Bunker Oksigen Dan Karbon (Bok) Di Lingkungan Sekolah Sebagai Penyimpan Karbon, Manfaat, Dan Nilai Ekonominya

The impacts of pollution and climate change occurred in global and local communities, including at school environment. Uncomfortable school environment due to pollution and school damage due to sea-level rise interferes with learning processes and reduces students' academic performance. A new approach of a school greening programme called Bunkers of Oxygen and Carbon (BOCs) was developed in a public school (SMA Negeri 3 Merauke) in Merauke, Papua using a thematic approach to mitigate pollution and climate change. The research showed that carbon storage of BOCs is mean 74 Mg ha-1 . This is equal with carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) of mean 271 Mg CO2e ha-1. The capacity of BOCs as carbon storage can be optimized due to the age of vegetation in BOCs is only four years old, and below ground carbon stock was measured only up to 50 cm depth. The amount of carbon stock in BOCs was influenced by vegetation health (tree density and canopy coverage) and vegetation structure (tree diameter and height) in the BOCs (r2 = 0.56, p = 0.001). The mean economic value of carbon stocks in the BOCs was US $ 189 billion ha-1. This economic value may underestimate as many benefits and functions of the BOCs were excluded from the calculation. BOCs have ecological functions as a habitat for many wildlife species, various ecosystem services, recreational areas, aesthetic values, oxygen supply, and a place to improve creativity and as natural laboratories for practice and learning from nature. Therefore, the development of BOCs in the school environment across Indonesia is important as the functions and benefits are crucial to mitigate pollution and climate change, improve the learning process and the quality of national education.

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Carbon Storage of Wooden Houses, Trees, and Grazing Land in Rural Areas of Enemorina Ener District, Southern Ethiopia

Journal of Natural Resources and Development ◽

10.5027/jnrd.v9i0.05 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 42-58

Author(s):

Miftah Fekadu ◽

Tsegaye Bekele ◽

Sisay Feleke

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Storage ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Land Uses ◽

Grazing Land ◽

Wooden House ◽

Below Ground ◽

Total Carbon Stock

In Ethiopia, wood was the main construction material for rural houses. In 2013, about 79% of the rural houses of Ethiopia were fully made of wood. Although carbon storage of wood is well known for climate change mitigation, there is lack of information on carbon stock of wooden houses in Ethiopia. Thus, a study was conducted to analyze the carbon stock of dominant land uses that surround rural wooden houses in three agro-ecologies and representative three peasant associations (PA) or Kebeles in Southern Ethiopia. Field measurement and household survey were made by selecting sixty-four houses made of wood, grass or corrugated iron sheet. Transects were laid starting from the wooden houses to lay out plots to collect samples of wood, grass, soot inside houses, soil and trees for carbon determination. The service age of wooden houses was estimated in triangulated interview as 5-150 years. The total carbon stock of newly constructed rural grass covered wooden house was 28.35- 49.26 kg C m-2, which was greater than the other surrounding land uses. The grazing land total carbon stock was 50.5-86.8% and the scattered trees carbon was 9.5-59.7% of the total carbon stock of the respective PA grass covered wooden house. Since soil is the common below ground carbon stock, the total carbon of a land use is mostly affected by the above ground carbon stock. Grass covered houses contained greater above ground carbon stock but grazinglands contained greater below ground carbon stock. Soot accumulation of 0.4-1.3 g m-2 inside the houses’ roof indicated the presence of indoor pollution. The total carbon stock increased with increasing altitude and geoclimatic variables were significantly correlated with carbon stock of the land uses (p<0.05; r = ±0.999). Therefore, wooden houses need to be considered in climate change mitigations. The shift of carbon stock from natural environment to wooden houses in human dominated landscapes was indicator of a lack of forests, and then efforts should be strengthened to increase forest cover.

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Assessing the Opportunity Cost of Carbon Stock Caused by Land-Use Changes in Taiwan

Land ◽

10.3390/land10111240 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1240

Author(s):

Ming-Yun Chu ◽

Wan-Yu Liu

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Land Use ◽

Carbon Storage ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Opportunity Cost ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Land Use Changes ◽

Market Price ◽

The Government

As compared with conventional approaches for reducing carbon emissions, the strategies of reducing emissions from deforestations and forest degradation (REDD) can greatly reduce costs. Hence, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change regards the REDD strategies as a crucial approach to mitigate climate change. To respond to climate change, Taiwan passed the Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act to control the emissions of greenhouse gases. In 2021, the Taiwan government has announced that it will achieve the carbon neutrality target by 2050. Accordingly, starting with focusing on the carbon sink, the REDD strategies have been considered a recognized and feasible strategy in Taiwan. This study analyzed the net present value and carbon storage for various land-use types to estimate the carbon stock and opportunity cost of land-use changes. When the change of agricultural land to artificial forests generated carbon stock, the opportunity cost of carbon stock was negative. Contrarily, restoring artificial forests (which refer to a kind of forest that is formed through artificial planting, cultivation, and conservation) to agricultural land would generate carbon emissions, but create additional income. Since the opportunity cost of carbon storage needs to be lower than the carbon market price so that landlords have incentives to conduct REDD+, the outcomes of this study can provide a reference for the government to set an appropriate subsidy or price for carbon sinks. It is suggested that the government should offer sufficient incentives to reforest collapsed land, and implement interventions, promote carbon trading policies, or regulate the development of agricultural land so as to maintain artificial broadleaf forests for increased carbon storage.

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Carbon storage along altitudes in agrisilviculture system- Case study of Devprayag Block, Tehri District, Uttarakhand, India

International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology ◽

10.20546/ijcrbp.2020.709.004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 29-38

Author(s):

K.K. Vikrant ◽

D.S. Chauhan ◽

R.H. Rizvi

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Organic Carbon ◽

Carbon Storage ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Biomass Carbon ◽

Total Carbon Stock ◽

Crop Biomass

Climate change is one of the impending problems that have affected the productivity of agroecosystems which calls for urgent action. Carbon sequestration through agroforestry along altitude in mountainous regions is one of the options to contribute to global climate change mitigation. Three altitudes viz. lower (286-1200m), middle (1200-2000m), and upper (2000-2800m) have been selected in Tehri district. Ten Quadrates (10m × 10 m) were randomly selected from each altitude in agrisilviculture system. At every sampling point, one composite soil sample was taken at 30 cm soil depth for soil organic carbon analysis. For the purpose of woody biomass, Non destructive method and for crop biomass assessment destructive method was employed. Finally, aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass carbon (BGB), Total tree Biomass (TTB), Crop biomass (CB), Total Biomass (TB), Total biomass carbon (TBC), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total carbon stock (TC) status were estimated and variables were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).The result indicated that AGB, BGB, TTB, CB , TB, TBC, SOC, and TC varied significantly (p < 0.05) across the altitudes. Results showed that total carbon stock followed the order upper altitude Ëƒ middle altitudes Ëƒ lower altitude. The upper altitude (2000-2800 m) AGB, BGB,TTB, TBC,SOC, and TC stock was estimated as 2.11 Mg ha-1 , 0.52 Mg ha-1, 2.63 Mg ha-1, 2.633 Mg ha-1, 1.18 Mg ha-1 , 26.53 Mg ha-1, 38.48 Mg ha-1 respectively, and significantly higher than the other altitudes. It was concluded that agrisilviculture system hold a high potential for carbon storage at temperate zones. Quercus lucotrichophora, Grewia oppositifolia and Melia azadirach contributed maximum carbon storage which may greatly contribute to the climate resilient green economy strategy and their conservation should be promoted.

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Estimating Carbon Storage in Urban Forests of New York City

10.21203/rs.3.rs-178961/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Clara Pregitzer ◽

Chloe Hanna ◽

Sarah Charlop-Powers ◽

Mark Bradford

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

New York ◽

New York City ◽

Carbon Storage ◽

York City ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Tree Canopy ◽

Natural Areas ◽

Natural Area ◽

Mature Trees

Abstract Forests play an important role in mitigating many of the negative effects of climate change. One of the ways trees mitigate impacts of climate change is by absorbing carbon dioxide and storing carbon in their wood, leaves, roots, and soil. Field assessments are used to quantify the carbon storage across different forested landscapes. The number of trees, their size, and total area inform estimates of how much carbon they store. Urban forested natural areas often have greater tree density compared to trees planted in designed cityscapes suggesting that natural area forests could be an important carbon stock for cities. We report a carbon budget for urban forested natural area using field-collected data across an entire city and model carbon stock and annual stock change in multiple forest pools. We find that natural area forests in New York City store a mean of 263.04 (95% CI 256.61, 270.40) Mg C ha− 1 and we estimate that 1.86 Tg C (95% CI 1.60, 2.13 Tg C) is stored in the city’s forested natural areas. We provide an upper estimate that these forests sequester carbon at a mean rate of 7.42 (95% CI 7.13, 7.71) Mg C ha− 1 y− 1 totaling 0.044 Tg (95% CI 0.028, 0.055) of carbon annually, with the majority being stored in trees and soil. Urban forested natural areas store carbon at similar and in some cases higher rates compared to rural forests. Native oak-dominated forests with large mature trees store the most carbon. When compared to previous estimates of urban-canopy carbon storage, we find that trees in natural area forests in New York City account for the majority of carbon stored despite being a minority of the tree canopy. Our results show that urban forested natural areas play an important role in localized, natural climate solutions and should be at the center of urban greening policies looking to mitigate the climate footprint of cities.

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Aboveground carbon in Quebec forests: stock quantification at the provincial scale and assessment of temperature, precipitation and edaphic properties effects on the potential stand-level stocking

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.1767 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. e1767 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Louis Duchesne ◽

Daniel Houle ◽

Rock Ouimet ◽

Marie-Claude Lambert ◽

Travis Logan

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Storage ◽

Boreal Forests ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Weighted Average ◽

Aerial Photographs ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Large Set ◽

Managed Forests ◽

Aboveground Carbon

Biological carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems plays an important role in the net balance of greenhouse gases, acting as a carbon sink for anthropogenic CO2emissions. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about the abiotic environmental factors (including climate) that control carbon storage in temperate and boreal forests and consequently, about their potential response to climate changes. From a set of more than 94,000 forest inventory plots and a large set of spatial data on forest attributes interpreted from aerial photographs, we constructed a fine-resolution map (∼375 m) of the current carbon stock in aboveground live biomass in the 435,000 km2of managed forests in Quebec, Canada. Our analysis resulted in an area-weighted average aboveground carbon stock for productive forestland of 37.6 Mg ha−1, which is lower than commonly reported values for similar environment. Models capable of predicting the influence of mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, and soil physical environment on maximum stand-level aboveground carbon stock (MSAC) were developed. These models were then used to project the future MSAC in response to climate change. Our results indicate that the MSAC was significantly related to both mean annual temperature and precipitation, or to the interaction of these variables, and suggest that Quebec’s managed forests MSAC may increase by 20% by 2041–2070 in response to climate change. Along with changes in climate, the natural disturbance regime and forest management practices will nevertheless largely drive future carbon stock at the landscape scale. Overall, our results allow accurate accounting of carbon stock in aboveground live tree biomass of Quebec’s forests, and provide a better understanding of possible feedbacks between climate change and carbon storage in temperate and boreal forests.

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Cálculo y valoración del almacenamiento de carbono del humedal altoandino de Chalhuanca, Arequipa (Perú)

Revista de Investigaciones Altoandinas - Journal of High Andean Research ◽

10.18271/ria.2021.314 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 139-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tania Alvis-Ccoropuna ◽

◽

José Francisco Villasante-Benavides ◽

Gregory Anthony Pauca-Tanco ◽

Johana del Pilar Quispe-Turpo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Content ◽

Carbon Storage ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Economic Value ◽

Belowground Biomass ◽

Organic Soil ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Ground Biomass ◽

Type Device ◽

Below Ground

High Andean wetlands are important ecosystems due to their ecosystem services. Carbon storage is a result of the low decomposition rate due to flooded soils and low temperatures. Consequently, this study estimated the carbon content stored in the high Andean wetland of Chalhuanca and calculated the economic value of this service. For this purpose, 30 samples were taken at random, establishing three carbon pools: aboveground biomass (leaves and stems), belowground biomass (roots), and organic soil. The samples were obtained with an auger-type device; each sample was dried at 65°C for at least 24 hours and the carbon content was determined using the Walkey-Black method and calculations and statistical tests were performed. The total carbon stored in relation to the area of the wetland was approximately 795,415.65 tons of CO2. The fraction of carbon per sample is higher in aerial biomass (49%), followed by organic soil (43.1%) and below ground biomass. On the other hand, the amount of carbon stored differs significantly between reservoirs, since organic soil stores the highest amount with 218.3 TC/ha (90%), followed by below-ground biomass (roots) with 19.7 TC/ha (8%), and above-ground biomass (leaves and stems) with 4.8 TC/ha (2%). Finally, the ecosystem service of carbon storage amounts to a cost of 6462.18 USD/ha, 5703132.34 USD in sum.

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Organic carbon storage in the biomass and soils of hedgerows

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13323 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sophie Drexler ◽

Axel Don

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Carbon Storage ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Agricultural Landscapes ◽

Soil Protection ◽

Biomass Carbon ◽

Above Ground Biomass ◽

Ground Biomass ◽

Below Ground

The establishment of hedgerows as traditional form of agroforestry in Europe is a promising strategy to promote carbon sinks in the context of climate change mitigation. However, only few studies quantified the potential of hedgerows to sequester and store carbon. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to gain a quantitative overview about the carbon storage in the above- and below-ground biomass and soils of hedgerows.Soil organic carbon (SOC) data of hedgerows and adjacent agricultural fields of nine studies with 83 hedgerow sites was compiled. On average, the establishment of hedgerows on cropland increased SOC by 32%. No significant differences were found between the SOC storage of hedgerows and that of grassland. The literature survey on the biomass carbon stocks of hedgerows resulted in 23 sampled hedgerows, which were supplemented by own biomass data of 49 hedgerows from northern Germany. Biomass stocks increased with time since last coppicing and hedgerow height. The mean (&#177; SD) above-ground biomass carbon stock of the analysed hedgerows was 48 &#177; 29 Mg C ha-1. Below-ground biomass values seemed mostly underestimated, as they were calculated from above-ground biomass via fixed assumed root:shoot ratios not specific for hedgerows. Only one study reported measured root biomass under hedgerows with a root:shoot ratio of 0.94:1 &#177; 0.084. With this shoot:root ratio an average below-ground biomass carbon stock of 45 &#177; 28 Mg C ha-1 was estimated, but with high uncertainty.Thus, the establishment of hedgerows on cropland could lead to a SOC sequestration of 1.0 Mg C ha-1 year-1 over a 20-year period. Additionally, up to 9.4 Mg C ha-1 year-1 could be sequestered in the hedgerow biomass over a 10 year period. In total, hedgerows store 106 &#177; 41 Mg C ha-1 more C than croplands. Our results indicate that organic carbon stored in hedgerows is similar high as in forests. We discuss how the establishment of hedgerows, especially on cropland, can thus be an effective option for C sequestration in agricultural landscapes, meanwhile enhance biodiversity, and soil protection.

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How can climate change modify the carbon stock of forest soils?

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-12933 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Adrienn Horváth ◽

Zsolt Bene ◽

Borbála Gálos ◽

András Bidló

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Carbon ◽

Carbon Storage ◽

Tree Species ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Soil Column ◽

Sessile Oak ◽

Turkey Oak ◽

The Impact

Organic matter, the most complex and heterogeneous component of soil. SOM is a very relevant indicator for soil quality, as it can change the behavior and direction of many properties, soil functions, transformation processes. Less water reduces the amount of biomass produced, resulting in lower production and less plant residue in the soil. Under drier conditions, organic matter decomposes faster due to dominant aerobic processes, thereby reducing soil organic matter content. As the temperature rises, the rate of degradation processes and the intensity of soil respiration increases, which may further increase the reduction of soil carbon stock. Our forests are under high pressure due to climate change, especially in the Carpathian Basin. Therefore, beech and sessile oak are expected to replace with Turkey oak and the afforestation may lead to a change in carbon storage of forests.To create a database and estimate the changes, we measured the carbon stock of soil in three different regions in Hungary, where the research sites formed on loess bedrock, on 150 and 250 m a.s.l., 650-710 mm precipitation sum with 10-10.4 &#176;C annual temperature.We took a 1.1 m soil column with soil borer and divided it into 11 samples in each column. Physical (texture, bulk density, water holding capacity) and chemical (pH, CaCO3) soil properties and SOM were determined based on the methods of the Hungarian Standard in the soil laboratory.During the evaluation, the amount of SOC was the highest in the topsoil layers. In summary, we found a larger amount (104 C t/ha) of SOC in the soil of stands, where sessile oak were the main stand-forming tree species. The amount of carbon was lower where turkey oak was dominant in sessile oak stands (70 C t/ha on average).To conclude, the SOC order in case of the stand-forming tree species: sessile oak (/hornbeam) > beech > Turkey oak. We detected that different forest utilization and tree species have an effect on the forest carbon as the litter as well (amount, composition). Our measurements are not representative of the whole stand, but the homogenous loess bedrock demonstrates the impact of different mixture forests on carbon stock. After all, vegetation depends on site conditions (e.g. moisture) and not vice versa. The effects of future climatic changes on soil carbon storage are difficult to predict. In the future, it would be important to expand the use of continuous forest cover farming modes.

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BIOMASSA AND ACCUMULATION CARBON ON SEAGRASS Enhalus acroides IN GUNUNG BOTAK BAY COASTAL, WEST PAPUA

JURNAL SUMBERDAYA AKUATIK INDOPASIFIK ◽

10.30862/jsai-fpik-unipa.2018.vol.2.no.2.47 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 91

Author(s):

Ferawati Runtuboi ◽

Julius Nugroho ◽

Yahya Rahakratat

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Storage ◽

Carbon Accumulation ◽

Flowering Plant ◽

West Papua ◽

Below Ground ◽

Estimate Rate ◽

High Level ◽

The Impact ◽

Seagrass Density

Seagrass is a high level and a flowering plant that is fully adapted to life in the coastal and has ability to store carbon by 10% of the carbon content in the oceans. The research doing at Gunung Botak Bay Coastal South Manokwari Regency with objective of research to estimate seagrass density and to estimate rate accumulation of carbon from Enhalus acroides. Some the stages of the research done is density sample as long to period 2015 (April and Mei) into (September and Ocktober). Other sampling to collecting seagrass to estimate carbon storage in part like daun, rhizome root and substrat. Result to showing average carbon accumulation of seagrass in above below ground is rhizome part and higher in Statiun1 (13.16±3.8),stasiun 3 (5.4±2.9) dan stasiun 5 (6.2±1.1) or the generally accumulation carbon in the three is 8.24 kg from Enhalus acroides. Future more, accumulation carbon in sediment as a 1664,2 in dept 0-20 cm and 20-60 cm. Seagrass carbon storage capabilities will assist in mitigation efforts to reduce the impact of climate change in Indonesia, especially in West Papua.

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Assessment of Carbon Stock in Forest Biomass and Emission Reduction Potential in Malaysia

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12101294 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1294

Author(s):

Asif Raihan ◽

Rawshan Ara Begum ◽

Mohd Nizam Mohd Said ◽

Joy Jacqueline Pereira

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Policy Implementation ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Climate Change Mitigation ◽

Carbon Sink ◽

Economic Value ◽

Forest Biomass ◽

Forest Carbon ◽

Change Mitigation

Malaysia has a large extent of forest cover that plays a crucial role in storing biomass carbon and enhancing carbon sink (carbon sequestration) and reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions, which helps to reduce the negative impacts of global climate change. This article estimates the economic value of forest carbon stock and carbon value per hectare of forested area based on the price of removing per ton CO2eq in USD from 1990 to 2050. The economic value of biomass carbon stored in the forests is estimated at nearly USD 51 billion in 2020 and approximately USD 41 billion in 2050, whereas carbon value per hectare forest area is estimated at USD 2885 in 2020 and USD 2388 in 2050. If the BAU scenario of forest loss (converting forests to other land use) continues, the projected estimation of carbon stock and its economic value might fall until 2050 unless further initiatives on proper planning of forest management and ambitious policy implementation are taken. Instead, Malaysia’s CO2 emission growth started to fall after 2010 due to rising forest carbon sink of 282 million tons between 2011 and 2016, indicating a huge potential of Malaysian forests for future climate change mitigation. The estimated and projected value of carbon stock in Malaysian forest biomass, annual growth of forest carbon, forest carbon density and carbon sink would be useful for the better understanding of enhancing carbon sink by avoiding deforestation, sustainable forest management, forest conservation and protection, accurate reporting of national carbon inventories and policy-making decisions. The findings of this study could also be useful in meeting emission reduction targets and policy implementation related to climate change mitigation in Malaysia.

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