scholarly journals SARS-COV-2 acts as a test of Air Pollution, Lifestyle Disorders and Immune Tolerance dysregulation in human body

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
bose Karthik
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Humoral Responses ◽  
Skeletal Mechanism ◽  
Insight Into

SARS-COV-2 is reported to be associated with severe immune dysregulation, delayed humoral responses and accelerated innate immune response mediated damages. As the pandemic is turning the world upside down, In order to address this disease we should first get an insight into the mechanism of action through which SARS-COV-2 is achieving the above said dysregulating or modulating effects on human immune system. T his article presents the basic or skeletal mechanism through which SARS-COV-2 dysregulates immune system by targeting innate immune system, adaptive immune system and different immune tolerance check points by dysregulating different miRNA’s and the preexisting conditions or comorbidities of the patients. This article comprises of the comparative and comprehensive literature review targeting all topics with the data available/reported till date in the scientific community.

scholarly journals The Immune System as Drug Target

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. III.S12145
Author(s):  
Darren R. Flower
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Human Immunity ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

The immune system is perhaps the largest yet most diffuse and distributed somatic system in vertebrates. It plays vital roles in fighting infection and in the homeostatic control of chronic disease. As such, the immune system in both pathological and healthy states is a prime target for therapeutic interventions by drugs–-both small-molecule and biologic. Comprising both the innate and adaptive immune systems, human immunity is awash with potential unexploited molecular targets. Key examples include the pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system and the major histocompatibility complex of the adaptive immune system. Moreover, the immune system is also the source of many current and, hopefully, future drugs, of which the prime example is the monoclonal antibody, the most exciting and profitable type of present-day drug moiety. This brief review explores the identity and synergies of the hierarchy of drug targets represented by the human immune system, with particular emphasis on the emerging paradigm of systems pharmacology.

scholarly journals Adipocytes, Innate Immunity and Obesity: A Mini-Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alecia M. Blaszczak ◽  
Anahita Jalilvand ◽  
Willa A. Hsueh
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The role of adipose tissue (AT) inflammation in obesity and its multiple related-complications is a rapidly expanding area of scientific interest. Within the last 30 years, the role of the adipocyte as an endocrine and immunologic cell has been progressively established. Like the macrophage, the adipocyte is capable of linking the innate and adaptive immune system through the secretion of adipokines and cytokines; exosome release of lipids, hormones, and microRNAs; and contact interaction with other immune cells. Key innate immune cells in AT include adipocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2s). The role of the innate immune system in promoting adipose tissue inflammation in obesity will be highlighted in this review. T cells and B cells also play important roles in contributing to AT inflammation and are discussed in this series in the chapter on adaptive immunity.

scholarly journals The neuropeptide receptor NMUR-1 regulates the specificity of C. elegans innate immunity against pathogen infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Wibisono ◽  
Shawndra Wibisono ◽  
Jan Watteyne ◽  
Chia-Hui Chen ◽  
Durai Sellegounder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Functional Assays

A key question in current immunology is how the innate immune system generates high levels of specificity. Like most invertebrates, Caenorhabditis elegans does not have an adaptive immune system and relies solely on innate immunity to defend itself against pathogen attacks, yet it can still differentiate different pathogens and launch distinct innate immune responses. Here, we have found that functional loss of NMUR-1, a neuronal GPCR homologous to mammalian receptors for the neuropeptide neuromedin U, has diverse effects on C. elegans survival against various bacterial pathogens. Transcriptomic analyses and functional assays revealed that NMUR-1 modulates C. elegans transcription activity by regulating the expression of transcription factors, which, in turn, controls the expression of distinct immune genes in response to different pathogens. Our study has uncovered a molecular basis for the specificity of C. elegans innate immunity that could provide mechanistic insights into understanding the specificity of vertebrate innate immunity.

scholarly journals Characterization of Human Antiviral Adaptive Immune Responses during Hepatotropic Virus Infection in HLA-Transgenic Human Immune System Mice

2013 ◽  
Vol 191 (4) ◽  
pp. 1753-1764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Billerbeck ◽  
Joshua A. Horwitz ◽  
Rachael N. Labitt ◽  
Bridget M. Donovan ◽  
Kevin Vega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Human Immune

Antibody equivalent molecules of the innate immune system: parallels between innate and adaptive immune proteins

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nades Palaniyar
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Surfactant Protein ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Surfactant Protein D ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Carbohydrate Arrays

Soluble pattern-recognition innate immune proteins functionally resemble the antibodies of the adaptive immune system. Two major families of such proteins are ficolins and collectins or collagenous lectins (e.g. mannose-binding lectin [MBL], surfactant proteins [SP-A and SP-D] and conglutinin). In general, subunits of ficolins and collectins recognize the carbohydrate arrays of their targets via globular trimeric carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) whereas IgG, IgM and other antibody isotypes recognize proteins via dimeric antigen-binding domains (Fab). Considering the structure and functions of these proteins, ficolins and MBL are analogous to molecules with the complement activating functions of C1q and the target recognition ability of IgG. Although the structure of SP-A is similar to MBL, it does not activate the complement system. Surfactant protein-D and conglutinin could be considered as the collagenous non-complement activating giant IgMs of the innate immune system. Proteins such as peptidoglycan-recognition proteins, pentraxins and agglutinin gp-340/DMBT1 are also pattern-recognition proteins. These proteins may be considered as different isotypes of antibody-like molecules. Proteins such as defensins, cathelicidins and lactoferrins directly or indirectly alter microbes or microbial growth. These proteins may not be considered as antibodies of the innate immune system. Hence, ficolins and collectins could be considered as specialized ‘antibodies of the innate immune system’ instead of ‘ante-antibody’ innate immune molecules. The discovery, structure, functions and future research directions of many of these soluble proteins and receptors such as Toll-like and NOD-like receptors are discussed in this special issue of Innate Immunity.

scholarly journals RESPON IMUN HOSPES TERHADAP INFEKSI Vibrio cholerae

Biocelebes ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
Musjaya, M Guli
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Protection Mechanism ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Natural Defense ◽  
A Site

The immune sistem is a way of the body’s defense sistem to save the host from the invasion of outside pathogen. Based on how respon to disease, that differentiated into two immune system are innate and adaptive system. Because it an cant throgh the stomach, these pathogenic bacteria go to the small intestin as a site infection. In the intestine, V. cholerae bactesia adhere and colonize and invasion to intestinal epihelial cells. Protection mechanism  to V. cholerae are the natural defense presence of tick mucosa on the surface of epithelial cells can  inhibit pathogene to adhere tointestinal epithelial cells. One anothet defense namely innate immune system did by phagocytic cells to attac pathogen agent and adaptive immune system involves IgA to opsonization so that can increase intestinal mucosal immune system

scholarly journals Impact of Microorganisms and Parasites on Neuronally Controlled Drosophila Behaviours

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2350
Author(s):  
Martina Montanari ◽  
Julien Royet
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Model System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Drosophila Model

Like all invertebrates, flies such as Drosophila lack an adaptive immune system and depend on their innate immune system to protect them against pathogenic microorganisms and parasites. In recent years, it appears that the nervous systems of eucaryotes not only control animal behavior but also cooperate and synergize very strongly with the animals’ immune systems to detect and fight potential pathogenic threats, and allow them to adapt their behavior to the presence of microorganisms and parasites that coexist with them. This review puts into perspective the latest progress made using the Drosophila model system, in this field of research, which remains in its infancy.

scholarly journals Review of phosphocholine substituents on bacterial pathogen glycans: Synthesis, structures and interactions with host proteins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren W. Wakarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Proteins ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Carbohydrate Components ◽  
Multiple Interactions ◽  
Structural Aspects

Among the non-carbohydrate components of glycans, the addition of phosphocholine (ChoP) to the glycans of pathogens occurs more rarely than acetylation or methylation, but it has far more potent biological consequences. These arise from ChoP's multiple interactions with host proteins, which are important at all stages of the infection process. These stages include initial adherence to cells, encountering the host's innate immune system and then the adaptive immune system. Thus, in the initial stages of an infection, ChoP groups are an asset to the pathogen, but they can turn into a disadvantage subsequently. In this review, we have focussed on structural aspects of these phenomena. We describe the biosynthesis of the ChoP modification, the structures of the pathogen glycans known to carry ChoP groups and the host proteins that recognize ChoP.

scholarly journals Monocyte-lymphocyte cross-communication via soluble CD163 directly links innate immune system activation and adaptive immune system suppression following ischemic stroke

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant C. O’Connell ◽  
Connie S. Tennant ◽  
Noelle Lucke-Wold ◽  
Yasser Kabbani ◽  
Abdul R. Tarabishy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Healthy Donor ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Soluble Cd163

AbstractCD163 is a scavenger receptor expressed on innate immune cell populations which can be shed from the plasma membrane via the metalloprotease ADAM17 to generate a soluble peptide with lympho-inhibitory properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate CD163 as a possible effector of stroke-induced adaptive immune system suppression. Liquid biopsies were collected from ischemic stroke patients (n=39), neurologically asymptomatic controls (n=20), and stroke mimics (n=20) within 24 hours of symptom onset. Peripheral blood ADAM17 activity and soluble CD163 levels were elevated in stroke patients relative to non-stroke control groups, and negatively associated with post-stroke lymphocyte counts. Subsequent in vitro experiments suggested that this stroke-induced elevation in circulating soluble CD163 likely originates from activated monocytic cells, as serum from stroke patients stimulated ADAM17-dependant CD163 shedding from healthy donor-derived monocytes. Additional in vitro experiments demonstrated that stroke-induced elevations in circulating soluble CD163 can elicit direct suppressive effects on the adaptive immune system, as serum from stroke patients inhibited the proliferation of healthy donor-derived lymphocytes, an effect which was attenuated following serum CD163 depletion. Collectively, these observations provide novel evidence that the innate immune system employs protective mechanisms aimed at mitigating the risk of post-stroke autoimmune complications driven by adaptive immune system overactivation, and that CD163 is key mediator of this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Efficient Acquisition of Fully Human Antibody Genes against Self-Proteins by Sorting Single B Cells Stimulated with Vaccines Based on Nitrated T Helper Cell Epitopes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Liangliang Jiang ◽  
Tao Jiang ◽  
Jianhua Luo ◽  
Yanliang Kang ◽  
Yue Tong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
Human Antibody ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Helper Epitope ◽  
Human Immune

Single B cell antibody technology is a method for isolating antigen-specific B cells from human peripheral blood and obtaining antibody genes in developing antibody drugs. However, owing to immune tolerance to autoantigen, human autoantigen-specific B cells are difficult to acquire by conventional single B cell technology. In this study, we constructed a nitrated T-cell epitope named NitraTh by incorporating p-nitrophenylalanine into a universal T helper epitope. NitraTh had enhanced ability to activate CD4+ T cells and can be recognized by CD4+ T cells with different HLA class II haplotypes. This NitraTh can also break immune tolerance to autoantigens, such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and cannabinoid receptor 1, and induce strong specific IgM+ B cell responses in vitro. HER2-NitraTh vaccine can also stimulate the generation of HER2-specific IgG+ B cells in human immune system mice, which was established by cotransplanting lymphocytes and autologous dendritic cells in immunodeficient mice. We obtained 30 fully human IgG antibody genes by sorting single B cells from the human immune system mice immunized with HER2-NitraTh vaccine. The analysis of antibody genes showed that sorted B cells underwent the extensive somatic mutation of the antibody genes. We randomly selected eight genes for cloning, six of which expressed antibodies that can bind to HER2. Hence, we provided a convenient and effective method in acquiring fully human antibody genes against self-proteins, which can be used in developing therapeutic antibody drugs.

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