Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome in Turkey Poults: Causes, Diagnosis and Preventive Measures

Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) is one of the most significant problem affecting turkeys and continues to cause severe economic losses worldwide. Although the specific causes of PEMS remains unknown, this syndrome might involve an interaction between several causative agents such as enteropathogenic viruses (coronaviruses, rotavirus, astroviruses and adenoviruses) and bacteria and protozoa. Non-infectious causes such as feed and management are also interconnected factors. However, it is difficult to determine the specific cause of enteric disorders under field conditions. Additionally, similarities of clinical signs and lesions hamper the accurate diagnosis. The purpose of the present review is to discuss in detail the main viral possible causative agents of PEMS and challenges in diagnosis and control.

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Efficacy of Whole Cell Inactivated Vibrio harveyi Vaccine against Vibriosis in a Marine Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus) Model

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8040734 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 734

Author(s):

Nadirah Abu Nor ◽

Mohd Zamri-Saad ◽

Ina-Salwany Md Yasin ◽

Annas Salleh ◽

Farina Mustaffa-Kamal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Harveyi ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Skin Mucus ◽

Fish Diseases ◽

Group 2 ◽

Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽

And Control ◽

Group 1

Vibrio harveyi causes vibriosis in various commercial marine fish species. The infection leads to significant economic losses for aquaculture farms, and vaccination is an alternative approach for the prevention and control of fish diseases for aquaculture sustainability. This study describes the use of formalin-killed Vibrio harveyi (FKVh) strain Vh1 as a vaccine candidate to stimulate innate and adaptive immunities against vibriosis in a marine red hybrid tilapia model. Tilapia are fast growing; cheap; resistant to diseases; and tolerant to adverse environmental conditions of fresh water, brackish water, and marine water and because of these advantages, marine red hybrid tilapia is a suitable candidate as a model to study fish diseases and vaccinations against vibriosis. A total of 180 healthy red hybrid tilapias were gradually adapted to the marine environment before being divided into two groups, with 90 fish in each group and were kept in triplicate with 30 fish per tank. Group 1 was vaccinated intraperitoneally with 100 µL of FKVh on week 0, and a booster dose was similarly administered on week 2. Group 2 was similarly injected with PBS. Skin mucus, serum, and gut lavage were collected weekly for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a lysozyme activity assay from a total of 30 fish of each group. On week 4, the remaining 60 fish of Groups 1 and 2 were challenged with 108 cfu/fish of live Vibrio harveyi. The clinical signs were monitored while the survival rate was recorded for 48 h post-challenge. Vaccination with FKVh resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) higher rate of survival (87%) compared to the control (20%). The IgM antibody titer and lysozyme activities of Group 1 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the unvaccinated Groups 2 in most weeks throughout the experiment. Therefore, the intraperitoneal exposure of marine red hybrid tilapia to killed V. harveyi enhanced the resistance and antibody response of the fish against vibriosis.

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The Diagnostic Challenges of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma

Ruminants ◽

10.3390/ruminants1010005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 58-71

Author(s):

Hélder Quintas ◽

Isabel Pires ◽

Andreia Garcês ◽

Justina Prada ◽

Filipe Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Signs ◽

Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Control Measures ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma ◽

X Ray ◽

Club Cells ◽

Pulmonary Adenomatosis ◽

And Control

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), also known as sheep pulmonary adenomatosis and jaagsiekte, is a contagious pulmonary tumor of sheep, characterized by neoplastic proliferation of type II pneumocyte and club cells. OPA is induced by the oncogenic activity of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) of exogenous jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). This disease is associated with significant economic losses in numerous sheep raising countries. The onset of suggestive clinical signs is often late, making difficult the early diagnosis of the disease and timely implementation of control measures on the affected farms. Further, the lack of diagnostic tests that can be performed routinely by veterinary clinicians to accurately assess infected animals (e.g., serological or others) means that the true prevalence at flock level is not known. Imaging diagnostic methods (e.g., ultrasound, X-ray and computed tomography) can be used to support the clinical diagnosis, even in pre-clinical stages in affected flocks. The diagnosis must be confirmed by PCR of nasal excretions or immunohistochemistry and PCR of tumor lesions. No vaccine for OPA has yet been developed. Thus, in this work, we review the main methods of diagnosis of OPA in order to support the clinician in the identification of the disease, avoid underdiagnosis and allow the implementation of suitable measures to prevent and control its spread.

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Benzodiazepine Allergy With Anesthesia Administration: A Review of Current Literature

Anesthesia Progress ◽

10.2344/16-00019.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 160-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Elliot Haybarger ◽

Andrew S. Young ◽

Joseph A. Giovannitti

Keyword(s):

Preventive Measures ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Rapid Identification ◽

Neuromuscular Blocking ◽

Test Results ◽

Serum Tryptase ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Anaphylactoid Reactions ◽

Patient Prognosis ◽

Delayed Intervention

The incidence of anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions has been reported to vary between 1 : 3500 and 1 : 20,000 cases with a mortality rate ranging from 3 to 9%. Clinical signs present as skin rash, urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, tachycardia, bradycardia, and hypotension. Rapid identification and treatment are crucial to overall patient prognosis, as delayed intervention is associated with increased mortality. Diagnosis may be confirmed with clinical presentation, serum tryptase levels, and skin test results. While the main causative agents in anesthetic practice are typically neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBs), latex, and antibiotics, this review aims to discuss recognition, management, and preventive measures in perioperative anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions from benzodiazepine administration.

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Megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish: A review

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2020.2565-2577 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 2565-2577

Author(s):

Che Azarulzaman Che Johan ◽

Sandra Catherine Zainathan

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Ornamental Fish ◽

Sea Bream ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Fish Cell ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

Amplification Assay ◽

And Control

Iridoviruses, especially megalocytiviruses, are related to severe disease resulting in high economic losses in the aquaculture industry worldwide. The ornamental fish industry has been affected severely due to Megalocytivirus infections. Megalocytivirus is a DNA virus that has three genera; including red sea bream iridovirus, infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus, and turbot reddish body iridovirus. Megalocytivirus causes non-specific clinical signs in ornamental fish. Cell culture, histology, immunofluorescence test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay have been used to diagnose megalocytiviruses. Risk factors such as temperature, transportation (export and import), and life stages of ornamental fish have been reported for the previous cases due to Megalocytivirus infections. In addition, other prevention and control methods also have been practiced in farms to prevent Megalocytivirus outbreaks. This is the first review of megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish since its first detection in 1989. This review discusses the occurrences of Megalocytivirus in ornamental fish, including the history, clinical signs, detection method, risk factors, and prevention measures.

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Haemoparasites infection in bullfighting cattle in southern of Thailand

Veterinary Integrative Sciences ◽

10.12982/vis.2021.012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 133-140

Author(s):

Ruttayaporn Ngasaman ◽

◽

Narissara Keawchana ◽

Pirayu Rakwong ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Animal Health ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Pale Mucous Membrane ◽

Blood Smears ◽

Southern Thailand ◽

And Control ◽

Transmission Of Disease ◽

Babesia Spp ◽

Theileria Spp

Haemoparasites affect animal health and the production leading to economic losses and may have effects on human health. In Thailand, there are few reports of infections in the bullfighting cattle are for cultural fighting competitions. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the distribution of haemoparasites infection in bullfighting cattle in order to control the transmission of disease to the local domestic cattle. A total of 1906 blood samples were collected from the bullfighting cattle from eight provinces in southern Thailand from 2017 to 2020. Those cattle showed the clinical signs of gasping, pale mucous membrane, haematuria, anorexia, sneezing and weakness. Micro-haematocrit centrifugation and thin blood smears with Giemsa’s staining were used. The results indicated 42.50% (810/1906) of cases positive for haemoparasites infection. The most commonly found was Theileria spp. (38.20%, 728/1906) followed by microfilaria of Setaria spp. (2.68%, 51/1906), Trypanosoma spp. (1.21%, 23/1906), Babesia spp. (0.94%, 18/1906) and Anaplasma spp. (0.10%, 2/1906). Out of 810 positive samples, there was co-infection between Theileria spp. and Setaria spp. (1.36%, 11/810), Theileria spp. and Babesia spp. (0.99%, 8/810), and Theileria spp., Trypanosoma spp. and Setaria spp. (0.37%, 3/810). The distribution of haemoparasites infection in eight raising areas ranged from 39.71 to 75%, with no significantly differences. From this result is was determined that haemoparasites were of generalised distribution in southern Thailand. Therefore, there should be strict surveillance and control of movement of cattle into the fighting arena. Moreover, vector control and blood checking before fighting should be promoted.

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Gastric impaction: an important health and welfare issue of growing ostriches

Agricultura tropica et subtropica ◽

10.2478/ats-2020-0016 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 161-173

Author(s):

Muhammad Irfan ◽

Nasir Mukhtar ◽

Tanveer Ahmad ◽

Muhammad Tanveer Munir

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Conservative Therapy ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Surgical Approaches ◽

Welfare Issue ◽

Wide Range ◽

Important Health ◽

And Control ◽

Ostrich Farming

AbstractOstrich farming serves as a source for meat, feathers, skin, eggs, and oil. In general, ostriches are hardy birds that can resist a wide range of climatic harshness and some diseases. However, musculoskeletal and digestive complications, including the gastric impaction, remain the major cause of mortality. The gastrointestinal impaction alone is responsible for 30 – 46% of spontaneous deaths in growing ostriches. The literature review of 21 publications on this subject has shown that 90% of these incidents happen during first six months of life. The aetiology of this problem is mostly stress and behaviour-related gorging of feed and picking on non-feeding materials such as stone, sand, wood pieces, plastic, glass, and metallic objects. Conservative therapy or surgical approaches show good results with almost 70 to 100% recovery depending upon the clinical presentation and timely diagnosis. Overall, this literature review describes impaction in farmed ostriches, along with diagnosis, treatment, and control and preventive measures. This information will help stakeholders understand the gastrointestinal impaction in ratites to better manage this issue, reduce economic losses, and improve welfare of the birds.

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Occurrence and Role of Selected RNA-Viruses as Potential Causative Agents of Watery Droppings in Pigeons

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9121025 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1025

Author(s):

Ewa Łukaszuk ◽

Tomasz Stenzel

Keyword(s):

Viral Infections ◽

Rna Viruses ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Health Problems ◽

Review Article ◽

Interspecies Transmission ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Enteropathogenic Viruses ◽

Domestic Pigeons

The diseases with watery droppings (diarrhea and/or polyuria) can be considered some of the most severe health problems in domestic pigeons of various ages. Although they do not always lead to bird death, they can contribute to poor weight gains and hindered development of young pigeons and, potentially, to poor racing results in sports birds. The gastrointestinal tract disorders of pigeons may be of various etiology, but some of the causative agents are viral infections. This review article provides information collected from scientific reports on RNA-viruses belonging to the Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, and Coronaviridae families; the Avulavirinae subfamily; and the Rotavirus genus that might be implicated in such health problems. It presents a brief characterization, and possible interspecies transmission of these viruses. We believe that this review article will help clinical signs of infection, isolation methods, occurrence in pigeons and poultry, systemize and summarize knowledge on pigeon enteropathogenic viruses and raise awareness of the importance of disease control in pigeons.

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Gangrenous dermatitis in chickens and turkeys

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation ◽

10.1177/1040638717742435 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 188-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Carlos D. Gornatti-Churria ◽

Manuela Crispo ◽

H. L. Shivaprasad ◽

Francisco A. Uzal

Keyword(s):

Subcutaneous Tissue ◽

Fluorescent Antibody ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

The United States ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

Acute Onset ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Presumptive Diagnosis ◽

Subcutaneous Edema ◽

Causative Agents

Gangrenous dermatitis (GD) is a disease of chickens and turkeys that causes severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Clostridium septicum, Clostridium perfringens type A, and occasionally Clostridium sordellii are considered the main causes of GD, although Staphylococcus aureus and other aerobic bacteria may also be involved in some cases of the disease. GD has become one of the most significant diseases of commercial turkeys in the United States. Several infectious and/or environmental immunosuppressive factors can predispose to GD. Skin lesions are considered to be the main portal of entry of the microorganism(s) involved. GD is characterized by acute onset of mortality associated with gross skin and subcutaneous tissue lesions consisting of variable amounts of serosanguineous exudate together with emphysema and hemorrhages. The underlying skeletal muscle can also be involved. Ulceration of the epidermis may be also noticed in cases complicated with S. aureus. Microscopically, necrosis of the epidermis and dermis, and subcutaneous edema and emphysema are commonly observed. Gram-positive rods can be identified within the subcutis and skeletal muscles, usually associated with minimal inflammatory infiltrate. A presumptive diagnosis of GD can be made based on history, clinical signs, and gross anatomic and microscopic lesions. However, confirmation should be based on demonstration of the causative agents by culture, PCR, immunohistochemistry, and/or fluorescent antibody tests.

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Management and Control of Eimeria Infection in Goats

10.5772/intechopen.98979 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Saw Bawm ◽

Lat Lat Htun

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Clinical Infection ◽

Coccidian Parasites ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

And Control ◽

Poor Weight Gain ◽

Eimeria Infection

Coccidian parasites of the genus Eimeira cause coccidiosis in farm animals, which develop in both the small and the large intestines. Coccidiosis is a major economic concern in many livestock, especially in young animals, as a result of losses caused by clinical infection (diarrhea) and subclinical (poor weight gain in particular) and the required treatment costs. Herein, we summarize geographical distribution of Eimeria parasites, their life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical signs, economic losses due to coccidiosis, diagnosis, recent information on control and prevention, and anticoccidial drugs for Eimeria infection in goats. With regard to poverty alleviation in most developing agricultural countries, it is important to maintain and develop goat-related industries. Proper management should be used to prevent losses and reduce the productivity from coccidiosis in young animals by: reducing the level of environmental contamination by infectious oocysts; minimizing stress; and avoiding overcrowding.

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COVID-19: Challenges, Preventive Measures and Remediation

Oriental Journal Of Chemistry ◽

10.13005/ojc/370204 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 285-294

Author(s):

Sameena Mehtab ◽

Pragati Joshi ◽

M. G. H. Zaidi ◽

T. I. Siddiqui ◽

Vivek K. Mishra

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Social Practices ◽

Complementary Medicines ◽

Alternative Medicines ◽

The World ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Current Scenario ◽

Mode Of Transmission ◽

And Control

This review highlights origin, symptoms, diagnosis, causative agents, mode of transmission and persistence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) through human activities. In the current scenario researchers, doctors and scientists are striving to combat the transmission of COVID-19 among society. Origin and growth of pandemic has raised the serious concern to address the causative agents, mode of transmission, persistence, preventive measures, diagnosis and possibilities of treatment. The broad-spectrum antiviral antiphrastic, complementary and alternative medicines are currently proposed for possible eradication of the pandemic. The current world is relying on, prevention and control of infection through sanitization and quarantine and onwards waiting for appropriate virucidal agents, sanitizers and strategic vaccination and immunization to combat the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2. Eradication of COVID-19 under stringent guidelines of WHO regarding social practices, intensive care, administration of complementary medicines and innovation of vaccines are under active considerations across the world to combat the pandemic.

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