Trends in Diagnosis for Active Tuberculosis Using Nanomaterials

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1946-1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Minh Tu Phan ◽  
Lemma Teshome Tufa ◽  
Hwa-Jung Kim ◽  
Jaebeom Lee ◽  
Tae Jung Park
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Clinical Tools ◽  
Diagnostic Applications

Background:Tuberculosis (TB), one of the leading causes of death worldwide, is difficult to diagnose based only on signs and symptoms. Methods for TB detection are continuously being researched to design novel effective clinical tools for the diagnosis of TB.Objective:This article reviews the methods to diagnose TB at the latent and active stages and to recognize prospective TB diagnostic methods based on nanomaterials.Methods:The current methods for TB diagnosis were reviewed by evaluating their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the trends in TB detection using nanomaterials were discussed regarding their performance capacity for clinical diagnostic applications.Results:Current methods such as microscopy, culture, and tuberculin skin test are still being employed to diagnose TB, however, a highly sensitive point of care tool without false results is still needed. The utilization of nanomaterials to detect the specific TB biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity can provide a possible strategy to rapidly diagnose TB. Although it is challenging for nanodiagnostic platforms to be assessed in clinical trials, active TB diagnosis using nanomaterials is highly expected to achieve clinical significance for regular application. In addition, aspects and future directions in developing the high-efficiency tools to diagnose active TB using advanced nanomaterials are expounded.Conclusion:This review suggests that nanomaterials have high potential as rapid, costeffective tools to enhance the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of TB. Hence, portable nanobiosensors can be alternative effective tests to be exploited globally after clinical trial execution.

A Review on Diagnostic Methods for Trichomonas Vaginalis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Rahmani ◽  
Yahya Ehteshaminia ◽  
Hamid Mohammadi ◽  
Seif Ali Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals

Introduction: Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection in the world, caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, which infects the urogenital tract of men and women. Approximately, 250 million new cases of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection are reported worldwide each year. Trichomoniasis is also considered an important HIV co-infection. The infection is often asymptomatic but can be accompanied by symptoms such as severe inflammation, itching and irritation, foamy discharge, and malodorous smell mucus, but the signs and symptoms of the disease are not sufficient for specific diagnosis. Material and Methods: In this study, the websites of PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, and Margiran were searched and related articles were reviewed. Results: Only screening and the use of highly sensitive and specific diagnostic methods can identify asymptomatic individuals. Today, the most common way to diagnose the infection is to use wet slide, Pap smear and culture methods that do not have high sensitivity and specificity. Also, due to the increase in infection and its complications, finding an efficient, rapid, and easy test to detect the parasite and differentiate Trichomoniasis vaginitis from other sexually transmitted diseases is considered important and necessary. Conclusion: Nowadays, there are several diagnostic methods that differentiate trichomoniasis infection from other sexually transmitted infections with high accuracy and sensitivity. Of course, existing diagnostic methods mostly use women's urine and vaginal samples for diagnosis, and methods that specifically diagnose the infection in men are more limited.

Algorithm of Screening and Monitoring of Hypertension in Rural Outpatient Clinics: the Realities of Practice Through the Prism of the Recommendations

2016 ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
Khrystyna Symchych ◽  
Liubomyr Glushko ◽  
Serhii Fedorov ◽  
Irena Kozlova ◽  
Viktoriia Rudnyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Outpatient Clinic ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Ankle Brachial Index ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Home Blood Pressure ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Vascular Pathology ◽  
Continuous Control

The objective: of the study was a comparative analysis and identify the informativeness of diagnostic methods available in conditions of rural outpatient clinic and formulate the algorithm of screening and monitoring of hypertension in the practice of family doctors. Patients and methods: The study involved 62 patients with hypertension of the second-degree severity. In the first group diagnosis of AH was performed by the methods available in conditions of rural outpatient clinic, in the second group the reference methods were used. The clinical laboratory tests and instrumental examination were made. Informativeness of the methods available in conditions of rural outpatient clinic was defined on base of data of sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value. Results. Home blood pressure measurement in terms of rural family medicine is the most justified because of the low cost of the survey, the possibility of continuous control of hypertension, the relative autonomy of the patient and results with data DMAT is approximate, high rates of sensitivity and specificity. Use ECG criteria for their relatively high sensitivity and specificity of the method proves informative and justifies its use in the village for early diagnosis of heart damage in patients with hypertension. Definition of ankle brachial index is informative, non-invasive, affordable method to detect the presence of vascular pathology, to evaluate dynamics during treatment. Determination of MAU is an affordable quality marker of kidney damage in hypertension, with high sensitivity and specificity. For a more accurate diagnosis be to calculate glomerular filtration rate. Lipid metabolism at clinic should be determined by the level of total cholesterol. Carbohydrate metabolism enough to carry on fasting glucose and glucose1tolerant test. Conclusion. It is proved the simple in performance, the cheap and routine methods that are used widely can to inform about cardiovascular risk and to determine the prognosis of illness in patients with hypertension.

scholarly journals Ultrasensitive CRISPR-based diagnostic for field-applicable detection ofPlasmodiumspecies in symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (41) ◽  
pp. 25722-25731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose A. Lee ◽  
Helena De Puig ◽  
Peter Q. Nguyen ◽  
Nicolaas M. Angenent-Mari ◽  
Nina M. Donghia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Parasite Density ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ultrasensitive Detection ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Radical Cure ◽  
Asymptomatic Carriers

Asymptomatic carriers ofPlasmodiumparasites hamper malaria control and eradication. Achieving malaria eradication requires ultrasensitive diagnostics for low parasite density infections (<100 parasites per microliter blood) that work in resource-limited settings (RLS). Sensitive point-of-care diagnostics are also lacking for nonfalciparum malaria, which is characterized by lower density infections and may require additional therapy for radical cure. Molecular methods, such as PCR, have high sensitivity and specificity, but remain high-complexity technologies impractical for RLS. Here we describe a CRISPR-based diagnostic for ultrasensitive detection and differentiation ofPlasmodium falciparum,Plasmodium vivax,Plasmodium ovale, andPlasmodium malariae, using the nucleic acid detection platform SHERLOCK (specific high-sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking). We present a streamlined, field-applicable, diagnostic comprised of a 10-min SHERLOCK parasite rapid extraction protocol, followed by SHERLOCK for 60 min forPlasmodiumspecies-specific detection via fluorescent or lateral flow strip readout. We optimized one-pot, lyophilized, isothermal assays with a simplified sample preparation method independent of nucleic acid extraction, and showed that these assays are capable of detection below two parasites per microliter blood, a limit of detection suggested by the World Health Organization. OurP. falciparumandP. vivaxassays exhibited 100% sensitivity and specificity on clinical samples (5P. falciparumand 10P. vivaxsamples). This work establishes a field-applicable diagnostic for ultrasensitive detection of asymptomatic carriers as well as a rapid point-of-care clinical diagnostic for nonfalciparum malaria species and low parasite densityP. falciparuminfections.

scholarly journals Marine Toxins Detection by Biosensors Based on Aptamers

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Ye ◽  
Taomei Liu ◽  
Weimin Zhang ◽  
Muzi Zhu ◽  
Zhaoming Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Marine Toxins ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Low Detection Limit ◽  
The Future

Marine toxins cause great harm to human health through seafood, therefore, it is urgent to exploit new marine toxins detection methods with the merits of high sensitivity and specificity, low detection limit, convenience, and high efficiency. Aptasensors have emerged to replace classical detection methods for marine toxins detection. The rapid development of molecular biological approaches, sequencing technology, material science, electronics and chemical science boost the preparation and application of aptasensors. Taken together, the aptamer-based biosensors would be the best candidate for detection of the marine toxins with the merits of high sensitivity and specificity, convenience, time-saving, relatively low cost, extremely low detection limit, and high throughput, which have reduced the detection limit of marine toxins from nM to fM. This article reviews the detection of marine toxins by aptamer-based biosensors, as well as the selection approach for the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), the aptamer sequences. Moreover, the newest aptasensors and the future prospective are also discussed, which would provide thereotical basis for the future development of marine toxins detection by aptasensors.

scholarly journals Rapid and sensitive RPA-Cas12a-fluorescence assay for point-of-care detection of African swine fever virus

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254815
Author(s):  
Jinyu Fu ◽  
Yueping Zhang ◽  
Guang Cai ◽  
Geng Meng ◽  
Shuobo Shi
Keyword(s):  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Fluorescence Assay ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Control And Prevention

African swine fever (ASF) is a serious contagious disease that causes fatal haemorrhagic fever in domestic and wild pigs, with high morbidity. It has caused devastating damage to the swine industry worldwide, necessitating the focus of attention on detection of the ASF pathogen, the African swine fever virus (ASFV). In order to overcome the disadvantages of conventional diagnostic methods (e.g. time-consuming, demanding and unintuitive), quick detection tools with higher sensitivity need to be explored. In this study, based on the conserved p72 gene sequence of ASFV, we combined the Cas12a-based assay with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and a fluorophore-quencher (FQ)-labeled reporter assay for rapid and visible detection. Five crRNAs designed for Cas12a-based assay showed specificity with remarkable fluorescence intensity under visual inspection. Within 20 minutes, with an initial concentration of two copies of DNA, the assay can produce significant differences between experimental and negative groups, indicating the high sensitivity and rapidity of the method. Overall, the developed RPA-Cas12a-fluorescence assay provides a fast and visible tool for point-of-care ASFV detection with high sensitivity and specificity, which can be rapidly performed on-site under isothermal conditions, promising better control and prevention of ASF.

scholarly journals Amplification Techniques of Recombinase & Polymerase and their Application in Parasite Detection

2019 ◽  
Vol 131 ◽  
pp. 01023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Niu ◽  
Hongli Liu
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology ◽  
Parasite Detection ◽  
Application Characteristics

To study the application principles of recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and the specific situations of detecting parasites, the principles of RPA are analyzed to find the optimal temperature conditions, advantages, and disadvantages. Then, the parasites are detected to observe the application characteristics of the RPA method. The results show that RPA is a kind of novel isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology, which is an open detection method. It has high sensitivity and specificity when being operated at 37-42°C, which makes it very suitable for early detection of pathogen infection. Besides, it also has high sensitivity and specificity in parasite detection. Therefore, the RPA technology has better performances and excellent applications in parasite detection, which has a certain significance for the future application of the technology in more fields.

Genome-wide cfDNA fragmentation in patients with cancer and other diseases.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 3136-3136
Author(s):  
Jacob Carey ◽  
Sian Jones ◽  
Alessandro Leal ◽  
Bryan Chesnick ◽  
Denise Butler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Machine Learning Model ◽  
Diagnostic Center ◽  
Fragmentation Patterns ◽  
Low Coverage

3136 Background: Genome-wide cfDNA fragmentation patterns have previously been demonstrated to distinguish with high sensitivity and specificity between plasma samples from individuals with and without cancer. Methods: To further evaluate cfDNA fragmentation as a blood-based screening test for cancer, we have evaluated these genomic features in patients with and without cancer who have been diagnosed with other common comorbidities. For this study, we have used low coverage (1-2x) whole genome sequencing to analyze plasma samples from 412 patients referred to an advanced diagnostic center due to unexplained signs and symptoms associated with cancer. Results: Seventy-seven of these patients were ultimately diagnosed with one of sixteen different solid cancers, 68 with cardiovascular disease, 48 with diabetes, as well as other comorbidities. We used the DELFI approach (DNA evaluation of fragments for early interception) to measure the cfDNA fragmentation in plasma from all 412 patients included in the study using a cross-validated machine learning model. Patients with cancer could be distinguished from non-cancer individuals with high sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.92), including for common cancers such as colorectal and lung cancer. Conclusions: These data support the hypothesis that abnormal cfDNA fragmentation is a consequence of unregulated mitoses in cancer cells and can be distinguished from fragmentation patterns of individuals with co-morbidities.

scholarly journals Lung Ultrasound Examination in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Multicenter Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 3255
Author(s):  
Natalia Buda ◽  
Jolanta Cylwik ◽  
Katarzyna Mróz ◽  
Renata Rudzińska ◽  
Paweł Dubik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Pneumonia ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Lung Ultrasound ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Diagnostic Modality ◽  
Diagnostic Modalities ◽  
B Lines

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has, by necessity, contributed to rapid advancements in medicine. Owing to the necessity of following strict anti-epidemic sanitary measures when taking care of infected patients, the accessibility of standard diagnostic methods may be limited. Consequently, the significance and potential of bedside diagnostic modalities increase, including lung ultrasound (LUS). Method: Multicenter registry study involving adult patients with confirmed COVID-19, for whom LUS was performed. Results: A total of 228 patients (61% males) qualified for the study. The average age was 60 years (±14), 40% were older than 65 years of age. In 130 from 173 hospitalized patients, HRCT (high-resolution computed tomography) was performed. In 80% of patients, LUS findings indicated interstitial pneumonia. In hospitalized patients multifocally located single B-lines, symmetrical B-lines, and areas of white lung were significantly more frequent as compared to ambulatory patients. LUS findings, both those indicating interstitial syndrome and consolidations, were positively correlated with HRCT images. As compared to HRCT, the sensitivity and specificity of LUS in detecting interstitial pneumonia were 97% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions: As compared to HRCT, LUS is characterized by a very high sensitivity and specificity in detecting interstitial pneumonia in COVID-19 patients. Potentially, LUS can be a particularly useful diagnostic modality for COVID-19 patients pneumonia.

scholarly journals Performance and Implementation Evaluation of the Abbott BinaxNOW Rapid Antigen Test in a High-throughput Drive-through Community Testing Site in Massachusetts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nira R. Pollock ◽  
Jesica R. Jacobs ◽  
Kristine Tran ◽  
Amber Cranston ◽  
Sita Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Testing Site ◽  
Very High

AbstractBackgroundRapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for SARS-CoV-2 antigens (Ag) that can be performed at point-of-care (POC) can supplement molecular testing and help mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. Deployment of an Ag RDT requires an understanding of its operational and performance characteristics under real-world conditions and in relevant subpopulations. We evaluated the Abbott BinaxNOW™ COVID-19 Ag Card in a high-throughput, drive-through, free community testing site in Massachusetts (MA) using anterior nasal (AN) swab RT-PCR for clinical testing.MethodsIndividuals presenting for molecular testing in two of seven lanes were offered the opportunity to also receive BinaxNOW testing. Dual AN swabs were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic children (≤ 18 years) and adults. BinaxNOW testing was performed in a testing pod with temperature/humidity monitoring. One individual performed testing and official result reporting for each test, but most tests had a second independent reading to assess inter-operator agreement. Positive BinaxNOW results were scored as faint, medium, or strong. Positive BinaxNOW results were reported to patients by phone and they were instructed to isolate pending RT-PCR results. The paired RT-PCR result was the reference for sensitivity and specificity calculations.ResultsOf 2482 participants, 1380 adults and 928 children had paired RT-PCR/BinaxNOW results and complete symptom data. 974/1380 (71%) adults and 829/928 (89%) children were asymptomatic. BinaxNOW had 96.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 90.0-99.3) sensitivity and 100% (98.6-100.0) specificity in adults within 7 days of symptoms, and 84.6% (65.1-95.6) sensitivity and 100% (94.5-100.0) specificity in children within 7 days of symptoms. Sensitivity and specificity in asymptomatic adults were 70.2% (56.6-81.6) and 99.6% (98.9-99.9), respectively, and in asymptomatic children were 65.4% (55.6-74.4) and 99.0% (98.0-99.6), respectively. By cycle threshold (Ct) value cutoff, sensitivity in all subgroups combined (n=292 RT-PCR-positive individuals) was 99.3% with Ct ≤25, 95.8% with ≤30, and 81.2% with ≤35. Twelve false positive BinaxNOW results (out of 2308 tests) were observed; in all twelve, the test bands were faint but otherwise normal, and were noted by both readers. One invalid BinaxNOW result was identified. Inter-operator agreement (positive versus negative BinaxNOW result) was 100% (n = 2230/2230 double reads). Each operator was able to process 20 RDTs per hour. In a separate set of 30 specimens (from individuals with symptoms ≤7 days) run at temperatures below the manufacturer’s recommended range (46-58.5°F), sensitivity was 66.7% and specificity 95.2%.ConclusionsBinaxNOW had very high specificity in both adults and children and very high sensitivity in newly symptomatic adults. Overall, 95.8% sensitivity was observed with Ct ≤ 30. These data support public health recommendations for use of the BinaxNOW test in adults with symptoms for ≤7 days without RT-PCR confirmation. Excellent inter-operator agreement indicates that an individual can perform and read the BinaxNOW test alone. A skilled laboratorian can perform and read 20 tests per hour. Careful attention to temperature is critical.

scholarly journals A Rapid In-Clinic Test Detects Acute Leptospirosis in Dogs with High Sensitivity and Specificity

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angeli Kodjo ◽  
Christophe Calleja ◽  
Michael Loenser ◽  
Dan Lin ◽  
Joshua Lizer
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Diagnostic Sensitivity ◽  
Immunochromatographic Test ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Weight Group ◽  
Agglutination Assay ◽  
Diagnostic Sensitivity And Specificity

A rapid IgM-detection immunochromatographic test (WITNESS® Lepto, Zoetis) has recently become available to identify acute canine leptospirosis at the point of care. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the test were evaluated by comparison with the microscopic agglutination assay (MAT), using a positive cut-off titer of ≥800. Banked serum samples from dogs exhibiting clinical signs and suspected leptospirosis were selected to form three groups based on MAT titer: (1) positive (n=50); (2) borderline (n=35); and (3) negative (n=50). Using an analysis to weight group sizes to reflect French prevalence, the sensitivity and specificity were 98% and 93.5% (88.2% unweighted), respectively. This test rapidly identifies cases of acute canine leptospirosis with high levels of sensitivity and specificity with no interference from previous vaccination.

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