scholarly journals Comparison of the Pathogenicity of Two Different Branches of Senecavirus a Strain in China

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huawei Zhang ◽  
Pin Chen ◽  
Genxi Hao ◽  
Wenqiang Liu ◽  
Huanchun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Particle Morphology ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Plaque Size ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Vesicular Disease

Senecavirus A (SVA), an emerging infectious disease, is associated with the porcine idiopathic vesicular disease. Here, the pathogenesis of different strains of SVA was investigated in growing-finishing pigs. We aimed to evaluate the replication characteristics, virus particle morphology, clinical signs, and vesicular lesions in comparison with two different strains of SVA. The animals were infected with SVA HB-CH-2016 or CH/AH-02/2017 by intranasal routes (3 mL, 109TCID50/mL) and monitored daily for 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) for clinical signs and vesicular lesions. Viremia or viral shedding was detected in the blood, fecal swab, and nasal swab samples. Results showed no distinct differences in plaque size, replication ability, and characteristic virions between SVA HB-CH-2016 and CH/AH-02/2017 strains. Animal experimental results showed that both SVA CH/AH-02/2017 and SVA HB-CH-2016 could infect pigs. However, an obvious difference in the pathogenicity and dynamics of infection was observed between SVA HB-CH-2016 and CH/AH-02/2017 strains. The pathogenesis of SVA CH/AH-02/2017 was similar to that of published results of USA strains, whereas the SVA HB-CH-2016 strain had low pathogenicity to pigs. Clinical signs and vesicular lesions were observed in SVA CH/AH-02/2017-infected pigs. Additionally, the different branches of SVA should be capable of inducing broad cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies, which play an important role in clearing the SVA virus. This study of animal models for SVA infection will be beneficial to develop vaccines and antivirals.

scholarly journals Experimental Inoculation of Young Calves with SARS-CoV-2

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Shollie Falkenberg ◽  
Alexandra Buckley ◽  
Melissa Laverack ◽  
Mathias Martins ◽  
Mitchell V. Palmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Tracheobronchial Lymph Node ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Blood And Urine Samples ◽  
Receptor Distribution

The host range of SARS-CoV-2 and the susceptibility of animal species to the virus are topics of great interest to the international scientific community. The angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein is the major receptor for the virus, and sequence and structural analysis of the protein has been performed to determine its cross-species conservation. Based on these analyses, cattle have been implicated as a potential susceptible species to SARS-CoV-2 and have been reported to have increased ACE2 receptor distribution in the liver and kidney, and lower levels in the lungs. The goal of the current study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to SARS-CoV-2 utilizing inoculation routes that facilitated exposure to tissues with increased ACE2 receptor distribution. For this, colostrum-deprived calves approximately 6 weeks of age were inoculated via the intratracheal or intravenous routes. Nasal and rectal swab samples, as well as blood and urine samples, were collected over the course of the study to evaluate viral shedding, viremia, and seroconversion. Pyrexia was used as the primary criteria for euthanasia and tissue samples were collected during necropsy. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in only two nasal swab samples collected on days 3 and 10 post-inoculation (pi) in two calves; one calf in the intratracheal group and the other calf in the intravenous group, respectively. Additionally, the calf in the intratracheal group that was positive on the nasal swab on day 3 pi also had a positive tracheobronchial lymph node on day 9 pi. Viral nucleic acid load on these samples, based on PCR cycle threshold values, were low and infectious virus was not recovered from the samples. These results suggest that there was no productive replication of SARS-CoV-2 in calves following intratracheal and intravenous inoculation.

scholarly journals Infectious SARS-CoV-2 is emitted in aerosols

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth A. Hawks ◽  
Aaron J. Prussin ◽  
Sarah C. Kuchinsky ◽  
Jin Pan ◽  
Linsey C. Marr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Contact Transmission ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
Kinetics Of

Respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 are transmitted in respiratory droplets and aerosols, which are released during talking, breathing, coughing, and sneezing. Non-contact transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated, suggesting transmission in aerosols. Here we demonstrate that golden Syrian hamsters emit infectious SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols, prior to and concurrent with the onset of mild clinical signs of disease. The emission rate is 25 infectious virions/hour on days 1 and 2 post-inoculation, with viral RNA levels 200-fold higher than infectious virus in aerosols. Female hamsters have delayed kinetics of viral shedding in aerosols compared to male hamsters. The majority of virus is contained within aerosols <8 microns in size. Thus, we provide direct evidence that, in hamsters, SARS-CoV-2 is an airborne virus.

scholarly journals Genetic and antigenic characteristics of H4 subtype avian influenza viruses in Korea and their pathogenicity in quails, domestic ducks and mice

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Mi Kang ◽  
Jun-Gu Choi ◽  
Kwang-Il Kim ◽  
Ha-Young Park ◽  
Choi-Kyu Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Domestic Ducks ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Nationwide Surveillance

In Korea, a nationwide surveillance programme was implemented in 2003 to identify highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIVs). AIVs belonging to one of the most common haemagglutinin subtypes, H4, were isolated from two domestic ducks and 52 wild birds between 2004 and 2010. These H4 AIVs could be further classified into three neuraminidase subtypes: H4N6 (94.4 %), H4N2 (3.7 %) and H4N3 (1.9 %). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H4 AIVs had a variety of genetic constellations, with at least nine different genotypes represented. The pathogenicity of these H4 viruses was assessed in quails, domestic ducks and mice. None of the H4 AIVs induced clinical signs in quails or domestic ducks. Viral shedding in quails was relatively high, and virus was recovered up to 5–7 days post-inoculation (p.i.) in oropharyngeal swabs, but the viruses replicated poorly in domestic ducks. Quails may act as an intermediate host in which AIVs are amplified and transmitted to other species. In mice, all of the AIVs were recovered efficiently at relatively high titres from the lungs up to 7 days p.i., demonstrating the potential for AIVs to infect mice directly without prior adaptation. None of the AIVs induced clinical signs nor was any lethal to infected mice. However, there was significant loss of body weight in mice infected with viruses of duck origin. It is suggested that the active surveillance of influenza viruses needs to be enhanced in domestic poultry as well as in wild birds, and that it should include assessment of pathogenicity in animal models.

scholarly journals Nonclinical Safety and Immunogenicity of an rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine in mice, hamsters, rabbits and pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noa Madar-Balakirski ◽  
Amir Rosner ◽  
Sharon Melamed ◽  
Boaz Politi ◽  
Michal Steiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Regional Lymph Node ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Vaccination Site ◽  
Viral Shedding

rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S is a clinical stage (Phase 2) replication competent recombinant vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Nonclinical safety, immunogenicity and efficacy studies were conducted in 4 animal species, using multiple dose levels (up to 10e8 PFU/animal) and various dosing regimens. There were no treatment related mortalities in any study, or any noticeable clinical signs. Compared to unvaccinated controls, hematology and biochemistry parameters were unremarkable and no adverse histopathological findings gave cause for safety concern in any of the studies. There was no viral shedding in urine, nor viral RNA detected in whole blood or serum samples 7 days post vaccination. The rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine immune response gave rise to neutralizing antibodies, cellular immune response, and increased lymphocytic cellularity in the spleen germinal centers and regional lymph node. No evidence for neurovirulence was found in C57BL/6 immune competent mice or in highly sensitive IFNAR KO mice. Vaccine virus replication and distribution in K18 hACE2 transgenic mice showed a gradual clearance from the vaccination site with no vaccine virus recovered from the lungs. The rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine was well tolerated locally and systemically and elicited an effective immunogenic response up to the highest dose tested, supporting further clinical development.

scholarly journals The immune response does not prevent homologous Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus reinfection five months after the initial challenge.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Díaz ◽  
Joan Pujols ◽  
Esmeralda Cano ◽  
Marti Cortey ◽  
Núria Navarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus ◽  
Diarrhoea Virus ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Group B

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the duration of protective immunity against Porcine epidemic diarrheoa virus (PEDV). To that, a two phases study was performed. In the first phase, 75 four-week-old pigs (group A) were orally inoculated (0 days post-inoculation; dpi) with a European PEDV G1b strain and 14 were kept as controls (group B). The second phase started five month later (154 dpi), when animals in group A were homologous challenged and animals in group B were challenged for first time. Clinical signs, viral shedding and immune responses were evaluated after each inoculation, including the determination of antibodies (ELISA and viral neutralisation test, IgA and IgG ELISPOTs using peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymph node cells) and the frequency of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secreting cells. During the first phase, loose stools/liquid faeces were observed in all group A animals. Faecal shedding of PEDV occurred mostly during the first 14 days but, in some animals, persisted until 42 dpi. All inoculated animals seroconverted for specific-PEDV IgG and IgA, and for neutralizing antibodies (NA). At 154 dpi, 77% of pigs were still positive for NA. After that, the homologous challenge resulted in a booster for IgG, IgA, NA, as well as specific-PEDV IgG, IgA and IFN-γ secreting cells. In spite of that, PEDV was detected in faeces of all pigs from group A, indicating that the immune response did not prevent reinfection although the duration of the viral shedding and the total load of virus shed was significantly lower for previously challenged pigs (p<0.05). Taken together, the results indicated that, potentially, maintenance of PEDV infection within an endemic farm may occur by transmission to and from previously infected animals and also indicates that sterilising immunity is shorter than the productive life of pigs.

scholarly journals Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 in domesticated animals and its potential of transmission: A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 2782-2792
Author(s):  
Yos Adi Prakoso ◽  
Chylen Setiyo Rini ◽  
Yuli Purwandari Kristianingrum ◽  
Nurul Hidayah ◽  
Dyah Widhowati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Domesticated Animals ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Short Period

Background and Aim: The coronavirus diseases-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a global lockdown, which has limited the mobility of the public, and thus, more time is spent with their pets. Unfortunately, many social media have blamed pet animals as a reservoir of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of COVID-19, triggering a panic abandonment of pets. However, no article has summarized the information regarding the role of pets as SARS-CoV-2 reservoirs. This study aimed to evaluate the role of pets as a reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 on the basis of research papers (i.e., animal model, surveillance, and case report) published in 2020. Materials and Methods: The review was conducted using articles from the PubMed database in 2020, using the keywords "COVID-19 in domesticated animals," which were screened and analyzed. Only the data from research articles were mimicked and transformed to conduct a meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was conducted regarding the effects of inhabitation and viral shedding in pets. In this study, we used 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 132 papers in PubMed were related to the keywords, whereas only 12 papers were appropriate to answer the dynamics of the role of pets as the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. Seven studies indicated the potential of cat-cat (4/7), human-cat (2/7), and human-dog (1/7) SARS-CoV-2 transmission. No study proved the presence of cat-human transmission. Another study showed that comingling did not affect SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding among a cat and dog. Furthermore, the viral shedding of cats and dogs caused asymptomatic manifestations and generated neutralizing antibodies within a short period of time. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 transmission is present in domesticated animals, especially in pet cats and dogs, and transmission occurs between animals of the same species (cat-cat). The reverse zoonosis (zooanthroponosis) was found from human to cat/dog (comingled) with asymptomatic clinical signs due to the representation of neutralizing antibodies.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 infection, disease and transmission in domestic cats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha N. Gaudreault ◽  
Jessie D. Trujillo ◽  
Mariano Carossino ◽  
David A. Meekins ◽  
Igor Morozov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Transmission Studies

AbstractSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and responsible for the current pandemic. Recent SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and transmission studies in cats show that the virus can replicate in these companion animals and transmit to other cats. Here, we present an in-depth study of SARS-CoV-2 infection, associated disease and transmission dynamics in domestic cats. Six 4- to 5-month-old cats were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 via intranasal and oral routes simultaneously. One day post challenge (DPC), two sentinel contact cats were co-mingled with the principal infected animals. Animals were monitored for clinical signs, clinicopathological abnormalities and viral shedding throughout the 21 DPC observation period. Postmortem examinations were performed at 4, 7 and 21 DPC to investigate disease progression. Viral RNA was not detected in blood but transiently in nasal, oropharyngeal and rectal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as well as various tissues. Tracheobronchoadenitis of submucosal glands with the presence of viral RNA and antigen was observed in airways of the infected cats on 4 and 7 DPC. Serology showed that both, principal and sentinel cats, developed SARS-CoV-2-specific and neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 detectable at 7 DPC or 10 DPC, respectively. All animals were clinically asymptomatic during the course of the study and capable of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to sentinels within 2 days of comingling. The results of this study are critical for our understanding of the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 in a naturally susceptible host species, and for risk assessment of the maintenance of SARS-CoV-2 in felines and transmission to other animals and humans.

scholarly journals Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 infections among 3 species of non-human primates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaiyao Lu ◽  
Yuan Zhao ◽  
Wenhai Yu ◽  
Yun Yang ◽  
Jiahong Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Human Primate

AbstractCOVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, has recently been announced as a pandemic all over the world. Plenty of diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic knowledges have been enriched from clinical studies since December 2019. However, animal models, particularly non-human primate models, are urgently needed for critical questions that could not be answered in clinical patients, evaluations of anti-viral drugs and vaccines. In this study, two families of non-human primates, Old world monkeys (12 Macaca mulatta, 6 Macaca fascicularis) and New world monkeys (6 Callithrix jacchus), were experimentally inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. Clinical signs were recorded. Samples were collected for analysis of viral shedding, viremia and histopathological examination. Increased body temperature was observed in 100% (12/12) M. mulatta, 33.3% (2/6) M. fascicularis and none (0/6) of C. jacchus post inoculation of SARS-CoV-2. All of M. mulatta and M. fascicularis showed chest radiographic abnormality. Viral genomes were detected in nasal swabs, throat swabs, anal swabs and blood from all 3 species of monkeys. Viral shedding from upper respiratory samples reached the peak between day 6 and day 8 post inoculation. From necropsied M. mulatta and M. fascicularis, the tissues showing virus positive were mainly lung, weasand, bronchus and spleen. No viral genome was seen in any of tissues from 2 necropsied C. jacchus. Severe gross lesions and histopathological changes were observed in lung, heart and stomach of SARS-CoV-2 infected animals. In summary, we have established a NHP model for COVID-19, which could be used to evaluate drugs and vaccines, and investigate viral pathogenesis. M. mulatta is the most susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, followed by M. fascicularis and C. jacchus.One Sentence SummaryM. mulatta is the most susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection as compared to M. fascicularis and C. jacchus.

Pathogenicity and immune response against porcine circovirus type 3 infection in caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gun Temeeyasen ◽  
Shay Lierman ◽  
Bailey L. Arruda ◽  
Rodger Main ◽  
Fabio Vannucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Response ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Tissue Homogenate ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Viral Shedding

Recently, a novel PCV species (PCV3) has been detected in cases associated with sow mortality, lesions consistent with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive failure and multisystemic inflammation. The pathogenesis and clinical significance of PCV3 is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the immunopathogenesis of PCV3 in CD/CD pigs. Four treatment groups, PCV3 (n=6), PCV3-KLH (n=6), control (n=3) and control-KLH (n=3), were included with PCV3-positive tissue homogenate (gc=3.38×1012 ml−1 and gc=1.04×1011 ml−1), confirmed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and next-generation sequencing. Clinical signs, viremia, viral shedding, systemic cytokines, humoral (IgG) and T-cellular response were evaluated for 42 days. At necropsy, tissues were collected for histological evaluation and PCV3 detection by qPCR and in situ hybridization. No significant clinical signs were observed through the study. Viremia was detected in both PCV3-inoculated groups from 3 days post-inoculation (p.i.) until the end of the study. Nasal shedding was detected from 3 to 28 days p.i. and faecal shedding was transient. PCV3 induced an early (7 days p.i.) and sustained (42 days p.i.) IgG response. No significant T-cell response was observed. Histological evaluation demonstrated lesions consistent with multisystemic inflammation and perivasculitis. All tissues evaluated were positive by qPCR and virus replication was confirmed by positive in situ hybridization. This study demonstrated the potential role of PCV3 in subclinical infection, producing a mild, multisystemic inflammatory response, prolonged viremia detectable for 42 days p.i., presence of IgG humoral response and viral shedding in nasal secretions. More research is required to understand and elucidate potential co-factors necessary in the manifestation and severity of clinical disease.

scholarly journals Guinea pigs experimentally infected with vaccinia virus replicate and shed, but do not transmit the virus

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1057-1060
Author(s):  
Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti ◽  
Adriéli Wendlant ◽  
Rudi Weiblen ◽  
Eduardo Furtado Flores
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Vaccinia Viruses ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Vesicular Disease

The origin of vaccinia viruses (VACV) associated with vesicular disease in cattle and humans in Southeast Brazil remains uncertain, yet the role of wild species in virus transmission has been suggested. This study investigated the susceptibility and transmission potential by guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) - phylogenetically close to an abundant Brazilian rodent (Cavia aperea) - to two VACV strains (P1V and P2V) isolated from an outbreak of cutaneous disease in horses in Southern Brazil. Eight guinea pigs inoculated intranasally with P1V and P2V (10(6) TCID50.ml-1) did not develop clinical signs, but six animals shed virus in nasal secretions (day 1 to 9 post-inoculation - pi), developed viremia (between days 1 and 10 pi) and seroconverted to VACV. In spite of virus replication and shedding, the virus was not transmitted to sentinel animals by direct or indirect contact (aerosols) or through food and water contaminated with virus. These results demonstrate that, in spite of replicating and shedding the virus, guinea pigs do not transmit the virus upon experimental inoculation. This finding makes unlikely a possible participation of related species in VACV maintenance and transmission in nature.

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