scholarly journals Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 in domesticated animals and its potential of transmission: A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 2782-2792
Author(s):  
Yos Adi Prakoso ◽  
Chylen Setiyo Rini ◽  
Yuli Purwandari Kristianingrum ◽  
Nurul Hidayah ◽  
Dyah Widhowati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Domesticated Animals ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Short Period

Background and Aim: The coronavirus diseases-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a global lockdown, which has limited the mobility of the public, and thus, more time is spent with their pets. Unfortunately, many social media have blamed pet animals as a reservoir of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of COVID-19, triggering a panic abandonment of pets. However, no article has summarized the information regarding the role of pets as SARS-CoV-2 reservoirs. This study aimed to evaluate the role of pets as a reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 on the basis of research papers (i.e., animal model, surveillance, and case report) published in 2020. Materials and Methods: The review was conducted using articles from the PubMed database in 2020, using the keywords "COVID-19 in domesticated animals," which were screened and analyzed. Only the data from research articles were mimicked and transformed to conduct a meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was conducted regarding the effects of inhabitation and viral shedding in pets. In this study, we used 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 132 papers in PubMed were related to the keywords, whereas only 12 papers were appropriate to answer the dynamics of the role of pets as the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. Seven studies indicated the potential of cat-cat (4/7), human-cat (2/7), and human-dog (1/7) SARS-CoV-2 transmission. No study proved the presence of cat-human transmission. Another study showed that comingling did not affect SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding among a cat and dog. Furthermore, the viral shedding of cats and dogs caused asymptomatic manifestations and generated neutralizing antibodies within a short period of time. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 transmission is present in domesticated animals, especially in pet cats and dogs, and transmission occurs between animals of the same species (cat-cat). The reverse zoonosis (zooanthroponosis) was found from human to cat/dog (comingled) with asymptomatic clinical signs due to the representation of neutralizing antibodies.

scholarly journals Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Viral Shedding and Survival in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing-Lei Zeng ◽  
Zu-Jiang Yu ◽  
Jian-Jun Gou ◽  
Guang-Ming Li ◽  
Shu-Huan Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Almost All ◽  
End Stage

Abstract Currently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been reported in almost all countries globally. No effective therapy has been documented for COVID-19, and the role of convalescent plasma therapy is unknown. In the current study, 6 patients with COVID-19 and respiratory failure received convalescent plasma a median of 21.5 days after viral shedding was first detected, all tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA within 3 days after infusion, and 5 eventually died. In conclusion, convalescent plasma treatment can end SARS-CoV-2 shedding but cannot reduce the mortality rate in critically ill patients with end-stage COVID-19, and treatment should be initiated earlier.

scholarly journals Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) detection pitfalls

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 008-017
Author(s):  
Pablo Goldschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Rna Isolation ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Positive Controls

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (CoVID 19) provoked by Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) require science-based responses. The aim of this work is to assess pitfalls found during the search of viral genomes due to sampling timing, swabbing, storage, heat-infectivity inactivation and further sample processing. According to several meta-analysis, on the day of symptom onset, the median false-negative rate is estimated to be 38% and decreased to 20% on day 8 (3 days after symptom onset) then increased to 66% on day 21 suggesting that rRT-PCRs adds little information immediately after exposure. RNA isolation from samples requires cautious handling using RNase-free solutions, pipet tips and glassware. The rRT PCR detection limits are estimated between 39 and 779 copies/mL but 3000 to 20.000 copies/ml for the antigen test. External cross contamination by imperceptible splatting requires risk management integrating the Pharmacopoeias by processing at least 10 negative contiguous to 10 positive controls in each sennries of 100 tests. . For Ct >34 it was suggested no transmissible disease. The detection of antibodies one month or later after clinical signs may confirm positivity. Lack of immune response in non-immune compromised asymptomatic people may invalidate positivity. False positive disrupts efficiency for containing infections and leads to societal anxiety undermining health workforce. Because spurious methods create confusion, each step of diagnosis requires quality-control and risk assessment, knowing that rRT PCRs amplify more than 10.000 million times the signal of 1 viral element

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF POLLUTANTS OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR AND PESTICIDES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1296-1301
Author(s):  
R. Ya. Khamitova
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Introduction. Primary and secondary review of epidemiological studies on the importance of atmospheric air pollutants and chemical pesticides for the development of diabetes mellitus is presented. Material and methods. The article includes reviews using the ISI-Web of Science, EMBASE and PubMed database for systematic review and meta-analysis, and original studies from PubMed and RISC until March 2018 to assess the cause-effect relationships of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with air pollutants and chemical pesticides. Results. Chemical pollution is considered as a new risk factor for insulin resistance and development of CD2, although the number of publications is limited, and the degree of validity of the findings is very wide. The evidence base for the effect on the incidence of diabetes type 2 is the most complete for organochlorine pesticides (DDT, DDE, HCH) and persistent organic pollutants, which are impurities of the commodity forms of individual preparations. It is supported by systematic reviews, meta-analysis, survey results, the content of active ingredients in biomaterial, risk calculations. Data for assessing the interrelationships of diabetes and glyphosates, chlorophenoxyacetates, pyrethroids and other pesticides widely used in the last two decades are insufficient for statistical generalizations. Intermediate position on the degree of evidence of diabetogenic properties occupies air pollutants (PM2,5, PM10, NO2). The role of the genetic component, obesity, metabolic disorders for the incidence of diabetes in conditions of technogenic pollution is discussed. Conclusion. Targeted epidemiological studies are needed on the environmental risks associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus caused by air pollutants and pesticides used at this stage for the organization of preventive measures.

scholarly journals Viral Shedding among Re-Positive Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Positive Individuals in Republic of Korea

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2089
Author(s):  
Jeong-Min Kim ◽  
Boyeong Ryu ◽  
Young June Choe ◽  
Hye-Jun Jo ◽  
Hyeokjin Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Index Patient ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Past Infection ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Pcr Test

This study investigated the infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) in individuals who re-tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA after recovering from their primary illness. We investigated 295 individuals with re-positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results and 836 of their close contacts. We attempted virus isolation in individuals with re-positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test results using cell culture and confirmed the presence of neutralizing antibodies using serological tests. Viral culture was negative in all 108 individuals with re-positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test results in whom viral culture was performed. Three new cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified among household contacts using PCR. Two of the three new cases had had contact with the index patient during their primary illness, and all three had antibody evidence of past infection. Thus, there was no laboratory evidence of viral shedding and no epidemiological evidence of transmission among individuals with re-positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test results.

scholarly journals Molecular Targets for Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV)

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mavanur R. Suresh ◽  
Pravin K. Bhatnagar ◽  
Dipankar Das
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
World Health ◽  
Full Genome Sequence ◽  
Spike Glycoprotein ◽  
Short Period

PURPOSE. The large number of deaths in a short period of time due to the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infection led to the unparalleled collaborative efforts world wide to determine and characterize the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The full genome sequence was determined within weeks of the first outbreak by the Canadian group with international collaboration. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), the continual lack of a rapid laboratory test to aid the early diagnosis of suspected cases of SARS makes this area a priority for future research. To prevent deaths in the future, early diagnosis and therapy of this infectious disease is of paramount importance. METHODS. This review describes the specific molecular targets for diagnostics and therapeutics of viral infection. RESULTS. The three major diagnostic methods available for SARS includes viral RNA detection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), virus induced antibodies by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) or by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) of nucleocapsid protein (NP). The spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV is the major inducer of neutralizing antibodies. The receptor binding domain (RBD) in the S1 region of the spike glycoprotein contains multiple conformational epitopes that induces highly potent neutralizing antibodies. The genetically engineered attenuated form of the virus or viral vector vaccine encoding for the SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein has been shown to elicit protective immunity in vaccinated animals. CONCLUSION. NP is the preferred target for routine detection of SARS-CoV infection by ELISA which is an economical method compared to other methods. The RBD of the spike glycoprotein is both a functional domain for cell receptor binding and also a major neutralizing determinant of SARS-CoV. The progress in evaluating a therapeutic or vaccine would depend on the availability of clinically relevant animal model.

scholarly journals Nonclinical Safety and Immunogenicity of an rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine in mice, hamsters, rabbits and pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noa Madar-Balakirski ◽  
Amir Rosner ◽  
Sharon Melamed ◽  
Boaz Politi ◽  
Michal Steiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Regional Lymph Node ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Vaccination Site ◽  
Viral Shedding

rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S is a clinical stage (Phase 2) replication competent recombinant vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Nonclinical safety, immunogenicity and efficacy studies were conducted in 4 animal species, using multiple dose levels (up to 10e8 PFU/animal) and various dosing regimens. There were no treatment related mortalities in any study, or any noticeable clinical signs. Compared to unvaccinated controls, hematology and biochemistry parameters were unremarkable and no adverse histopathological findings gave cause for safety concern in any of the studies. There was no viral shedding in urine, nor viral RNA detected in whole blood or serum samples 7 days post vaccination. The rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine immune response gave rise to neutralizing antibodies, cellular immune response, and increased lymphocytic cellularity in the spleen germinal centers and regional lymph node. No evidence for neurovirulence was found in C57BL/6 immune competent mice or in highly sensitive IFNAR KO mice. Vaccine virus replication and distribution in K18 hACE2 transgenic mice showed a gradual clearance from the vaccination site with no vaccine virus recovered from the lungs. The rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine was well tolerated locally and systemically and elicited an effective immunogenic response up to the highest dose tested, supporting further clinical development.

scholarly journals Exposure to pesticides and digestive system cancers: systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. e06101119163
Author(s):  
Iago Sávyo Duarte Santiago ◽  
Estelita Lima Cândido ◽  
Lucas Farias Lopes ◽  
João Pedro Leite de Medeiros Almeida ◽  
Cláudio Gleidiston Lima da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Binary Data ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Continuous Data ◽  
Positive Evidence ◽  
Pubmed Database

Pesticides are substances often described as carcinogenic initiators for some neoplasms, such as lympho-hematopoietic and breast cancer. As for cancer of the digestive system, this relationship is still poorly explored and requires more evidence. A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted on the association between pesticides and cancer of the digestive system in the PUBMED database. Of the 567 papers found, 32 were approved for qualitative analysis and seven for meta-analysis. Hexachlorobenzene and DDT were significantly associated with colorectal cancer (MD: 15.92; CI: 6.45; 25.40) in the analysis of continuous data and showed a borderline association in the analysis of binary data (OR: 1.17; CI: 0.93; 1.47). The cyclodienes family showed similar results in both analyzes. Polychlorinated biphenyls with low dosages were also associated with colorectal cancer (MD: 38.95; CI: 12.78; 65.11). Organophosphates (OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.29; 0.98), carbamates (OR: 0.96; CI: 0.77; 1.21) and triazines (OR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.74; 1.13) showed inconclusive results. This review presents positive evidence for the association of pesticides with colorectal cancer. However, more evidence is required to determine the role of pesticides in the development of other cancers of the digestive system.

scholarly journals Semen-Derived Exosomes Mediate Immune Escape and Transmission of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Su ◽  
Yawen Zhang ◽  
Zhizhong Cui ◽  
Shuang Chang ◽  
Peng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Reticuloendotheliosis Virus ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Viral Genomic Rna

Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) causes immune-suppression disease in poultry, leading to a significant economic burden worldwide. Recent evidence demonstrated that the REV can enter the semen and then induce artificial insemination, but how the virus gets into semen was little known. Accumulating studies indicated that exosomes serve as vehicles for virus transmission, but the role of exosomes in viral shedding through the semen remains unclear. In this study, exosomes purified from the REV-positive semen were shown with reverse transcription-PCR and mass spectrometry to contain viral genomic RNA and viral proteins, which could also establish productive infections both in vivo and in vitro and escape from the REV-specific neutralizing antibodies. More importantly, compared with the infection caused by free virions, the exosome is more efficient for the virus to ensure effective infection and replication, which can also help the REV compromise the efficacy of the host immune response. In summary, this study demonstrated that semen-derived exosomes can medicate the transmission and immune escape of REV, implicating a novel mechanism for REV entering the semen and leading to vertical transmission.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Pathogenicity of Two Different Branches of Senecavirus a Strain in China

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huawei Zhang ◽  
Pin Chen ◽  
Genxi Hao ◽  
Wenqiang Liu ◽  
Huanchun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Particle Morphology ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Plaque Size ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Vesicular Disease

Senecavirus A (SVA), an emerging infectious disease, is associated with the porcine idiopathic vesicular disease. Here, the pathogenesis of different strains of SVA was investigated in growing-finishing pigs. We aimed to evaluate the replication characteristics, virus particle morphology, clinical signs, and vesicular lesions in comparison with two different strains of SVA. The animals were infected with SVA HB-CH-2016 or CH/AH-02/2017 by intranasal routes (3 mL, 109TCID50/mL) and monitored daily for 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) for clinical signs and vesicular lesions. Viremia or viral shedding was detected in the blood, fecal swab, and nasal swab samples. Results showed no distinct differences in plaque size, replication ability, and characteristic virions between SVA HB-CH-2016 and CH/AH-02/2017 strains. Animal experimental results showed that both SVA CH/AH-02/2017 and SVA HB-CH-2016 could infect pigs. However, an obvious difference in the pathogenicity and dynamics of infection was observed between SVA HB-CH-2016 and CH/AH-02/2017 strains. The pathogenesis of SVA CH/AH-02/2017 was similar to that of published results of USA strains, whereas the SVA HB-CH-2016 strain had low pathogenicity to pigs. Clinical signs and vesicular lesions were observed in SVA CH/AH-02/2017-infected pigs. Additionally, the different branches of SVA should be capable of inducing broad cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies, which play an important role in clearing the SVA virus. This study of animal models for SVA infection will be beneficial to develop vaccines and antivirals.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 infection, disease and transmission in domestic cats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha N. Gaudreault ◽  
Jessie D. Trujillo ◽  
Mariano Carossino ◽  
David A. Meekins ◽  
Igor Morozov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Transmission Studies

AbstractSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and responsible for the current pandemic. Recent SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and transmission studies in cats show that the virus can replicate in these companion animals and transmit to other cats. Here, we present an in-depth study of SARS-CoV-2 infection, associated disease and transmission dynamics in domestic cats. Six 4- to 5-month-old cats were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 via intranasal and oral routes simultaneously. One day post challenge (DPC), two sentinel contact cats were co-mingled with the principal infected animals. Animals were monitored for clinical signs, clinicopathological abnormalities and viral shedding throughout the 21 DPC observation period. Postmortem examinations were performed at 4, 7 and 21 DPC to investigate disease progression. Viral RNA was not detected in blood but transiently in nasal, oropharyngeal and rectal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as well as various tissues. Tracheobronchoadenitis of submucosal glands with the presence of viral RNA and antigen was observed in airways of the infected cats on 4 and 7 DPC. Serology showed that both, principal and sentinel cats, developed SARS-CoV-2-specific and neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 detectable at 7 DPC or 10 DPC, respectively. All animals were clinically asymptomatic during the course of the study and capable of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to sentinels within 2 days of comingling. The results of this study are critical for our understanding of the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 in a naturally susceptible host species, and for risk assessment of the maintenance of SARS-CoV-2 in felines and transmission to other animals and humans.

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