scholarly journals Megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2565-2577
Author(s):  
Che Azarulzaman Che Johan ◽  
Sandra Catherine Zainathan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Ornamental Fish ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fish Cell ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Amplification Assay ◽  
And Control

Iridoviruses, especially megalocytiviruses, are related to severe disease resulting in high economic losses in the aquaculture industry worldwide. The ornamental fish industry has been affected severely due to Megalocytivirus infections. Megalocytivirus is a DNA virus that has three genera; including red sea bream iridovirus, infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus, and turbot reddish body iridovirus. Megalocytivirus causes non-specific clinical signs in ornamental fish. Cell culture, histology, immunofluorescence test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay have been used to diagnose megalocytiviruses. Risk factors such as temperature, transportation (export and import), and life stages of ornamental fish have been reported for the previous cases due to Megalocytivirus infections. In addition, other prevention and control methods also have been practiced in farms to prevent Megalocytivirus outbreaks. This is the first review of megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish since its first detection in 1989. This review discusses the occurrences of Megalocytivirus in ornamental fish, including the history, clinical signs, detection method, risk factors, and prevention measures.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of indigenous North African goats with goatpox virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihane Hamdi ◽  
Zahra Bamouh ◽  
Mohammed Jazouli ◽  
Meryem Alhyane ◽  
Najet Safini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
North African ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Goatpox Virus

Abstract Background Goatpox is a viral disease caused by infection with goatpox virus (GTPV) of the genus Capripoxvirus, Poxviridae family. Capripoxviruses cause serious disease to livestock and contribute to huge economic losses. Goatpox and sheeppox are endemic to Africa, particularly north of the Equator, the Middle East and many parts of Asia. GTPV and sheeppox virus are considered host-specific; however, both strains can cause clinical disease in either goats or sheep with more severe disease in the homologous species and mild or sub-clinical infection in the other. Goatpox has never been reported in Morocco, Algeria or Tunisia despite the huge population of goats living in proximity with sheep in those countries. To evaluate the susceptibility and pathogenicity of indigenous North African goats to GTPV infection, we experimentally inoculated eight locally bred goats with a virulent Vietnamese isolate of GTPV. Two uninfected goats were kept as controls. Clinical examination was carried out daily and blood was sampled for virology and for investigating the antibody response. After necropsy, tissues were collected and assessed for viral DNA using real-time PCR. Results Following the experimental infection, all inoculated goats displayed clinical signs characteristic of goatpox including varying degrees of hyperthermia, loss of appetite, inactivity and cutaneous lesions. The infection severely affected three of the infected animals while moderate to mild disease was noticed in the remaining goats. A high antibody response was developed. High viral DNA loads were detected in skin crusts and nodules, and subcutaneous tissue at the injection site with cycle threshold (Ct) values ranging from 14.6 to 22.9, while lower viral loads were found in liver and lung (Ct = 35.7 and 35.1). The results confirmed subcutaneous tropism of the virus. Conclusion Clinical signs of goatpox were reproduced in indigenous North African goats and confirmed a high susceptibility of the North African goat breed to GTPV infection. A clinical scoring system is proposed that can be applied in GTPV vaccine efficacy studies.

scholarly journals Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome in Turkey Poults: Causes, Diagnosis and Preventive Measures

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2063
Author(s):  
Awad A. Shehata ◽  
Shereen Basiouni ◽  
Reinhard Sting ◽  
Valerij Akimkin ◽  
Marc Hoferer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Turkey Poults ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Enteric Disorders ◽  
And Control ◽  
Enteropathogenic Viruses ◽  
Poult Enteritis

Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) is one of the most significant problem affecting turkeys and continues to cause severe economic losses worldwide. Although the specific causes of PEMS remains unknown, this syndrome might involve an interaction between several causative agents such as enteropathogenic viruses (coronaviruses, rotavirus, astroviruses and adenoviruses) and bacteria and protozoa. Non-infectious causes such as feed and management are also interconnected factors. However, it is difficult to determine the specific cause of enteric disorders under field conditions. Additionally, similarities of clinical signs and lesions hamper the accurate diagnosis. The purpose of the present review is to discuss in detail the main viral possible causative agents of PEMS and challenges in diagnosis and control.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Whole Cell Inactivated Vibrio harveyi Vaccine against Vibriosis in a Marine Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus) Model

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 734
Author(s):  
Nadirah Abu Nor ◽  
Mohd Zamri-Saad ◽  
Ina-Salwany Md Yasin ◽  
Annas Salleh ◽  
Farina Mustaffa-Kamal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Skin Mucus ◽  
Fish Diseases ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
And Control ◽  
Group 1

Vibrio harveyi causes vibriosis in various commercial marine fish species. The infection leads to significant economic losses for aquaculture farms, and vaccination is an alternative approach for the prevention and control of fish diseases for aquaculture sustainability. This study describes the use of formalin-killed Vibrio harveyi (FKVh) strain Vh1 as a vaccine candidate to stimulate innate and adaptive immunities against vibriosis in a marine red hybrid tilapia model. Tilapia are fast growing; cheap; resistant to diseases; and tolerant to adverse environmental conditions of fresh water, brackish water, and marine water and because of these advantages, marine red hybrid tilapia is a suitable candidate as a model to study fish diseases and vaccinations against vibriosis. A total of 180 healthy red hybrid tilapias were gradually adapted to the marine environment before being divided into two groups, with 90 fish in each group and were kept in triplicate with 30 fish per tank. Group 1 was vaccinated intraperitoneally with 100 µL of FKVh on week 0, and a booster dose was similarly administered on week 2. Group 2 was similarly injected with PBS. Skin mucus, serum, and gut lavage were collected weekly for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a lysozyme activity assay from a total of 30 fish of each group. On week 4, the remaining 60 fish of Groups 1 and 2 were challenged with 108 cfu/fish of live Vibrio harveyi. The clinical signs were monitored while the survival rate was recorded for 48 h post-challenge. Vaccination with FKVh resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) higher rate of survival (87%) compared to the control (20%). The IgM antibody titer and lysozyme activities of Group 1 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the unvaccinated Groups 2 in most weeks throughout the experiment. Therefore, the intraperitoneal exposure of marine red hybrid tilapia to killed V. harveyi enhanced the resistance and antibody response of the fish against vibriosis.

scholarly journals The Diagnostic Challenges of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma

Ruminants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-71
Author(s):  
Hélder Quintas ◽  
Isabel Pires ◽  
Andreia Garcês ◽  
Justina Prada ◽  
Filipe Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Club Cells ◽  
Pulmonary Adenomatosis ◽  
And Control

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), also known as sheep pulmonary adenomatosis and jaagsiekte, is a contagious pulmonary tumor of sheep, characterized by neoplastic proliferation of type II pneumocyte and club cells. OPA is induced by the oncogenic activity of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) of exogenous jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). This disease is associated with significant economic losses in numerous sheep raising countries. The onset of suggestive clinical signs is often late, making difficult the early diagnosis of the disease and timely implementation of control measures on the affected farms. Further, the lack of diagnostic tests that can be performed routinely by veterinary clinicians to accurately assess infected animals (e.g., serological or others) means that the true prevalence at flock level is not known. Imaging diagnostic methods (e.g., ultrasound, X-ray and computed tomography) can be used to support the clinical diagnosis, even in pre-clinical stages in affected flocks. The diagnosis must be confirmed by PCR of nasal excretions or immunohistochemistry and PCR of tumor lesions. No vaccine for OPA has yet been developed. Thus, in this work, we review the main methods of diagnosis of OPA in order to support the clinician in the identification of the disease, avoid underdiagnosis and allow the implementation of suitable measures to prevent and control its spread.

scholarly journals MYCOPLASMA SYNOVIAE INFECTION IN LAYERS: DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL MEASURES – A REVIEW

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-82
Author(s):  
Khaled Kaboudi ◽  
Adem Jbenyeni
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mycoplasma Synoviae ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Emergent Pathogen ◽  
Breeding Farms ◽  
And Control

Mycoplasmas are widespread bacteria in domestic and wild birds. Among the important species in laying hen, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae, are considered as an emergent pathogen in the last few years worldwide, causing considerable economic losses as a result of falling eggs and the decrease in egg quality. Transmission of M. synoviae occurs horizontally, more rapidly in multi-age sites, and vertically, leading to a decline in hatchability in breeding farms. The interaction between M. synoviae and the host’s immune system explains the immunosuppression induced by this pathogen. Inside the cell, M. synoviae can escape the immune system by implementing several mechanisms.Subclinical respiratory infection is oft en associated to M. synoviae. However, severe disease may be observed in the presence of other factors (respiratory viruses, stressors). The emergence of a new form of clinical manifestation of disease associated to M. synoviae infection has been described since the 2000s. Eggshell apex abnormalities of the produced eggs, associated to high risk of cracks and breakage, is described.The diagnosis of M. synoviae infection is based on various tests, including serology, culture and biomolecular methods. Control is based on theacquisition of free mycoplasma birds, biosecurity, regular monitoring and vaccination. Management of other risk factors is essential.

scholarly journals Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards

2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-214297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saman Khalatbari-Soltani ◽  
Robert G Cumming ◽  
Cyrille Delpierre ◽  
Michelle Kelly-Irving
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Occupational Position ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Socioeconomic Determinants ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Disadvantaged socioeconomic position (SEP) is widely associated with disease and mortality, and there is no reason to think this will not be the case for the newly emerged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has reached a pandemic level. Individuals with a more disadvantaged SEP are more likely to be affected by most of the known risk factors of COVID-19. SEP has been previously established as a potential determinant of infectious diseases in general. We hypothesise that SEP plays an important role in the COVID-19 pandemic either directly or indirectly via occupation, living conditions, health-related behaviours, presence of comorbidities and immune functioning. However, the influence of socioeconomic factors on COVID-19 transmission, severity and outcomes is not yet known and is subject to scrutiny and investigation. Here we briefly review the extent to which SEP has been considered as one of the potential risk factors of COVID-19. From 29 eligible studies that reported the characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and their potential risk factors, only one study reported the occupational position of patients with mild or severe disease. This brief overview of the literature highlights that important socioeconomic characteristics are being overlooked when data are collected. As COVID-19 spreads worldwide, it is crucial to collect and report data on socioeconomic determinants as well as race/ethnicity to identify high-risk populations. A systematic recording of socioeconomic characteristics of patients with COVID-19 will be beneficial to identify most vulnerable groups, to identify how SEP relates to COVID-19 and to develop equitable public health prevention measures, guidelines and interventions.

scholarly journals A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
ThankGod E. Onyiche ◽  
Keisuke Suganuma ◽  
Ikuo Igarashi ◽  
Naoaki Yokoyama ◽  
Xuenan Xuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Vector Ecology ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Equine Piroplasmosis ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Tick Vectors ◽  
And Control

Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. The disease is responsible for serious economic losses to the equine industry. It principally affects donkeys, horses, mules, and zebra but DNA of the parasites has also been detected in dogs and camels raising doubt about their host specificity. The disease is endemic in tropical and temperate regions of the world where the competent tick vectors are prevalent. Infected equids remain carrier for life with T. equi infection, whilst, infection with B. caballi is cleared within a few years. This review focuses on all aspects of the disease from the historical overview, biology of the parasite, epidemiology of the disease (specifically highlighting other non-equine hosts, such as dogs and camels), vector, clinical manifestations, risk factors, immunology, genetic diversity, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of Urban Rail Transit Project Using Interpretative Structural Modelling: Evidence from China

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yuan Gao ◽  
Chun Kit Lau
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Urban Rail Transit ◽  
Rail Transit ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Logical Relationship ◽  
Urban Rail ◽  
Structure Relationship ◽  
And Control

Public-private partnership (PPP) projects require comprehensive risk assessment and management, including Urban Rail Transit (URT). A more effective risk management can benefit from an accurate understanding of the two-way influence of PPP project risk factors. This paper uses the content analysis method to filter out, compare, and analyze PPP-related literature; 12 categories of 22 PPP risk factors are extracted and identified, and the possible correlations between these risk factors are judged preliminarily. With the knowledge and advice provided by PPP experts, the initial risk relationships are adjusted and supplemented, which then help to determine a reasonable logical relationship among risk factors. The logical relationship helps analyze the risk factors based on the ISM model analysis method and builds a hierarchical structure relationship of risk factors including 6 levels. Finally, the direct, intermediate, and autonomous factors that lead to problems or failures in PPP projects are analyzed which explains in detail the paths of risk transmission and risk prevention measures of PPP companies operating URT. It lays a foundation for PPP project companies operating URT to recognize, manage, and control risks in a targeted and systematic manner.

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with BoHV-1 and BVDV seropositivity in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from the State of Paraiba, Northeastern Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leise Gomes Fernandes ◽  
Carla Lauise Rodrigues Menezes Pimenta ◽  
Edviges Maristela Pituco ◽  
Arthur Willian de Lima Brasil ◽  
Sérgio Santos de Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
The State ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Herpesvirus Type ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Factors Associated

This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (BoHV-1) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) infections in buffaloes in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil, using 136 female buffaloes ? 24 months old from 14 herds. For the serological diagnosis of the BoHV-1 and BVDV infections, the virus-neutralization test (VN) was used and in each herd, an epidemiological questionnaire was applied in order to obtain data to be used in the risk factor analysis. Of the 136 animals 86 (63.2%) were positive for BoHV-1 and 12 (8.8%) for BVDV. The presence of watering points (odds ratio = 17.68; 95% CI = 3.74 – 83.04) was identified as risk factor for BoHv-1, and animal purchasing was a risk factor for both BoHV-1 (odds ratio = 68.64; 95% CI = 12.28 – 383.73) and BVDV (odds ratio = 3.64; 95% CI = 1.04 – 12.76). The results from the present study showed an evidence of the presence of BoHV-1 and BVDV infections in buffaloes from the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. It is suggested that control and prevention measures should be adopted, such as the use of diagnostic tests prior to animal purchasing and the use of vaccines to avoid the introduction of infected animals into the herds and the consequent dissemination of the infections, minimizing economic losses.

Abnormal behaviour 4: failure of function.

2021 ◽  
pp. 294-300
Author(s):  
Donald M. Broom
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Abnormal Behaviour ◽  
And Control

Abstract This chapter describes the risk factors, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of sexual, parental and movement behavioural abnormalities in domestic animals.

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