scholarly journals Functional analysis of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-I knockdown in 2D and 3D neuroblastoma cell cultures

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259743
Author(s):  
M. Kristen Hall ◽  
Adam P. Burch ◽  
Ruth A. Schwalbe
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Lectin Binding ◽  
Mutant Cell ◽  
Parental Cell Line ◽  
Binding Studies ◽  
3D Cultures ◽  
Cell Invasiveness ◽  
2D And 3D

Tumor development can be promoted/suppressed by certain N-glycans attached to proteins at the cell surface. Here we examined aberrant neuronal properties in 2D and 3D rat neuroblastoma (NB) cell cultures with different N-glycan populations. Lectin binding studies revealed that the engineered N-glycosylation mutant cell line, NB_1(-Mgat1), expressed solely oligomannose N-glycans, and verified that the parental cell line, NB_1, and a previous engineered N-glycosylation mutant, NB_1(-Mgat2), expressed significant levels of higher order N-glycans, complex and hybrid N-glycans, respectively. NB_1 grew faster than mutant cell lines in monolayer and spheroid cell cultures. A 2-fold difference in growth between NB_1 and mutants occurred much sooner in 2D cultures relative to that observed in 3D cultures. Neurites and spheroid cell sizes were reduced in mutant NB cells of 2D and 3D cultures, respectively. Cell invasiveness was highest in 2D cultures of NB_1 cells compared to that of NB_1(-Mgat1). In contrast, NB_1 spheroid cells were much less invasive relative to NB_1(-Mgat1) spheroid cells while they were more invasive than NB_1(-Mgat2). Gelatinase activities supported the ranking of cell invasiveness in various cell lines. Both palladin and HK2 were more abundant in 3D than 2D cultures. Levels of palladin, vimentin and EGFR were modified in a different manner under 2D and 3D cultures. Thus, our results support variations in the N-glycosylation pathway and in cell culturing to more resemble in vivo tumor environments can impact the aberrant cellular properties, particularly cell invasiveness, of NB.

scholarly journals Epitopes on H-2Dd somatic cell mutants recognized by cytotoxic T cells.

1983 ◽  
Vol 158 (4) ◽  
pp. 1061-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
T A Potter ◽  
M A Palladino ◽  
D B Wilson ◽  
T V Rajan
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cells ◽  
Mutant Cell ◽  
Class I ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Parental Cell Line ◽  
Mutant Lines

We have generated several cell lines that express an altered H-2Dd molecule. These cell lines, which were selected for by the failure to express the serological specificity reacting with the monoclonal antibody 34-2-12, have also undergone alterations in epitopes recognized by CTL. One of the mutants, 2.12(-4) was not killed by an allogeneic anti-Dd CTL line, CTLL-A2, even though this line was cytotoxic for the parental cell line and two other 34-2-12- mutant lines. Two of the 34-2-12- mutant lines had an identical serological profile using other monoclonal Dd antibodies, however these two mutants differed markedly in their susceptibility to cytotoxicity by CTLL-A2. In addition to the determinants recognized by allogeneic CTL we also examined the effect of the mutation on the determinants involved in restricting the anti-FITC modified-self-cytotoxic response. An anti-FITC-Dd CTL line did not react with two of the mutants and reacted only weakly with the other mutant, demonstrating not only that the Dd epitopes recognized by this cell line and the allogeneic CTL were different, but also that it is possible for a H-2 class I molecule to express epitopes recognized by allogeneic CTL but not epitopes that function as restricting elements to certain antigens. The observation that both T cell- and B cell-defined determinants were altered in these mutant cell lines is in contrast to the findings, with the mutant mouse strains which were selected for by changes in T cell-defined determinants, which show few, if any, alterations to serological specificities. Characterization of T cell-recognized epitopes expressed on serologically selected somatic cell variants may therefore prove to be most useful for the study of structure-function relationships of H-2 class I molecules.

scholarly journals Three dimensional cultivation increases chemo- and radioresistance of colorectal cancer cell lines

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0244513
Author(s):  
Jana Koch ◽  
Dina Mönch ◽  
Annika Maaß ◽  
Christian Gromoll ◽  
Thomas Hehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Therapy Response ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
3D Cultures ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
3D Spheroids

Although 2D cell cultures are commonly used to predict therapy response, it has become clear that 3D cultures may better mimic the in vivo situation and offer the possibility of tailoring translational clinical approaches. Here, we compared the response of 2D and 3D colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines to irradiation and chemotherapy. Classic 2D cultures and 3D spheroids of CRC cell lines (CaCo2, Colo205, HCT116, SW480) were thoroughly established, then irradiated with doses of 1, 4, or 10 Gy, using a clinical-grade linear accelerator. The response was assessed by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and TUNEL assays. Upon irradiation, CRC 3D spheroids were morphologically altered. After irradiation with 10 Gy, annexin V/PI staining revealed a 1.8- to 4-fold increase in the apoptosis rate in the 2D cell cultures (95% CI 3.24±0.96), and a 1.5- to 2.4-fold increase in the 3D spheroids (95% CI 1.56±0.41). Irradiation with 1 Gy caused 3- and 4-fold increases in TUNEL positive cells in the CaCo2 and HCT116 (p = 0.01) 2D cultures, respectively, compared with a 2-fold increase in the 3D spheroids. Furthermore, the 2D and 3D cultures responded differently to chemotherapy; the 3D cultures were more resistant to 5-FU and cisplatin, but not to doxorubicin and mitomycin C, than the 2D cultures. Taken together, CRC cells cultured as 3D spheroids displayed markedly higher resistance to irradiation therapy and selected chemotherapeutic drugs than 2D cultures. This in vitro difference must be considered in future approaches for determining the ideal in vitro systems that mimic human disease.

scholarly journals Replication of Toxoplasma gondii, but NotTrypanosoma cruzi, Is Regulated in Human Fibroblasts Activated with Gamma Interferon: Requirement of a Functional JAK/STAT Pathway

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 2233-2240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabela Penna Cerávolo ◽  
Andréa C. L. Chaves ◽  
Cláudio A. Bonjardim ◽  
David Sibley ◽  
Alvaro J. Romanha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Mutant Cell ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Parental Cell ◽  
Parental Cell Line ◽  
Tryptophan Degradation ◽  
Parasite Replication ◽  
Stat Pathway

ABSTRACT To study the role of tryptophan degradation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (INDO) in the control of Trypanosoma cruzior Toxoplasma gondii replication, we used human fibroblasts and a fibrosarcoma cell line (2C4). The cells were cultured in the presence or absence of recombinant gamma interferon (rIFN-γ) and/or recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (rTNF-α) for 24 h and were then infected with either T. cruzi or T. gondii. Intracellular parasite replication was evaluated 24 or 48 h after infection. Treatment with rIFN-γ and/or rTNF-α had no inhibitory effect on T. cruzi replication. In contrast, 54, 73, or 30% inhibition of T. gondii replication was observed in the cells treated with rIFN-γ alone, rIFN-γ plus rTNF-α, or TNF-α alone, respectively. The replication of T. gondii tachyzoites in cytokine-activated cells was restored by the addition of extra tryptophan to the culture medium. Similarly,T. gondii tachyzoites transfected with bacterial tryptophan synthase were not sensitive to the microbiostatic effect of rIFN-γ. We also investigated the basis of the cytokine effect on parasite replication by using the three mutant cell lines B3, B9, and B10 derived from 2C4 and expressing defective STAT1α (signal transducer and activator of transcription), JAK2 (Janus family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases), or JAK1, respectively, three important elements of a signaling pathway triggered by rIFN-γ. We found that rTNF-α was able to induce low levels expression of INDO mRNA in the parental cell line, as well as the cell line lacking functional JAK2. In contrast to the parental cell line (2C4), rIFN-γ was not able to induce the expression of INDO mRNA or microbiostatic activity in any of the mutant cell lines. These findings indicate the essential requirement of the JAK/STAT pathway for the induction of high levels of INDO mRNA, tryptophan degradation, and the anti-Toxoplasma activity inside human nonprofessional phagocytic cells.

scholarly journals Fucoxanthin Holds Potential to Become a Drug Adjuvant in Breast Cancer Treatment: Evidence from 2D and 3D Cell Cultures

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4288
Author(s):  
Fernanda Malhão ◽  
Ana Catarina Macedo ◽  
Carla Costa ◽  
Eduardo Rocha ◽  
Alice Abreu Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Anticancer Activities ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
3D Cultures ◽  
3D Cell Cultures ◽  
Tumoral Cell ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
2D And 3D

Fucoxanthin (Fx) is a carotenoid derived from marine organisms that exhibits anticancer activities. However, its role as a potential drug adjuvant in breast cancer (BC) treatment is still poorly explored. Firstly, this study investigated the cytotoxic effects of Fx alone and combined with doxorubicin (Dox) and cisplatin (Cis) on a panel of 2D-cultured BC cell lines (MCF7, SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231) and one non-tumoral cell line (MCF12A). Fucoxanthin induced cytotoxicity against all the cell lines and potentiated Dox cytotoxic effects towards the SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The combination triggering the highest cytotoxicity (Fx 10 µM + Dox 1 µM in MDA-MB-231) additionally showed significant induction of cell death and genotoxic effects, relative to control. In sequence, the same combination was tested on 3D cultures using a multi-endpoint approach involving bioactivity assays and microscopy techniques. Similar to 2D cultures, the combination of Fx and Dox showed higher cytotoxic effects on 3D cultures compared to the isolated compounds. Furthermore, this combination increased the number of apoptotic cells, decreased cell proliferation, and caused structural and ultrastructural damages on the 3D models. Overall, our findings suggest Fx has potential to become an adjuvant for Dox chemotherapy regimens in BC treatment.

The Cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, Irinotecan, and Gemcitabine Treatment in Resistant 2D and 3D Model Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Line: ABCG2 Expression Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Kubra Ata ◽  
Serap Yalcin
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Expression Profile ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Parental Cell ◽  
Parental Cell Line ◽  
Xtt Assay ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression

Background: Chemotherapeutics have been commonly used in cancer treatment. Objective: In this study, the effects of Cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, Irinotecan, and Gemcitabine have been evaluated on two-dimensional (2D) (sensitive and resistance) cell lines and three dimensional (3D) spheroid structure of MDA-MB-231. The 2D cell culture lacks a natural tissue-like structural so, using 3D cell culture has an important role in the development of effective drug testing models. Furthermore, we analyzed the ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily G Member 2 (ABCG2) gene and protein expression profile in this study. We aimed to establish a 3D breast cancer model that can mimic the in vivo 3D breast cancer microenvironment. Methods: The 3D spheroid structures were multiplied (globally) using the three-dimensional hanging drop method. The cultures of the parental cell line MDA-MB-231 served as the controls. After adding the drugs in different amounts we observed a clear and well-differentiated spheroid formation for 24 h. The viability and proliferation capacity of 2D (sensitive and resistant) cell lines and 3D spheroid cell treatment were assessed by the XTT assay. Results: Cisplatin, Irinotecan, 5-Fu, and Gemcitabine-resistant MDA-MB-231 cells were observed to begin to disintegrate in a three-dimensional clustered structure at 24 hours. Additionally, RT-PCR and protein assay showed overexpression of ABCG2 when compared to the parental cell line. Moreover, MDA-MB-231 cells grown in 3D showed decreased sensitivity to chemotherapeutics treatment. Conclusion: More resistance to chemotherapeutics and altered gene expression profile was shown in 3D cell cultures when compared with the 2D cells. These results might play an important role to evaluate the efficacy of anticancer drugs, explore mechanisms of MDR in the 3D spheroid forms.

scholarly journals HL-T, a new cell line derived from HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell cultures expressing terminal transferase and secreting suppressor activity

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1151-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Paietta ◽  
RJ Stockert ◽  
T Calvelli ◽  
P Papenhausen ◽  
SV Seremetis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Leukemia Cell ◽  
Promyelocytic Leukemia ◽  
Chromosome 9 ◽  
Terminal Transferase

A cell line with immature blast cell morphology was isolated from HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell cultures and designated HL-T. This new cell type is biphenotypic, expressing terminal transferase (TdT) together with myelomonocytoid immunologic features. TdT enzymatic activity, undetectable in HL-60, was determined to be 140 to 180 units/10(8) HL-T cells by the dGTP-assay, approximately 20% of the activity found in lymphoblastoid cell lines. HL-T predominantly synthesize the known 58- kDa TdT-protein plus a minor 54/56-kDa doublet. The 58-kDa steady state form is nonglycosylated and is phosphorylated. Precursor antigens S3.13 and MY-10, absent on HL-60, are expressed by HL-T; however, the cells are negative for HLA-Dr. Southern blot analysis by hybridization with immunoglobulin heavy chain (JH) and T cell-receptor chain gene (T beta) probes shows JH to be in the germ-line configuration in both cell lines and the T beta gene to be in germ-line in HL-60 but to be rearranged in HL-T. Truncation of the gene encoding the granulocyte-macrophage-colony- stimulating factor (GM-CSF), as found in HL-60, is not observed in HL- T. HL-T are resistant to differentiation-induction by retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Cytogenetically HL-T share with HL-60 a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 9 at breakpoint p13, an aberration frequently found in patients with T cell leukemia. In addition, HL-T display t(8;9)(p11;p24) and trisomy 20. Tetraploidy is observed in 80% of HL-T metaphases with aberrations identical to those in the diploid karyotype. Like HL-60, the new line shows some surface- antigenic-T cell characteristics. Despite an antigenic pattern most consistent with that of helper-inducer T cells (T4+, D44+/-, 4B4+, 2H4- , TQ1+/-), HL-T cells and their conditioned culture medium suppress antigen, mitogen, and mixed-leukocyte-culture-mediated lymphocyte proliferation.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae DPM1 gene encoding dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthase is able to complement a glycosylation-defective mammalian cell line

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 4612-4622
Author(s):  
P J Beck ◽  
P Orlean ◽  
C Albright ◽  
P W Robbins ◽  
M J Gething ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Lectin Binding ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Coupled Processes ◽  
Ovary Cell ◽  
Core Oligosaccharide

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae DPM1 gene product, dolichol-phosphate-mannose (Dol-P-Man) synthase, is involved in the coupled processes of synthesis and membrane translocation of Dol-P-Man. Dol-P-Man is the lipid-linked sugar donor of the last four mannose residues that are added to the core oligosaccharide transferred to protein during N-linked glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum. We present evidence that the S. cerevisiae gene DPM1, when stably transfected into a mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell line, B4-2-1, is able to correct the glycosylation defect of the cells. Evidence for complementation includes (i) fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of differential lectin binding to cell surface glycoproteins, (ii) restoration of Dol-P-Man synthase enzymatic activity in crude cell lysates, (iii) isolation and high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation of the lipid-linked oligosaccharides synthesized in the transfected and control cell lines, and (iv) the restoration of endoglycosidase H sensitivity to the oligosaccharides transferred to a specific glycoprotein synthesized in the DPM1 CHO transfectants. Indirect immunofluorescence with a primary antibody directed against the DPM1 protein shows a reticular staining pattern of protein localization in transfected hamster and monkey cell lines.

scholarly journals HL-T, a new cell line derived from HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell cultures expressing terminal transferase and secreting suppressor activity

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1151-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Paietta ◽  
RJ Stockert ◽  
T Calvelli ◽  
P Papenhausen ◽  
SV Seremetis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Leukemia Cell ◽  
Promyelocytic Leukemia ◽  
Chromosome 9 ◽  
Terminal Transferase

Abstract A cell line with immature blast cell morphology was isolated from HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell cultures and designated HL-T. This new cell type is biphenotypic, expressing terminal transferase (TdT) together with myelomonocytoid immunologic features. TdT enzymatic activity, undetectable in HL-60, was determined to be 140 to 180 units/10(8) HL-T cells by the dGTP-assay, approximately 20% of the activity found in lymphoblastoid cell lines. HL-T predominantly synthesize the known 58- kDa TdT-protein plus a minor 54/56-kDa doublet. The 58-kDa steady state form is nonglycosylated and is phosphorylated. Precursor antigens S3.13 and MY-10, absent on HL-60, are expressed by HL-T; however, the cells are negative for HLA-Dr. Southern blot analysis by hybridization with immunoglobulin heavy chain (JH) and T cell-receptor chain gene (T beta) probes shows JH to be in the germ-line configuration in both cell lines and the T beta gene to be in germ-line in HL-60 but to be rearranged in HL-T. Truncation of the gene encoding the granulocyte-macrophage-colony- stimulating factor (GM-CSF), as found in HL-60, is not observed in HL- T. HL-T are resistant to differentiation-induction by retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Cytogenetically HL-T share with HL-60 a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 9 at breakpoint p13, an aberration frequently found in patients with T cell leukemia. In addition, HL-T display t(8;9)(p11;p24) and trisomy 20. Tetraploidy is observed in 80% of HL-T metaphases with aberrations identical to those in the diploid karyotype. Like HL-60, the new line shows some surface- antigenic-T cell characteristics. Despite an antigenic pattern most consistent with that of helper-inducer T cells (T4+, D44+/-, 4B4+, 2H4- , TQ1+/-), HL-T cells and their conditioned culture medium suppress antigen, mitogen, and mixed-leukocyte-culture-mediated lymphocyte proliferation.

scholarly journals Molluscan cells in culture: primary cell cultures and cell lines

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 391-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.P. Yoshino ◽  
U. Bickham ◽  
C.J. Bayne
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Snail Host ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Freshwater Bivalve ◽  
Primary Cell Cultures ◽  
Organ Systems

In vitro cell culture systems from molluscs have significantly contributed to our basic understanding of complex physiological processes occurring within or between tissue-specific cells, yielding information unattainable using intact animal models. In vitro cultures of neuronal cells from gastropods show how simplified cell models can inform our understanding of complex networks in intact organisms. Primary cell cultures from marine and freshwater bivalve and gastropod species are used as biomonitors for environmental contaminants, as models for gene transfer technologies, and for studies of innate immunity and neoplastic disease. Despite efforts to isolate proliferative cell lines from molluscs, the snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) embryonic (Bge) cell line is the only existing cell line originating from any molluscan species. Taking an organ systems approach, this review summarizes efforts to establish molluscan cell cultures and describes the varied applications of primary cell cultures in research. Because of the unique status of the Bge cell line, an account is presented of the establishment of this cell line, and of how these cells have contributed to our understanding of snail host – parasite interactions. Finally, we detail the difficulties commonly encountered in efforts to establish cell lines from molluscs and discuss how these difficulties might be overcome.

scholarly journals Two Sides to Every Question: Attempts to Activate Chicken Innate Immunity in 2D and 3D Hepatic Cell Cultures

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1910
Author(s):  
Csilla Sebők ◽  
Patrik Tráj ◽  
Júlia Vörösházi ◽  
Máté Mackei ◽  
Márton Papp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Hepatic Cell ◽  
Poly I:C ◽  
3D Cultures ◽  
Bacterial Endotoxins ◽  
2D And 3D

The liver with resident tissue macrophages is the site of vivid innate immunity, activated also by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) leaking through the intestinal barrier. As gut-derived inflammatory diseases are of outstanding importance in broiler chickens, the present study aimed to establish a proper hepatic inflammatory model by comparing the action of different PAMPs from poultry pathogens on chicken 2D and 3D primary hepatocyte—non-parenchymal cell co-cultures, the latter newly developed with a magnetic bioprinting method. The cultures were challenged by the bacterial endotoxins lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Staphylococcus aureus and by enterotoxin (ETxB) from Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium derived flagellin, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) as a model proinflammatory agent and polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) for mimicking viral RNA exposure. Cellular metabolic activity was assessed with the CCK-8 test, membrane damage was monitored with the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay and interleukin-6 and -8 (Il-6 and -8) concentrations were measured in cell culture medium with a chicken specific ELISA. Both LPS and LTA increased the metabolic activity of the 3D cultures, concomitantly decreasing the LDH leakage, while in 2D cultures ETxB stimulated, PMA and poly I:C depressed the metabolic activity. Based on the moderately increased extracellular LDH activity, LTA seemed to diminish cell membrane integrity in 2D and poly I:C in both cell culture models. The applied endotoxins remarkably reduced the IL-8 release of 3D cultured cells, suggesting the effective metabolic adaptation and the presumably initiated anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the 3D spheroids. Notwithstanding that the IL-6 and IL-8 production of 2D cells was mostly not influenced by the endotoxins used, only the higher LTA dose was capable to evoke an IL-8 surge. Flagellin, PMA and poly I:C exerted proinflammatory action in certain concentrations in both 2D and 3D cultures, reflected by the increased cellular IL-6 release. Based on these data, LTA, flagellin, PMA and poly I:C can be considered as potent candidates to induce inflammation in chicken primary hepatic cell cultures, while LPS failed to trigger proinflammatory cytokine production, suggesting the relatively high tolerance of avian liver cells to certain bacterial endotoxins. These results substantiate that the established 3D co-cultures seemed to be proper tools for testing potential proinflammatory molecules; however, the remarkable differences between 2D and 3D models should be addressed and further studied.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document