Mapping and situation analysis of basic WASH facilities at households in Bangladesh: Evidence from a nationally representative survey

Background Ensuring water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities for households remains a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study investigated the current situation of basic WASH facilities for households in Bangladesh and drew a national coverage map. Methods We analyzed the publicly available nationally representative 2019 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) dataset that was carried out by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) with support from the United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). A total of 61,209 households (weighted) were included in the analysis. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were employed to examine the relationships between independent variables (socio-demographic and economic status) and their distributions over outcome variables (basic water, sanitation, and hygiene). Further, the spatial distribution of WASH facilities at the household level was depicted. Results Coverage of access to basic water facilities at the household level was 99.5% (95% CI 99.4% to 99.6%), sanitation 60.7% (95% CI 60.0% to 61.5%), and hygiene 56.3% (95% CI 55.6% to 57.0%). However, coverage of combined access to all three components was 40.2% (95% CI 39.4% to 40.9%). Among all 64 administrative districts of Bangladesh, we found comparatively lower coverage of WASH facilities in the South and South-East regions and relatively higher in the households of the North and North-Western regions. An adjusted regression model revealed that richest households [AOR = 29.64, 95% CI 26.31 to 33.39], households in the rural areas [AOR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.50 to 1.79], household heads with higher educational attainment [AOR = 2.28, 95% CI 2.09 to 2.49], and households with 5+ family members [AOR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.56 to 1.71] had the higher likelihood to have basic WASH facilities. Conclusion Less than half of the Bangladeshi households had access to all three major WASH components (basic water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities); however, variation exists at the individual parameter of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities. A comprehensive WASH approach may reduce the gap and improve the quality of WASH facilities in Bangladesh.

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Systemic School Improvement Interventions in South Africa

10.47622/9781920677374 ◽

2014 ◽

Keyword(s):

School Improvement ◽

South African ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Eastern Cape ◽

North West ◽

Household Level ◽

The North ◽

Improvement Interventions ◽

Academic Review

Looking at two smaller-scale systemic school improvement projects implemented in selected district circuits in the North West and Eastern Cape by partnerships between government, JET Education Services, and private sector organisations, this book captures and reflects on the experiences of the practitioners involved. The Systemic School Improvement Model developed by JET to address an identified range of interconnected challenges at district, school, classroom and household level, is made up of seven components. In reflecting on what worked and what did not in the implementation of these different components, the different chapters set out some of the practical lessons learnt, which could be used to improve the design and implementation of similar education improvement projects. Many of the lessons in this field that remain under-recorded to date relate to the step-by-step processes followed, the relationship dynamics encountered at different levels of the education system, and the local realities confronting schools and districts in South Africa's rural areas. Drawing on field data that is often not available to researchers, the book endeavours to address this gap and record these lessons. It is not intended to provide an academic review of the systemic school improvement projects. It is presented rather to offer other development practitioners working to improve the quality of education in South African schools, an understanding of some of the real practical and logistical challenges that arise and how these may be resolved to take further school improvement projects forward at a wider district, provincial and national scale.

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Classification of stillbirth by relative condition at death (Re Co De) at various trimesters of pregnancy: a rural tertiary teaching hospital based study

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20173482 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. 3550 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. Meera Rajagopal ◽

Kalpana Betha ◽

Satya Priya G.

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Gestational Hypertension ◽

Economic Status ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

Middle Income ◽

Low Middle Income Countries ◽

Tertiary Teaching ◽

Tertiary Teaching Hospital

Background: New global health figures show India to have the highest rates of stillbirth in the world. While maternal and under 5 child mortality rates have halved, stillbirth remains a neglected global endemic. To reduce stillbirths, the prevalence, risk factors and causes must be known. The aim of the present study is to know the prevalence and classify stillbirths by ReCoDe classification system at different trimesters of pregnancy.Methods: This was a retrospective study done between January 2013 to March 2017 at MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences, a rural tertiary teaching hospital, Telangana, India. A total of 112 cases of stillbirths were included. Data was obtained on demographic variables, risk factors such as preeclampsia, etc. Data regarding mode of delivery, fetal asphyxia, were recorded.Results: Stillbirth rate was 12.1/1000 births. Fifty four percent of the women were unbooked. Preterm stillbirths were a majority (67%). The intra-partum still birth rate was low (15.1%) contrary to what is seen in low middle-income countries. Gestational hypertension/Pre-eclampsia, abruptio placenta, fetal growth restriction and oligohydramnios were the leading causes of stillbirths.Conclusions: Pregnant women from rural background with low socio-economic status are prone for stillbirths. As stillbirths were more among unbooked cases, the study highlights the importance of counselling, creating awareness in the rural areas regarding the importance of regular antenatal checkups. Identifying risk factors like pre-eclampsia, anemia etc., at early weeks will enable us to initiate appropriate strategies to improve pregnancy outcome.

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Obesity prevalence in Colombian adults is increasing fastest in lower socio-economic status groups and urban residents: results from two nationally representative surveys

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980013003418 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. 2398-2406 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Nicole M Kasper ◽

Oscar F Herrán ◽

Eduardo Villamor

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Economic Status ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Adult Obesity ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Middle Income ◽

Prevalence Difference ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Vulnerable Subpopulations

AbstractObjectiveLow- and middle-income countries are experiencing rises in the prevalence of adult obesity. Whether these increases disproportionately affect vulnerable subpopulations is unclear because most previous investigations were not nationally representative, were limited to women, or relied on self-reported anthropometric data which are subject to bias. The aim of the present study was to assess changes in the prevalence of obesity from 2005 to 2010 in Colombian adults; overall and by levels of sociodemographic characteristics.DesignTwo cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys.SettingColombia.SubjectsMen and women 18–64 years old (n 31 105 in 2005; n 81 115 in 2010).ResultsThe prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) was 13·9 % in 2005 and 16·4 % in 2010 (prevalence difference = 2·7 %; 95 % CI 1·9, 3·4 %). In multivariable analyses, obesity was positively associated with female sex, age, wealth, and living in the Pacific or National Territories regions in each year. In 2010, obesity was also associated with living in an urban area. The change in the prevalence of obesity from 2005 to 2010 varied significantly according to wealth; 5·0 % (95 % CI 3·3, 6·7 %) among the poorest and 0·3 % (95 % CI −1·6, 2·2 %) in the wealthiest (P, test for interaction = 0·007), after adjustment. Obesity rates also increased faster in older than younger people (P, test for interaction = 0·01), among people from urban compared with non-urban areas (P, test for interaction = 0·06) and in adults living in the Atlantic region compared with others.ConclusionsAdult obesity prevalence has increased in Colombia and its burden is shifting towards the poor and urban populations.

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Seasonality and household diets in Ethiopia

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980015003237 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 19 (10) ◽

pp. 1723-1730 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Kalle Hirvonen ◽

Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse ◽

Ibrahim Worku Hassen

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Rural Households ◽

Household Level ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Per Capita ◽

Nationally Representative

AbstractObjectiveTo revisit seasonality by assessing how household diets vary across agricultural seasons in rural and urban Ethiopia. The role of seasonality on the sources and intake of energy (per capita) and household dietary diversity score (HDDS) was analysed.DesignThe use of nationally representative household-level data collected each month over one year to study the seasonal changes in the sources and intake of energy and HDDS.SettingEleven regions of Ethiopia, including rural and urban settings.SubjectsTotal of 27 835 households were interviewed between July 2010 and July 2011 in all eleven regions of the country. On average each month saw 2300 household interviews, yielding nationally representative data for each calendar month.ResultsFor rural households, the mean daily per capita energy intake was 10 288 kJ (2459 kcal) in February (post-harvest period) and lower in the lean season: 9703 kJ (2319 kcal) in June (P<0·05) and 9552 kJ (2283 kcal) in July (P<0·001). HDDS for rural households was highest in February (6·73) and lowest in June (5·98; P<0·001) but high again in July (6·57). Urban energy intake was also lower in the lean season but HDDS varied less by season. Considerable seasonal variation was also found in energy sources in rural areas, less so in urban areas.ConclusionsHousehold diets in Ethiopia remain subjected to significant seasonal stress. HDDS and food security measured using energy intake do not always agree. Preferably, HDDS and energy intake data should be used together to assess food security.

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Individual-, maternal- and household-level factors associated with stunting among children aged 0–23 months in Bangladesh

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980018002926 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 85-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sabuj Kanti Mistry ◽

Md. Belal Hossain ◽

Fouzia Khanam ◽

Fahmida Akter ◽

Mahmood Parvez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Reduction Rate ◽

Urban Slums ◽

Health Concern ◽

Special Focus ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Household Level ◽

Factors Associated

AbstractObjectiveChildhood stunting remains a major public health concern in Bangladesh. To accelerate the reduction rate of stunting, special focus is required during the first 23 months of a child’s life when the bulk of growth takes place. Therefore the present study explored individual-, maternal- and household-level factors associated with stunting among children under 2 years of age in Bangladesh.DesignData were collected through a nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted between October 2015 and January 2016. A two-stage cluster random sampling procedure was applied to select 11 428 households. In the first stage, 210 enumerations areas (EA) were selected with probability proportional to EA size (180 EA from rural areas, thirty EA from urban slums). In the second stage, an average of fifty-four households were selected from each EA through systematic random sampling.SettingRural areas and urban slums of Bangladesh.ParticipantsA total of 6539 children aged 0–23 months.ResultsOverall, 29·9 % of the children were stunted. After adjusting for all potential confounders in the modified Poisson regression model, child’s gender, birth weight (individual level), maternal education, age at first pregnancy, nutrition (maternal level), administrative division, place of residence, socio-economic status, food security status, access to sanitary latrine and toilet hygiene condition (household level) were significantly associated with stunting.ConclusionsThe study identified a number of potentially addressable multilevel risk factors for stunting among young children in Bangladesh that should be addressed through comprehensive multicomponent interventions.

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Illness, Death, and Macronutrients: Adequacy of Rural Mozambican Household Production of Macronutrients in the Face of HIV/AIDS

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/15648265070282s212 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 28 (2_suppl2) ◽

pp. S331-S338 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Cynthia Donovan ◽

Jaquelino Massingue

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Aids Epidemic ◽

The North ◽

Income Sources ◽

The Face ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Access To Food ◽

Drug Interventions ◽

Hiv Aids

Background As the public sector and civil society develop intervention programs to deal with the HIV/ AIDS epidemic, there has been an increasing emphasis on the relationship between nutrition and the disease. Drug interventions may be ineffective, and the progression from HIV infection to full-blown AIDS may be accelerated without adequate nutrition. Mozambique is still fighting an increasing prevalence rate of HIV, including in rural areas. Rural households in Mozambique rely heavily on their own agricultural production for the basic macronutrients. Objectives To evaluate the extent to which household agricultural production of basic staples meets overall household needs for major macronutrients, comparing households affected and not directly affected by HIV/ AIDS and other major illnesses over two time periods. Methods This research analyzes nationally representative panel data from rural household surveys conducted in 2002 and 2005 to evaluate whether households that have suffered the chronic illness or illness-related death of prime-age adult members (15 to 49 years of age) are more vulnerable to macronutrient gaps. Results Households in the South and in the North with a male illness or death in 2002 produced significantly less macronutrients from crops in 2005 than nonaffected households. These households also had significantly lower income per adult equivalent. Conclusions Mortality or illness from HIV/AIDS affects the ability of agricultural households dependent on own-food production to produce macronutrients. Interventions to improve access to food may be needed for affected households, particularly in light of their inability to recover over time. More analysis is needed to understand income sources, crop diversification, and access to macronutrients through the market.

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Estimating numbers and poverty status of female household and family heads

REVISTA DE HISTORIOGRAFÍA (RevHisto) ◽

10.20318/revhisto.2017.3708 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 253

Author(s):

Jean Louis Rallu

Keyword(s):

Living Arrangements ◽

Economic Status ◽

Household Level ◽

Household Headship ◽

Heads Of Household ◽

Poverty Status ◽

Level Information ◽

Resource Data ◽

Household Heads ◽

Complex Households

Abstract: Historical studies of single females and mothers are mostly based on heads of household only, because family-level information concerning complex households was unavailable and they were, therefore, rendered statistically invisible. This is still the case with modern surveys like the household income and expenditure survey, as income and resource data are only provided at household level. By categorising headship rates by sex, age and marital status, this paper presents a methodology for estimating – in addition to heads of household– the numbers of single females and mothers among members of complex or multigenerational households. Such situations were frequent in the past and continue to be so in developing countries and among migrants. Young couples may also be in such living arrangements, mostly in times of crises and tight housing markets.The data analysis shows that access to independent dwellings and to household headship is strongly related to income and employment, and the associated selection leads to significant biases in estimates of the socio-economic status of households or families, in favour of mostly better-off families. The poorest households are made up of those who live independently because no other option is open to them. Little option is open to those with little or no resources, either, and thus they live in complex households where their poverty risk cannot be estimated, and where they may have little influence on the education, health and work of themselves and their children.Key words: Female household heads, Poverty estimates, Youth in poverty, living arrangementsResumen: A lo largo de la historia, los estudios sobre mujeres y madres solteras se han basado por lo general solamente en las cabezas de hogar, pues faltaba la información en el ámbito familiar sobre hogares complejos, y esto los hacía estadísticamente invisibles. Esta situación sigue sucediendo en las encuestas modernas, como la encuesta de ingresos y egresos de los hogares (HIES), ya que solo se obtuvieron datos sobre ingresos y recursos a nivel del hogar. El presente trabajo categoriza las tasas de jefatura según el sexo, la edad, el estado civil y así ofrece una metodología para estimar, además de las cabezas de familia, la cantidad de mujeres y madres solteras entre los miembros de hogares complejos o multigeneracionales. Estas situaciones ocurrían con frecuencia en el pasado y aún se presentan en países en desarrollo y entre los migrantes. Las parejas jóvenes también se pueden encontrar en tales situaciones de vivienda, sobre todo en tiempos de crisis o con un mercado inmobiliario limitado.El análisis de los datos muestra que el acceso a una vivienda independiente y a la jefatura de familia está estrechamente relacionado con el nivel de ingresos y el empleo, y la selección asociada conduce a sesgos importantes en la estimación de la situación socioeconómica de un hogar o familia, lo que favorece a las familias acomodadas. Los hogares más pobres son aquellos que viven de manera independiente porque no tienen otra opción. Quienes cuentan con pocos recursos tienen muy pocas oportunidades, y esto hace que vivan en hogares complejos en los que no se puede medir su riesgo de pobreza y no tengan oportunidades de educación, salud y empleo para sí mismos ni para sus hijos.Palabras clave: Mujeres cabeza de hogar, estimaciones de pobreza, jóvenes en situación de pobreza, situación de vivienda

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ANALISIS KONSUMSI PANGAN TINGKAT RUMAH TANGGA DI PROPINSI LAMPUNG

Agro Ekonomi ◽

10.22146/agroekonomi.17108 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Meliyanah Meliyanah ◽

Suhatmini Hardyastuti ◽

Djuwari Djuwari

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Household Consumption ◽

Income Level ◽

High Income ◽

Middle Income ◽

Household Level ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban

This research diamed to: 1) knowing the selft-price elasticity, cross-price elasticity and income elasticity of consumption per food item on household level according to location and income level; and 2) knowing the reation between level of income and food consumption on household level according to location and income level.This research used data from SUSENAS of Lmapung Province in 2002 with number of sample of 2091 household, which being differed between rural and urban areas based on low, middle, and high level of income. The data analysis used tobit model and sensored regression.The result showed that: 1) the demand of rice and beeh for household consumption in every level of income in rural and urban areas were inelastic; 2) Coen only been consumed by low income level household in rural areas and the demand was inelastic; 3) the demand of cassava for household consumption on low income level in urban area was elastic, While in middle income level, high income level and every level of income in rural area, cassava demand was inelastic. Cassava was considered as inferior goods; 4) The demand of fish for household consumption an every level of income in rural and urban areas was elastic. Household in rural area on every level of income and in urban areas on middle and high income level consider fish as a main necessity. While on low income level household in urban areas, it was considered as classy/exclusive good; 5) the demand of chicken; for household in rural areas on middle and high income level was inelastic. When in rural low income level and urban middle and high income level, was inelastic chicken meat was considend as classy/exclusive good the rural low income level household; 6) egg demand for household consumption in rural areas on every level of income was inelastic, while in urban area it was elastic for every level income; 7) the rural and urban household on every level of income considered rice as the stpale food; 8) Household in rural and urban areas on middle and high level of income considered beef as main necessity; 9) On household with middle income level in rural areas, egg was considere as inferior good; while an low income level in urban areas, egg was considere as expensive good.

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Multimorbidity Among Migrant and Non-Migrant Ghanaians: The RODAM Study

International Journal of Public Health ◽

10.3389/ijph.2021.1604056 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 66 ◽

Author(s):

Anna Marzà-Florensa ◽

Daniel Boateng ◽

Charles Agyemang ◽

Erik Beune ◽

Karlijn A. C. Meeks ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Health Concern ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Middle Income ◽

Migrant Populations ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Prevalence Ratios

Objectives: Multimorbidity is a growing public health concern due to the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases, yet information about multimorbidity in low- and middle-income countries and migrant populations is scarce. We aimed to investigate the distribution and patterns of multimorbidity in rural and urban areas in Ghana and Ghanaian migrants in Europe.Methods: The RODAM cross-sectional study included 4,833 participants. Multimorbidity was defined as presence of multiple non-communicable chronic conditions. Patterns were determined from frequent combination of conditions. Prevalence ratios were estimated by logistic regression.Results: Prevalence of multimorbidity was higher in women and in urban Ghana and Europe. We observed a cardiometabolic pattern in all sites as well as circulatory-musculoskeletal and metabolic-musculoskeletal combinations in Ghana. Multimorbidity prevalence ratios were higher in Europe (men 1.47, 95% CI 1.34–1.59, women 1.18, 1.10–1.26) and urban Ghana (men 1.46, 1.31–1.59, women 1.27, 1.19–1.34).Conclusion: Distribution and patterns of multimorbidity differed by sex and site. With a higher burden of multimorbidity in urban areas, prevention strategies should focus on forestalling its increase in rapidly growing rural areas.

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Prevalence and determinants of wife-beating in Bangladesh: evidence from a nationwide survey

BMC Psychiatry ◽

10.1186/s12888-021-03652-x ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Md. Moyazzem Hossain ◽

Faruq Abdulla ◽

Azizur Rahman ◽

Hafiz T. A. Khan

Keyword(s):

Rural Women ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Action Plan ◽

Urban Women ◽

Nationwide Survey ◽

Wife Beating ◽

Health Concern ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Middle Income

Abstract Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health concern, with women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bearing a disproportionately high burden. This study investigates the prevalence and factors correlated with attitudes regarding wife-beating among Bangladeshi women in urban–rural contexts. Methods A sample of 13,033 urban women and 51,344 rural women data from the Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2019 were analyzed using the Chi-square test and ordinal logistic regression model. Results The findings reveal that arguing with her husband is the widespread reason for wife-beating in Bangladesh (urban: 17.3%, rural: 21.9%), followed by neglecting the children (urban: 12.7%, rural: 15.8%). About 8% of urban women and 10% of rural women favoured the opinion that refusing to involve sexual intercourse is a legitimate justification for wife-beating. In comparison, around 5% feel that a husband has a right to beat his wife due to burning food. The respondents’ age, education, marital status, number of children, socioeconomic level, any health or physical difficulty, having problems becoming pregnant, and the husband’s age are all significant factors in justifying wife-beating. Conclusions Bangladesh has a massive challenge in eliminating IPV. Women from lower socioeconomic classes, low levels of education, other challenges, and residents of rural areas are particularly more vulnerable than their urban counterparts. Therefore, it is vital to develop a proper action plan that considers women’s education and occupation to raise awareness of the various implications of wife-beating in women, particularly in Bangladesh’s rural areas.

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