested to be associated with paranoid thoughts in nonclinical groups. For a clear evaluation of the relationship between anger and paranoid thoughts, successive preliminary surveys were conducted in a student group in Japan. A total of 102 undergraduate students completed two scales—the Paranoia Checklist and the Spielberger Trait Anger Expression Inventory. The participants filled out the questionnaires twice, at a 1-mo. interval. The synchronous effects model was used to examine the relationship between the variables. Structural equation modeling demonstrated an acceptable fit, and trait anger at Time 2 was found to have a weak effect on paranoid thoughts at Time 2, whereas paranoid thoughts at Time 2 had no effect on trait anger at Time 2. The findings suggest the possibility of a relationship between trait anger and paranoid thoughts in a non-clinical population.

Social Interaction Anxiety and the Discounting of Positive Interpersonal Events

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 597-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanos P. Vassilopoulos ◽  
Robin Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Interpretation Bias ◽  
Treatment Interventions ◽  
Social Interaction Anxiety ◽  
Nonclinical Sample ◽  
Interaction Anxiety ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Recent research has indicated that individuals with social interaction anxiety make biased interpretations of positive social interactions, with greater general apprehension in response to such events and more negative predictions about the future. There has also been some preliminary evidence for a second facet of interpretation bias, namely a failure to accept others’ positive reactions at face value, but this has so far not been adequately studied. Method: The present study developed a new measure of this “discounting” dimension and utilized a nonclinical sample of undergraduate students to provide an initial analysis of the scale. Results: Results provide early support for the psychometric properties of our scale, and indicate that discounting mediates the relationship between social interaction anxiety and low positive affect, over and above the previously studied aspect of positive event interpretation bias. Conclusions: The implications for treatment interventions and further research are discussed.

Coping Style as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Deliberate Self-Harm

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 272-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison S. Christian ◽  
Kristen M. McCabe
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Deliberate Self Harm ◽  
Self Blame ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Deliberate self-harm (DSH) occurs with high frequency among clinical and nonclinical youth populations. Although depression has been consistently linked with the behavior, not all depressed individuals engage in DSH. Aims: The current study examined maladaptive coping strategies (i.e., self-blame, distancing, and self-isolation) as mediators between depression and DSH among undergraduate students. Methods: 202 students from undergraduate psychology courses at a private university in Southern California (77.7% women) completed anonymous self-report measures. Results: A hierarchical regression model found no differences in DSH history across demographic variables. Among coping variables, self-isolation alone was significantly related to DSH. A full meditational model was supported: Depressive symptoms were significantly related to DSH, but adding self-isolation to the model rendered the relationship nonsignificant. Limitations: The cross-sectional study design prevents determination of whether a casual relation exists between self-isolation and DSH, and obscures the direction of that relationship. Conclusions: Results suggest targeting self-isolation as a means of DSH prevention and intervention among nonclinical, youth populations.

Dark and Peculiar

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janko Međedović ◽  
Goran Knežević
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Psychosis Proneness ◽  
Negative Emotional Reaction ◽  
Mind Set ◽  
Psychopathic Tendencies

Abstract. Earlier research suggested that militant extremists could have certain aspects of psychopathic and psychotic characteristics. Relying on these studies, we investigated whether the Militant Extremist Mind-Set (MEM) could be explained by psychopathy, sadism, and Disintegration (psychosis proneness), as subclinical manifestations of amoral, antisocial, and psychotic-like traits. In Study 1 (306 undergraduate students), it was shown that sadistic and psychopathic tendencies were related to Proviolence (advocating violence as a means for achieving a goal); psychopathic and disintegrative tendencies were associated to the Vile World (belief in a world as a corrupted and vile place), while Disintegration was the best predictor of Divine Power (relying on supernatural forces as a rationale for extremist acts). In Study 2 (147 male convicts), these relations were largely replicated and broadened by including implicit emotional associations to violence in the study design. Thus, while Proviolence was found to be related to a weakened negative emotional reaction to violent pictures, Vile World was found to be associated with stronger negative emotions as a response to violence. Furthermore, Proviolence was the only MEM factor clearly differentiating the sample of convicts from male students who participated in Study 1. Results help extend current understanding about personal characteristics related to militant extremism.

Gender and belief factors on attitude towards Social and Environmental Accounting (SEA)

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Salina Abdullah ◽  
Ern Chen Loo
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Environmental Accounting ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Business And Society ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Sustain Ability ◽  
The Relationship

Research on social and environmental accounting (SEA) has mainly concentrated on disclosure of SEA by corporate bodies, where investigations on ones attitude towards SEA are rarely discussed. SEA is a medium that develops relationships between business and society, community and nature. In addition, SEA involves a concept of sustain ability; where natural resources need to be sustained for the needs of future generations (Alhabshi et al., 2003). SEA also tries to recognise the role of accounting in sustainable development and the use of environmental resources. There are arguments that the young generations today are not fully aware of preserving these natural resources as well as handling social and environmental issues wisely. This perhaps link closely to their belief and cultural background. Hence, this paper examines the influence of gender and belief factors on the undergraduate students’ attitude towards SEA. Four dimensions of belief (fixed ability, quick learning, simple knowledge and certain knowledge) proposed by Schommer (2005) were adapted to analyse how belief factors have influence on their attitude towards SEA. An independent sample t-test was used to examine the relationship between gender and students’ attitude towards SEA. Spearmen’s correlation was employed to show the relationship between belief and attitude towards SEA. The results revealed that gender differences did not show influences on their attitude towards SEA. It was found that there is a significant relationship between belief and students’ attitude towards SEA. Students who believe on the importance of SEA tend to report positive attitude towards SEA. Perhaps findings of this study may provide some information on the SEA education and further be incorporated in the syllabus.

Perceived uniqueness: Locus of control, social exclusion, and choice

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Shichang Liang ◽  
Yaping Chang ◽  
XueBing Dong ◽  
Jinshan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Central China ◽  
External Locus ◽  
Internal Locus Of Control ◽  
Uniqueness Results ◽  
The Relationship

We examined the influence of locus of control on the relationship between social exclusion and preference for distinctive choices. Participants were 212 undergraduate students at a university in Central China, who completed measures of social exclusion, locus of control, choice, and perceived uniqueness. Results showed that participants who believed that the environment controlled their fate (external locus of control) preferred more distinctive choices in a social exclusion context than in a social inclusion context, whereas participants who believed that they could control the environment (internal locus of control) preferred less distinctive choices. Further, perceived uniqueness mediated the effect of social exclusion and locus of control on choice. These results add to the literature on social exclusion and personal control.

Hearing Vocation Differently

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Affective Learning ◽  
College Campuses ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
Multiple Voices ◽  
Faith Traditions ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
The Relationship

Colleges and universities have begun using the language of vocation and calling to help undergraduates think about the future direction of their lives. This language has been employed in both secular and religious contexts, but it has deep roots in a specific theological tradition. Given the increasingly multi-faith context of undergraduate life, many have asked whether this originally Christian terminology can truly become a new vocabulary for higher education. This volume’s 13 contributing scholars identify with a wide variety of faith traditions, including Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Sikhism. Some claim more than one tradition; others would claim none. Rather than seeking to “translate” Christian language into other perspectives, they reflect on various facets of vocation from the standpoint of their own traditions. Both individually and collectively, they seek to expand the range of vocational reflection and discernment well beyond its traditional Christian origins, addressing themes such as religious pluralism and difference, the importance of multiple voices, the role of affective learning, the relationship between process and result, and the development of an integrated life. The authors recognize that all undergraduate students—regardless of their academic field, religious background, or demographic identity—need to make space for reflection, to overcome obstacles to vocational discernment, and to consider the significance of their own narratives, beliefs, and practices. Accomplishing these goals will require college campuses to reimagine their curricular and co-curricular programming in order to support their students’ interfaith reflections on issues of meaning and purpose, as well as personal identity.

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