scholarly journals Titrimetric Analysis of Chloride Concentration in Beers using Synthetic Mercury(II) Compound

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 2069-2072
Author(s):  
S.R. Labhade ◽  
K.R. Labhade
Keyword(s):  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Potassium Thiocyanate ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Ferric Nitrate ◽  
Stoichiometric Ratio ◽  
Average Standard Deviation ◽  
Back Titration ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Measured Volume

The monothiocyanato-mercuric(II) nitrate [Hg(SCN)NO3] reagent has been prepared synthetically in an aqueous medium and subjected for studies of titrimetric analysis of chloride concentration in beers. In this studies, a measured volume of beer sample was added into known and an excess amount of Hg(SCN)NO3 reagent and the surplus Hg(SCN)NO3 was determined by back titration against standard potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) solution using ferric nitrate [Fe(NO3)3] indicator. The chloride ion and Hg(SCN)NO3 were found to be reacting in the 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. The amount of chloride in beer was determined with the amount of Hg(SCN)NO3 utilized in the titration reaction. The presence of organic and inorganic materials had no effect on the titrimetric assay of chloride concentration in beers as proved by the chloride recovery experiment. The statistical analysis of results showed average standard deviation of 0.01034 and average relative error 1.12%, which indicates the accuracy of the procedure.

scholarly journals SELECTIVE MERCURIMETRIC TITRATION ASSAY OF CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION IN THE WATER OF GREEN COCONUTS USING NOVEL INDICATOR SYSTEM

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Shivaji Rangnath Labhade
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Potassium Thiocyanate ◽  
Indicator System ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Stoichiometric Ratio ◽  
Indicator Solution ◽  
End Point ◽  
Red Color

Objective: A selective mercurimetric titration procedure is proposed for the assay of chloride concentration in the water of green coconut using mercury(II) nitrate [(Hg(NO3)2] reagent and iron(III) nitrate [Fe(NO3)3] with synthetically prepared mercury(II) thiocyanate [Hg(SCN)2] indicator system.Methods: An indicator solution was prepared by titrating Hg(NO3)2 against potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) till a red color end point using Fe(NO3)3. Then a known amount of Hg(NO3)2 was added to indicator solution and titrated against the water of green coconut till the original red color reappeared.Results: The concentration of chloride present in the volume of coconut water utilized in between these two end points was found to be reacting in the 2:1 stoichiometric ratio with the Hg(NO3)2 taken in the second step of the titration. The statistical treatment of the experimental data obtained by using standard solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) indicates that the procedure is precise and accurate. The phosphate, sulfate, organic compounds and inorganic minerals present in the coconut water did not interfere with the measurement of chloride by this procedure. Both the cationic mineral value (was also determined by complexometric titration) and chloride concentration in the coconut water were found to be decreased with the development of the coconuts.Conclusion: The proposed procedure of determination of chloride concentration in the water of green coconut is simple, reliable and inexpensive. This procedure is excellent for determination of chloride in the acidic solution without precise adjustment of the pH for detection of the end point. Owing to the homogenous reaction condition no titration errors those are commonly encountered by co-precipitation in the argentometric assay of chloride. 

A NOVEL MERCURIMETRIC TITRATION ASSAY OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE USING MERCURY (II) THIOCYANATE–IRON (III) NITRATE INDICATOR SYSTEM

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Labhade ◽  
H. S. Labhade ◽  
V. B. Kadam ◽  
V. B. Gaikwad
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Potassium Thiocyanate ◽  
Indicator System ◽  
Metformin Hydrochloride ◽  
Ferric Nitrate ◽  
Stoichiometric Ratio ◽  
Tablet Formulations ◽  
Reaction Stoichiometry

A simple, rapid, reliable and novel titration procedure for the mercurimetric assay of metformin hydrochloride (MHCl) based on measurement of the chloride content of its hydrochloride salt is described. In this experiment, initially a synthetic mercury(II) thiocyanate [Hg(SCN)2] indicator was prepared by titrating mercury(II) nitrate [Hg(NO3)2] against potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) in the 1:2 stoichiometric ratio using ferric nitrate [Fe(NO3)3]. After addition of a known amount of Hg(NO3)2 to the indicator, the solution was further titrated against the aqueous solution of MHCl until the original red color reappeared. The concentration of chloride present in the volume (of MHCl) utilized for the reaction was found to be reacting in the 2:1 stoichiometric ratio with the Hg(NO3)2 taken in the second titration. The statistical treatment of the experimental data obtained by determining MHCl in the concentration range 0.8281 to 8.281 g/lit, indicates that the procedure is precise and accurate. The procedure was further applied for the analysis of MHCl in tablet formulations. The average recovery and accuracy were found to be in agreement with claimed by the manufacturer. The common excipients                                      used in tablet formulations did not interfere in the determination of MHCl by this procedure as observed by the recovery experiment using standard addition method. The chemistry involved in titration, the action of an indicator at the end point and the factors that affecting the reaction stoichiometry are discussed. Keywords: Chloride assay, Mercurimetric titration, Mercury (II) nitrate, Mercury(II) thiocyanate-iron(III) nitrate indicator system, Metformin hydrochloride, Metformin hydrochloride tablets.

scholarly journals Experimental and Simulation Study on Diffusion Behavior of Chloride Ion in Cracking Concrete and Reinforcement Corrosion

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongchun Cheng ◽  
Yuwei Zhang ◽  
Chunli Wu ◽  
Yubo Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Corrosion Current ◽  
Chloride Diffusion ◽  
Finite Element Models ◽  
Rc Structures ◽  
Cracked Concrete ◽  
Chloride Migration

A chloride ion is a key factor affecting durability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. In order to investigate chloride migration in cracked concrete, considering the mesoscopic heterogeneity of concrete, concrete modeled here is treated as a four-phase composite consisting aggregate, mortar, crack, and interfacial transition zone (ITZ). In this paper, two-dimensional finite element models of cracked concrete with different crack widths and crack quantity are established and the control parameters are determined based on the nonsteady-state chloride migration (NSSCM) test. In addition, based on the concrete finite element models, influences of crack width, crack quantity, and erosion time on chloride migration behaviors and characteristics are studied. Furthermore, a prediction model of chloride concentration on the simulated surface of a rebar in concrete influenced by different crack states is established. This model is used to derive the corrosion current density and corrosion depth prediction models of a rebar in this paper, which can be used by engineers to estimate the migration behaviors of chloride and rebar corrosion degree in RC structures in a short time and evaluate the duration of RC structures after knowing the status of cracks and chloride diffusion sources.

Determination of Chloride Concentration in Cheese: Collaborative Study

1982 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1350-1356
Author(s):  
L J Poortvliet ◽  
William Horwitz
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Potentiometric Method ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Back Titration ◽  
Gouda Cheese

Abstract Three samples of ground Gouda cheese containing 1-2% chloride were analyzed by 7 laboratories by 3 methods: oxidation with KMnO4 and HNO3 followed by a Volhard titration; the same but with filtering off the precipitated AgCl before back-titration; and the general potentiometric method without ashing or oxidation. The data were analyzed by ISO statistics (ISO-R 5725) and by AOAC statistics (Youden), the major differences being the rejection of different values as outliers and in the statement of the precision parameters. The within-laboratory variability (repeatability) is comparable for all 3 methods; the between-laboratory variability (reproducibility) is comparable for the Volhard method with filtration and the potentiometric methods, but the direct Volhard method is inferior. Because of its generality and simplicity, the potentiometric method has been adopted official first action; the Volhard method with filtration has been reinstated official final action as an alternative.

Research on Chloride Diffusion Model of PC with Chloride Attack in Marine Atmosphere Zone

2014 ◽  
Vol 711 ◽  
pp. 481-484
Author(s):  
Yu Chen ◽  
Jie Xu ◽  
Rong Gui Liu ◽  
Su Bi Chen ◽  
Yuan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Prestressed Concrete ◽  
Concentration Distribution ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Chloride Diffusion ◽  
Marine Atmosphere ◽  
Ion Diffusion ◽  
Chloride Ion Diffusion

Based on the existing studies about chloride ion erosion in prestressed concrete structures, this paper intends to discuss the effects of the stress level and environment factors (including temperature and humidity, etc.) on chloride ion diffusion under marine atmosphere zone. The investigation from pre-stressed concrete crossbeams which service for 39 years in Lianyungang Port shows the chloride ion concentration distribution and chloride ion diffusion. According to the chloride ion concentration distribution, it finds that chloride ion concentration values in pre-concrete structures is Cmax,1> Cmax,2. In addition, the free chloride concentration distribution values go down smoothly after the second peak. Therefore, the result shows that the improved model can be used in marine atmosphere zone.

scholarly journals The chloride effect in the human embryonic haemoglobins

1995 ◽  
Vol 309 (3) ◽  
pp. 959-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Hofmann ◽  
G Carrucan ◽  
N Robson ◽  
T Brittain
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Chloride Binding ◽  
Independent Components ◽  
Binding Data ◽  
Chloride Effect ◽  
Allosteric Model

The interactions of the three human embryonic haemoglobins with chloride ions have been investigated. Each of the three embryonic haemoglobins exhibits a unique pattern of oxygen-affinity-dependence on chloride ion concentration. Human embryonic haemoglobin Portland (zeta 2 gamma 2) is found to be completely insensitive to chloride ion concentration. Haemoglobin Gower I (zeta 2 gamma 2) shows a small concentration dependence, whilst haemoglobin Gower II (alpha 2 epsilon 2) exhibits a dependence approaching that of the adult protein. The degree of co-operativity for each protein is essentially chloride concentration independent. The chloride-dependent and -independent components of the alkaline Bohr effects have been measured for each of the embryonic haemoglobins and compared with that of the adult protein. Both the chloride-binding data and the Bohr effect have been analysed in terms of the recently developed allosteric model proposed by Perutz [Perutz, Fermi, Poyart, Pagnier and Kister (1993) J. Mol. Biol. 233, 536-545].

scholarly journals Impact on Gaza aquifer from recharge with partially treated wastewater

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami M. Hamdan ◽  
Abdelmajid Nassar ◽  
Uwe Troeger
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
The Impact

The Gaza Strip suffers from high pressure imposed on its water resources. There is a deficit of about 50 mm3 every year, which has led to a declination of groundwater level and deterioration of groundwater quality. New water resources are sought to fulfil the water deficit; among them is the artificial recharge of treated wastewater to groundwater. The impact of recharging partially treated wastewater in Gaza was tested through a pilot project implemented east of the existing wastewater treatment plant. The daily application of about 10,000 m3 of effluent to infiltration basins had an effect on the aquifer, which was monitored through the surrounding operating water wells over five years from 2000 until 2005. Although the monitored wells are operated for irrigation by farmers, impacts were clearly noticed. Groundwater levels improved and an increase in some areas of 0.6 m within three years was observed. The nitrate ion concentration also decreased in the groundwater due to nitrification processes. However, chloride ion, which indicates salinity, increased because the effluent has high chloride concentration. Boron levels increased in some areas to 0.5 mg/l, which could affect sensitive crops grown in the area.

scholarly journals One-Step Synthesis of Green Fluorescent Carbon Dots for Chloride Detecting and for Bioimaging

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Yue ◽  
Ling Yu ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Pai Liu ◽  
Qian Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dots ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Fluorescent Carbon

The chloride ion is an essential ion in organisms, which plays an important role in maintaining normal cell functions. It is involved in many cell activities, such as cell proliferation, cell excitability regulation, immune response, and volume regulation. Accurate detection of the chloride ion can balance its concentration in vivo, which is of great significance. In this study, we developed a green fluorescent carbon quantum dot to detect chloride concentration through the “off–on” mechanism. First, the fluorescence of carbon dots is quenched by the complex of sulfhydryl and silver ions on the surface of carbon dots. Then, the addition of chloride ions pulls away the silver ions and restores the fluorescence. The fluorescence recovery is linearly related to the concentration of chloride ions, and the limit of detection is 2.817 μM, which is much lower than those of other reported chloride probes. Besides, cell and zebrafish experiments confirmed the biosafety and biocompatibility of the carbon dots, which provided a possibility for further applications in bioimaging in vivo.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE ION(Cl-) CONCENTRATION IN GANGA RIVER WATER BY MOHR METHOD AT KANPUR, INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 06-08 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhulekha Shukla ◽  
Sunita Arya
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
River Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Ganga River ◽  
Selective Method ◽  
The People ◽  
River Ganga ◽  
Chloride Salts

Purpose of the study:The purpose of this present study was determine the concentration of chloride ion in water sample which collected different site and season of river Ganga.Chloride ions in the environment can come from sodium chloride or from other chloride salts such as potassium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride. Methodology:Water sample was collected from different site(Bithor ghat, Siddnath ghat and Dhoni ghat) and different season(Pre monsoon, Monsoon and post monsoon) of river Ganga from Kanpur in 2016-2018 year. Mohr method (Argentometric method) was a very simple and highly selective method for the determination of chloride ion (Cl-) using silver nitrate as the titrant. Main Findings: In both the years 2016 till 2018, chloride concentration was within the limit at testing sites.  Applications of this study:To create awareness among the people to maintain the Ganga river water at its highest quality and purity levels. Originality: This project was done in the D G P G College C S J M University, Kanpur India.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on Chloride Ion Diffusion in Concrete under Uniaxial and Biaxial Sustained Stress

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 5717
Author(s):  
Xiaokang Cheng ◽  
Jianxin Peng ◽  
C.S. Cai ◽  
Jianren Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Stress Level ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Chloride Diffusion ◽  
Chloride Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Ion Diffusion ◽  
Chloride Ion Diffusion

The existence of axial and lateral compressive stress affect the diffusion of chloride ions in concrete will lead to the performance degradation of concrete structure. This paper experimentally studied the chloride diffusivity properties of uniaxial and biaxial sustained compressive stress under one-dimensional chloride solution erosion. The influence of different sustained compressive stress states on chloride ion diffusivity is evaluated by testing chloride concentration in concrete. The experiment results show that the existence of sustained compressive stress does not always inhibit the diffusion of chloride ions in concrete, and the numerical value of sustained compressive stress level can affect the diffusion law of chloride ions in concrete. It is found that the chloride concentration decreases most when the lateral compressive stress level is close to 0.15 times the compressive strength of concrete. In addition, the sustained compressive stress has a significant effect on chloride ion diffusion of concrete with high water/cement ratio. Then, the chloride diffusion coefficient model under uniaxial and biaxial sustained compressive stress is established based on the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient. Finally, the results demonstrate that the chloride diffusion coefficient model is reasonable and feasible by comparing the experimental data in the opening literature with the calculated values from the developed model.

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