scholarly journals Applications of Nanobiotechnology in Clinical Diagnostics

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 2002-2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kewal K Jain
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Molecular Diagnostics ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Diagnostic Applications

Abstract Background: Nanobiotechnologies are being applied to molecular diagnostics and several technologies are in development. Methods: This review describes nanobiotechnologies that are already incorporated in molecular diagnostics or have potential applications in clinical diagnosis. Selected promising technologies from published literature as well as some technologies that are in commercial development but have not been reported are included. Results: Nanotechnologies enable diagnosis at the single-cell and molecule levels, and some can be incorporated in current molecular diagnostic methods, such as biochips. Nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles and quantum dots, are the most widely used, but various other nanotechnological devices for manipulation at the nanoscale as well as nanobiosensors are also promising for potential clinical applications. Conclusions: Nanotechnologies will extend the limits of current molecular diagnostics and enable point-of-care diagnostics, integration of diagnostics with therapeutics, and development of personalized medicine. Although the potential diagnostic applications are unlimited, the most important current applications are foreseen in the areas of biomarker discovery, cancer diagnosis, and detection of infectious microorganisms. Safety studies are needed for in vivo use. Because of its close interrelationships with other technologies, nanobiotechnology in clinical diagnosis will play an important role in the development of nanomedicine in the future.

Trends in Diagnosis for Active Tuberculosis Using Nanomaterials

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1946-1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Minh Tu Phan ◽  
Lemma Teshome Tufa ◽  
Hwa-Jung Kim ◽  
Jaebeom Lee ◽  
Tae Jung Park
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Clinical Tools ◽  
Diagnostic Applications

Background:Tuberculosis (TB), one of the leading causes of death worldwide, is difficult to diagnose based only on signs and symptoms. Methods for TB detection are continuously being researched to design novel effective clinical tools for the diagnosis of TB.Objective:This article reviews the methods to diagnose TB at the latent and active stages and to recognize prospective TB diagnostic methods based on nanomaterials.Methods:The current methods for TB diagnosis were reviewed by evaluating their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the trends in TB detection using nanomaterials were discussed regarding their performance capacity for clinical diagnostic applications.Results:Current methods such as microscopy, culture, and tuberculin skin test are still being employed to diagnose TB, however, a highly sensitive point of care tool without false results is still needed. The utilization of nanomaterials to detect the specific TB biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity can provide a possible strategy to rapidly diagnose TB. Although it is challenging for nanodiagnostic platforms to be assessed in clinical trials, active TB diagnosis using nanomaterials is highly expected to achieve clinical significance for regular application. In addition, aspects and future directions in developing the high-efficiency tools to diagnose active TB using advanced nanomaterials are expounded.Conclusion:This review suggests that nanomaterials have high potential as rapid, costeffective tools to enhance the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of TB. Hence, portable nanobiosensors can be alternative effective tests to be exploited globally after clinical trial execution.

A point-of-care diagnostic for differentiating Ebola from endemic febrile diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (471) ◽  
pp. eaat0944 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sebba ◽  
Alexander G. Lastovich ◽  
Melody Kuroda ◽  
Eric Fallows ◽  
Joshua Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Outbreak Detection ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
And Control

Hemorrhagic fever outbreaks such as Ebola are difficult to detect and control because of the lack of low-cost, easily deployable diagnostics and because initial clinical symptoms mimic other endemic diseases such as malaria. Current molecular diagnostic methods such as polymerase chain reaction require trained personnel and laboratory infrastructure, hindering diagnostics at the point of need. Although rapid tests such as lateral flow can be broadly deployed, they are typically not well-suited for differentiating among multiple diseases presenting with similar symptoms. Early detection and control of Ebola outbreaks require simple, easy-to-use assays that can detect and differentiate infection with Ebola virus from other more common febrile diseases. Here, we developed and tested an immunoassay technology that uses surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tags to simultaneously detect antigens from Ebola, Lassa, and malaria within a single blood sample. Results are provided in <30 min for individual or batched samples. Using 190 clinical samples collected from the 2014 West African Ebola outbreak, along with 163 malaria positives and 233 negative controls, we demonstrated Ebola detection with 90.0% sensitivity and 97.9% specificity and malaria detection with 100.0% sensitivity and 99.6% specificity. These results, along with corresponding live virus and nonhuman primate testing of an Ebola, Lassa, and malaria 3-plex assay, indicate the potential of the SERS technology as an important tool for outbreak detection and clinical triage in low-resource settings.

scholarly journals A Lab-on-a-Chip Device Integrated DNA Extraction and Solid Phase PCR Array for the Genotyping of High-Risk HPV in Clinical Samples

Micromachines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cancan Zhu ◽  
Anzhong Hu ◽  
Junsheng Cui ◽  
Ke Yang ◽  
Xinchao Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Molecular Diagnostics ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Lab On A Chip ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Oligonucleotide Array ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Multiplex Amplification

Point-of-care (POC) molecular diagnostics play a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. It is necessary to develop portable, easy-to-use, inexpensive and rapid molecular diagnostic tools. In this study, we proposed a lab-on-a-chip device that integrated DNA extraction, solid-phase PCR and genotyping detection. The ingenious design of the pneumatic microvalves enabled the fluid mixing and reagent storage to be organically combined, significantly reducing the size of the chip. The solid oligonucleotide array incorporated into the chip allowed the spatial separation of the primers and minimized undesirable interactions in multiplex amplification. As a proof-of-concept for POC molecular diagnostics on the device, five genotypes of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) (HPV16/HPV18/HPV31/HPV33/HPV58) were examined. Positive quality control samples and HPV patient cervical swab specimens were analyzed on the integrated microdevice. The platform was capable of detection approximately 50 copies of HPV virus per reaction during a single step, including DNA extraction, solid-phase PCR and genotype detection, in 1 h from samples being added to the chip. This simple and inexpensive microdevice provided great utility for the screening and monitoring of HPV genotypes. The sample-to-result platform will pave the way for wider application of POC molecular testing in the fields of clinical diagnostics, food safety, and environmental monitoring.

scholarly journals Anthrax Toxin Detection: From In Vivo Studies to Diagnostic Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1103
Author(s):  
Jean-Nicolas Tournier ◽  
Clémence Rougeaux
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Anthrax Toxin ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Biochemical Methods ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Anthrax Toxins ◽  
Diagnostic Applications

Anthrax toxins are produced by Bacillus anthracis throughout infection and shape the physiopathogenesis of the disease. They are produced in low quantities but are highly efficient. They have thus been long ignored, but recent biochemical methods have improved our knowledge in animal models. This article reviews the various methods that have been used and how they could be applied to clinical diagnosis.

scholarly journals CRISPR-Cas Systems for Diagnosing Infectious Diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasiya Kostyusheva ◽  
Sergey Brezgin ◽  
Yurii Babin ◽  
Irina Vasil'eva ◽  
Dmitry Kostyushev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Molecular Diagnostics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Wide Range

Infectious diseases are a global health problem affecting billions of people. Developing rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools is key for successful patient management and curbing disease spread. Currently available diagnostics are very specific and sensitive but time-consuming and require expensive laboratory settings and well-trained personnel; thus, they are not available in resource-limited areas, for the purposes of large-scale screenings and in case of outbreaks and epidemics. Developing new, rapid, and affordable point-of-care diagnostic assays is urgently needed. This review focuses on CRISPR-based technologies and their perspectives to become platforms for point-of-care nucleic acid detection methods and as deployable diagnostic platforms that could help to identify and curb outbreaks and emerging epidemics. We describe the mechanisms and function of different classes and types of CRISPR-Cas systems, including pros and cons for developing molecular diagnostic tests and applications of each type to detect a wide range of infectious agents. Many Cas proteins (Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, Cas14) have been leveraged to create highly accurate and sensitive diagnostic tools combined with technologies of signal amplification and fluorescent, potentiometric, colorimetric, or lateral flow assay detection. In particular, the most advanced platforms -- SHERLOCK/v2, DETECTR, or CRISPR-Chip -- enable detection of attomolar amounts of pathogenic nucleic acids with specificity comparable to that of PCR but with minimal technical settings. Further developing CRISPR-based diagnostic tools promises to dramatically transform molecular diagnostics, making them easily affordable and accessible virtually anywhere in the world. The burden of socially significant diseases, frequent outbreaks, recent epidemics (MERS, SARS and the ongoing coronoviral nCov-2019 infection) urgently need the developing of express-diagnostic tools. Recently devised CRISPR-technologies represent the unprecedented opportunity to reshape epidemiological surveillance and molecular diagnostics.

scholarly journals Intensivists’ beliefs about rapid multiplex molecular diagnostic testing and its potential role in improving prescribing decisions and antimicrobial stewardship: a qualitative study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa M. Pandolfo ◽  
Robert Horne ◽  
Yogini Jani ◽  
Tom W. Reader ◽  
Natalie Bidad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Diagnostics ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Structured Interviews

Abstract Background Rapid molecular diagnostic tests to investigate the microbial aetiology of pneumonias may improve treatment and antimicrobial stewardship in intensive care units (ICUs). Clinicians’ endorsement and uptake of these tests is crucial to maximise engagement; however, adoption may be impeded if users harbour unaddressed concerns or if device usage is incompatible with local practice. Accordingly, we strove to identify ICU clinicians’ beliefs about molecular diagnostic tests for pneumonias before implementation at the point-of-care. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with 35 critical care doctors working in four ICUs in the United Kingdom. A clinical vignette depicting a fictitious patient with signs of pneumonia was used to explore clinicians’ beliefs about the importance of molecular diagnostics and their concerns. Data were analysed thematically. Results Clinicians’ beliefs about molecular tests could be grouped into two categories: perceived potential of molecular diagnostics to improve antibiotic prescribing (Molecular Diagnostic Necessity) and concerns about how the test results could be implemented into practice (Molecular Diagnostic Concerns). Molecular Diagnostic Necessity stemmed from beliefs that positive results would facilitate targeted antimicrobial therapy; that negative results would signal the absence of a pathogen, and consequently that having the molecular diagnostic results would bolster clinicians’ prescribing confidence. Molecular Diagnostic Concerns included unfamiliarity with the device’s capabilities, worry that it would detect non-pathogenic bacteria, uncertainty whether it would fail to detect pathogens, and discomfort with withholding antibiotics until receiving molecular test results. Conclusions Clinicians believed rapid molecular diagnostics for pneumonias were potentially important and were open to using them; however, they harboured concerns about the tests’ capabilities and integration into clinical practice. Implementation strategies should bolster users’ necessity beliefs while reducing their concerns; this can be accomplished by publicising the tests’ purpose and benefits, identifying and addressing clinicians’ misconceptions, establishing a trial period for first-hand familiarisation, and emphasising that, with a swift (e.g., 60–90 min) test, antibiotics can be started and refined after molecular diagnostic results become available.

scholarly journals Novel Diagnosis of Lyme Disease: Potential for CAM Intervention

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aristo Vojdani ◽  
Frank Hebroni ◽  
Yaniv Raphael ◽  
Jonathan Erde ◽  
Bernard Raxlen
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Clinical Diagnostic ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tick Borne Disease

Lyme disease (LD) is the most common tick-borne disease in the northern hemisphere, producing a wide range of disabling effects on multiple human targets, including the skin, the nervous system, the joints and the heart. Insufficient clinical diagnostic methods, the necessity for prompt antibiotic treatment along with the pervasive nature of infection impel the development and establishment of new clinical diagnostic tools with increased accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The goal of this article is 4-fold: (i) to detail LD infection and pathology, (ii) to review prevalent diagnostic methods, emphasizing inherent problems, (iii) to introduce the usage ofin vivoinduced antigen technology (IVIAT) in clinical diagnostics and (iv) to underscore the relevance of a novel comprehensive LD diagnostic approach to practitioners of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). Utilization of this analytical method will increase the accuracy of the diagnostic process and abridge the time to treatment, with antibiotics, herbal medicines and nutritional supplements, resulting in improved quality of care and disease prognosis.

scholarly journals Rapid Detection and Differentiating of the Predominant Salmonella Serovars in Chicken Farm by TaqMan Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhua Xin ◽  
Hong Zhu ◽  
Chenglin Tao ◽  
Beibei Zhang ◽  
Lan Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Analytical Sensitivity ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Chicken Farm

Salmonella has been known as an important zoonotic pathogen that can cause a variety of diseases in both animals and humans. Poultry are the main reservoir for the Salmonella serovars Salmonella Pullorum (S. Pullorum), Salmonella Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum), Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis), and Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). The conventional serotyping methods for differentiating Salmonella serovars are complicated, time-consuming, laborious, and expensive; therefore, rapid and accurate molecular diagnostic methods are needed for effective detection and prevention of contamination. This study developed and evaluated a TaqMan multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of the S. Pullorum, S. Gallinarum, S. Enteritidis, and S. Typhimurium. In results, the optimized multiplex real-time PCR assay was highly specific and reliable for all four target genes. The analytical sensitivity corresponded to three colony-forming units (CFUs) for these four Salmonella serovars, respectively. The detection limit for the multiplex real-time PCR assay in artificially contaminated samples was 500 CFU/g without enrichment, while 10 CFU/g after pre-enrichment. Moreover, the multiplex real-time PCR was applied to the poultry clinical samples, which achieved comparable results to the traditional bacteriological examination. Taken together, these results indicated that the optimized TaqMan multiplex real-time PCR assay will be a promising tool for clinical diagnostics and epidemiologic study of Salmonella in chicken farm and poultry products.

scholarly journals Diagnostic applications for Lassa fever in limited-resource settings

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. e001119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devy M Emperador ◽  
Solomon A Yimer ◽  
Laura T Mazzola ◽  
Gunnstein Norheim ◽  
Cassandra Kelly-Cirino
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Lassa Fever ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Lassa Virus ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Limited Health ◽  
Diagnostic Applications

Lassa fever, caused by arenavirus Lassa virus (LASV), is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease that affects up to an estimated 300 000 individuals and causes up to 5000 deaths per year in West Africa. Currently available LASV diagnostic methods are difficult to operationalise in low-resource health centres and may be less sensitive to detecting all known or emerging LASV strains. To prioritise diagnostic development for LASV, we assessed the diagnostic applications for case detection, clinical management, surveillance, outbreak response, and therapeutic and vaccine development at various healthcare levels. Diagnostic development should prioritise point-of-care and near-patient diagnostics, especially those with the ability to detect all lineages of LASV, as they would allow for rapid detection in resource-limited health facilities closer to the patient.

scholarly journals A Complete Protocol for Rapid and Low-Cost Fabrication of Polymer Microfluidic Chips Containing Three-Dimensional Microstructures Used in Point-of-Care Devices

Micromachines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trieu Nguyen ◽  
Aaydha Chidambara Vinayaka ◽  
Dang Duong Bang ◽  
Anders Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Microfluidic Chips ◽  
Industrial Companies ◽  
Polymerase Chain

This protocol provides insights into the rapid, low-cost, and largescale fabrication of polymer microfluidic chips containing three-dimensional microstructures used in point-of-care devices for applications such as detection of pathogens via molecular diagnostic methods. The details of the fabrication methods are described in this paper. This study offers suggestions for researchers and experimentalists, both at university laboratories and in industrial companies, to prevent doom fabrication issues. For a demonstration of bio-application in point-of-care testing, the 3D microarrays fabricated are then employed in multiplexed detection of Salmonella (Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis), based on a molecular detection technique called solid-phase polymerase chain reaction (SP-PCR).

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