A Review on Bioethanol Production from the Orange Peel Waste (OPW) Using Cellulolytic Soil Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 662-674
Author(s):  
Vani B S ◽  
Dr. Sindhu Anoop
Keyword(s):  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Soil Microbes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Orange Peel ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lignocellulosic Waste ◽  
Orange Peel Waste ◽  
The Cost

To avoid economic impact and environmental effect of agricultural waste, the reuse of the agricultural waste is needed. For this purpose, the naturally available cheap soil microorganisms with potential application can be used. Many soil microbes have cellulase enzyme which can act on lignocellulosic waste material. The current research on producing bioethanol are aimed to reduce the production cost using low-cost substrates and enzymes. In line with this, in this study the orange peel waste will be used to produce bioethanol using the soil isolated microorganisms in the cost-effective way.

Janus – A New Approach to Air Combat Pilot Training

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Georges Bridel ◽  
Zdobyslaw Goraj ◽  
Lukasz Kiszkowiak ◽  
Jean-Georges Brévot ◽  
Jean-Pierre Devaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Training System ◽  
Embedded Sensors ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Combat Aircraft ◽  
Air Combat ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Advanced jet training still relies on old concepts and solutions that are no longer efficient when considering the current and forthcoming changes in air combat. The cost of those old solutions to develop and maintain combat pilot skills are important, adding even more constraints to the training limitations. The requirement of having a trainer aircraft able to perform also light combat aircraft operational mission is adding unnecessary complexity and cost without any real operational advantages to air combat mission training. Thanks to emerging technologies, the JANUS project will study the feasibility of a brand-new concept of agile manoeuvrable training aircraft and an integrated training system, able to provide a live, virtual and constructive environment. The JANUS concept is based on a lightweight, low-cost, high energy aircraft associated to a ground based Integrated Training System providing simulated and emulated signals, simulated and real opponents, combined with real-time feedback on pilot’s physiological characteristics: traditionally embedded sensors are replaced with emulated signals, simulated opponents are proposed to the pilot, enabling out of sight engagement. JANUS is also providing new cost effective and more realistic solutions for “Red air aircraft” missions, organised in so-called “Aggressor Squadrons”.

scholarly journals Growth and biochemical composition of Chlorella vulgaris in different growth media

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1427-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATHIAS A. CHIA ◽  
ANA T. LOMBARDI ◽  
MARIA DA GRACA G. MELAO
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Continuous Cultures ◽  
The Cost

The need for clean and low-cost algae production demands for investigations on algal physiological response under different growth conditions. In this research, we investigated the growth, biomass production and biochemical composition of Chlorella vulgaris using semi-continuous cultures employing three growth media (LC Oligo, Chu 10 and WC media). The highest cell density was obtained in LC Oligo, while the lowest in Chu medium. Chlorophyll a, carbohydrate and protein concentrations and yield were highest in Chu and LC Oligo media. Lipid class analysis showed that hydrocarbons (HC), sterol esthers (SE), free fatty acids (FFA), aliphatic alcohols (ALC), acetone mobile polar lipids (AMPL) and phospholipids (PL) concentrations and yields were highest in the Chu medium. Triglyceride (TAG) and sterol (ST) concentrations were highest in the LC Oligo medium. The results suggested that for cost effective cultivation, LC Oligo medium is the best choice among those studied, as it saved the cost of buying vitamins and EDTA associated with the other growth media, while at the same time resulted in the best growth performance and biomass production.

scholarly journals Protection of computers from side electromagnetic radiation during monitor images formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-385
Author(s):  
Volodymyr M. Lucenko ◽  
Dmytro O. Progonov
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Switching Speed ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Confidential Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Communication Lines

Reliable protection of confidential data processed in critical information infrastructure elements of public institutions and private organizations is topical task today. Of particular interest are methods to prevent the leakage of confidential data by localizing informative (dangerous) signals that both carry an informative component, and have a signal level higher than predefined threshold. The increase in signal energy from personal computers is caused by increasing of its transistors switching speed. Modern passive shielding methods for secured computers, similar to the well-known program TEMPEST, require either costly and large shielding units or technological simplification by using of low-cost fragmentary shielding of computer’s individual elements. Therefore, localization of side electromagnetic radiation produced by personal computer is needed. The paper presents a cost-effective approach to reducing the level of computer’s electromagnetic radiation by passive method. The radiation are localized and measured by its estimation on personal computer’s elements, namely unshielded communication lines between video processor and a monitor, fragments of electric tracks on motherboards, etc. During experiments authors used ad-hoc miniature electric (ball antenna) and magnetic (Hall sensor) antennas connected to selective voltmeters. This approach significantly reduces the cost of equipment and measurements as well as requirements to analytics’ qualification for improving computer’s protection. Also, the alternative approach for computer protection is proposed. The approach is based on image content protection by distorting the image on the monitor instead of reducing electromagnetic radiation caused by signals from the monitor. The protection includes image scrambling using Arnold transform that randomly “shuffle” the lines in each frame.

An Active Low Cost Mesh Networking Indoor Tracking System

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Carlin ◽  
Kevin Curran
Keyword(s):  
Tracking System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Scalable Vector Graphics ◽  
Web Technologies ◽  
Working Environments ◽  
System A ◽  
The Cost

Indoor radio frequency tracking systems are generally quite expensive and can vary in accuracy due to interference, equipment quality or other environmental factors. Due to these limiting factors of the technology, many businesses today find it hard to justify investing in RFID tracking technologies to improve the safety, efficiency and security of their working environments. The aim of this project was to provide a budget RFID tracking system that was capable of tracking a person or object through an indoor environment. To minimize the cost of the RFID tracking system, the components of the system were built from existing electronic equipment and hardware. The software was also written to minimize licensing and support fees allowing a cost effective budget RFID tracking system to be developed. The tracking system consists of a tag, reader nodes and a PC reader which utilize synapse RF 100 engines with python scripts embedded on to the chips. The tracking system software operates through a web portal utilizing web technologies such as HTML, JavaScript and PHP to allow the tags location to be represented on a two dimensional map using scalable vector graphics. During development of the system a new trilateration algorithm was developed and used convert the signals received from the tag to a virtual position on the map correlating to the actual physical position of the tag. A unique contribution of this system is the low cost of building which we estimate as less than £200 UK sterling for a five node system.

scholarly journals Self-managed, computerised word finding therapy as an add-on to usual care for chronic aphasia post-stroke: An economic evaluation

2020 ◽  
pp. 026921552097534
Author(s):  
Nicholas R Latimer ◽  
Arjun Bhadhuri ◽  
Abu O Alshreef ◽  
Rebecca Palmer ◽  
Elizabeth Cross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Usual Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Word Finding ◽  
The Cost

Objective: To examine the cost-effectiveness of self-managed computerised word finding therapy as an add-on to usual care for people with aphasia post-stroke. Design: Cost-effectiveness modelling over a life-time period, taking a UK National Health Service (NHS) and personal social service perspective. Setting: Based on the Big CACTUS randomised controlled trial, conducted in 21 UK NHS speech and language therapy departments. Participants: Big CACTUS included 278 people with long-standing aphasia post-stroke. Interventions: Computerised word finding therapy plus usual care; usual care alone; usual care plus attention control. Main measures: Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) were calculated, comparing the cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained for each intervention. Credible intervals (CrI) for costs and QALYs, and probabilities of cost-effectiveness, were obtained using probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Subgroup and scenario analyses investigated cost-effectiveness in different subsets of the population, and the sensitivity of results to key model inputs. Results: Adding computerised word finding therapy to usual care had an ICER of £42,686 per QALY gained compared with usual care alone (incremental QALY gain: 0.02 per patient (95% CrI: −0.05 to 0.10); incremental costs: £732.73 per patient (95% CrI: £674.23 to £798.05)). ICERs for subgroups with mild or moderate word finding difficulties were £22,371 and £21,262 per QALY gained respectively. Conclusion: Computerised word finding therapy represents a low cost add-on to usual care, but QALY gains and estimates of cost-effectiveness are uncertain. Computerised therapy is more likely to be cost-effective for people with mild or moderate, as opposed to severe, word finding difficulties.

Development of Calibration Equipment for Geodetic Angle Measurement Instruments

2015 ◽  
Vol 220-221 ◽  
pp. 396-400
Author(s):  
Lauryna Šiaudinytė ◽  
Deividas Sabaitis ◽  
Domantas Bručas ◽  
Gintaras Dmitrijev
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Angle Measurement ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
The Cost

Production of high precision circular scales is a complicated process requiring expensive equipment and complex processes to achieve. Precision angle measurement equipment tends to be very expensive and therefore not accessible to all in need. Simplification of production of such devices can lead to reducing costs of angle measurement systems ensuring easier accessibility. A new method of producing precision circular scales using low cost mass production can reduce the costs of these devices drastically. Therefore, utilising a common CD technology as the basis for such scales is analysed. This paper deals with the analysis of the newest laser cutting method for plastic circular scales. Preliminary results of manufacturing such scales are presented in the paper as well as measurements of the grating of the scale were performed. The quality of different scales manufactured using different laser types is analysed in the study. The cost – effective alternative of manufacturing circular scales is discussed in the paper.

Approaches to the Design and Processing of Novel Titanium Alloys

2007 ◽  
Vol 29-30 ◽  
pp. 127-130
Author(s):  
Colleen J. Bettles ◽  
Rimma Lapovok ◽  
H.P. Ng ◽  
Dacian Tomus ◽  
Barry C. Muddle
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Powder Processing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Shape Processing ◽  
New Processing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Processing Techniques

The range of commercial titanium alloys available is currently extremely restricted, with one alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), and derivatives of it, accounting for a very large proportion of all applications. High performance alloys are costly to fabricate and limited to low-volume applications that can sustain the cost. With the emergence of new processing technologies that promise to reduce significantly the cost of production of titanium metal, especially in powder form, there is an emerging imperative for cost-effective near net shape powder processing techniques to permit the benefit of reduced metal cost to be passed on to higher-volume applications. Equally, there is a need for the design and development of new alloys that are intrinsically low-cost and lend themselves to fabrication by novel cost-effective net shape processing. The approaches that might be used to select, design and process both conventional alloys and novel alloy systems will be reviewed, with a focus on innovation in design of low-cost alloys amenable to new processing paths and increasingly tolerant of variability in composition.

The Kinetics Studies for the Adsorption of Furadan from Aqueous Solution by Orange Peel

2013 ◽  
Vol 842 ◽  
pp. 187-191
Author(s):  
Guang Fu Xu ◽  
Zhao Xi Shen ◽  
Rui Xin Guo
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Orange Peel ◽  
Intraparticle Diffusion ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Intraparticle Diffusion Model ◽  
First Order ◽  
Pseudo First Order

As an agricultural waste available in large quantity in China, Orange peel was utilized as low-cost adsorbent to remove furadan from aqueous solution by adsorption. Pseudo-first-order, second-order models and intraparticle diffusion model were applied to analyze experimental data and thus elucidated the kinetic adsorption process. The high values of correlation coefficients showed the data conformed well to the pseudo-first-order rate kinetic model over the initial stage of the adsorption processes. The plots were not linear over the whole time range, implying that more than one process affected the adsorption: the first one representing surface adsorption at the beginning of the reaction and the second one was the intraparticle diffusion at the end of the reaction. The results in this study indicated that orange peel was an attractive candidate for removing furadan from the aqueous solution.

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