Optimal Design and Techno-Economic Analysis for Corncob Particles Briquettes: A Literature Review of the Utilization of Agricultural Waste and Analysis Calculation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto ◽  
Nissa Nur Azizah ◽  
Gabriela Chelvina Santiuly Girsang
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Scale Production

Corncob is usually disposed of directly as waste, creating problems in the environment, while it can be converted into valuable materials. This research aimed to evaluate the literature review on briquette production from agricultural waste (using non-binder and cold press with a binder) and the current works on techno-economic analysis, to propose an optimal design for the production of briquette from corncob waste, and to perform a techno-economic analysis based on the selected optimal processing method. The engineering perspective based on stoichiometry and mass balance showed the potential corncob briquette manufacture in both home and large scales due to the possible use of inexpensive and commercially available equipment and raw materials. The economic perspective [based on several economic evaluation factors (i.e., gross profit margin, payback period, break-even point, cumulative net present value, return of investment, internal rate return, and profitability index) under ideal and non-ideal conditions by considering internal (i.e., sales, raw materials, utilities, and variable cost) and external aspects (i.e., tax)] confirmed the prospective development of the project in the large-scale production with a lifetime of more than 18 years. The main issue in the project is the raw material (i.e. tapioca flour), giving the most impact on the project’s feasibility. Even in severe conditions, the project is feasible. The great endurance was also confirmed in the case of a higher tax rate. This study demonstrates the importance of producing corncob-based briquettes for improving the economic value and giving alternatives for problem solvers in the utilization of agricultural waste.

scholarly journals Techno-economic analysis for the production of LaNi5 particles

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-84
Author(s):  
Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto ◽  
Muhammad Irfansyah Maulana ◽  
Jarot Raharjo ◽  
Yayan Sunarya ◽  
Asnul Dahar Minghat
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Ideal Condition ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production

LaNi5 is widely used in various applications. Many methods to produce LaNi5 particles have been reported but information for the large-scale production, so far, is less available. This study aimed to evaluate the project for the production of LaNi5 particles using combustion-reduction (CR) and co-precipitation-reduction (CPR) methods based on engineering and economic perspective. Engineering evaluation was conducted by evaluating the CR and CPR processes from stoichiometry. For the economic evaluation, several economic parameters were calculated in the ideal condition including gross profit margin (GPM), payback period (PBP), break-even point (BEP), cumulative net present value (CNPV), profitability index (PI), internal rate return (IRR), and return on investment (ROI). For the worst cases in the project, it was done by calculating both the internal problems (i.e., raw materials, sales, utility, labor, employee, fixed cost, variable cost, and production capacity) and the external issues (i.e., taxes and subsidiaries). The engineering analysis provided the information that CR and CPR projects are prospective for being able to be done using commercial apparatuses. The economic analysis from GPM, PBP, BEP, CNPV, and PI showed the positive results, while IRR and ROI showed the negative ones, indicating that the projects are acceptable for large-scale production, but it seems to be less attractive for industrial investors. The analysis also confirmed that the CR process was more prospective than the CPR process. This work has demonstrated the important of the projects for further developments.

scholarly journals Transparency with Blockchain and Physical Tracking Technologies: Enabling Traceability in Raw Material Supply Chains

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Angela v. Beckh Bacchetta ◽  
Volker Krümpel ◽  
Ella Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Global Supply Chains ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Digital World

By combining blockchain with physical tracking technologies, raw materials can potentially be traced throughout their global supply chains. Physical tracking technologies enable observing how raw materials move within the physical world, whereas blockchain translates these events into the digital world with an immutable record. This paper presents a taxonomy of different physical tracking technologies and examines if and how the combination of these technologies render raw material supply chains more transparent. Although academic literature highlights the theoretical benefits of combining these transformative technologies, large scale projects are still in their early stages. Following a brief literature review, this paper leverages an empirical approach to classify different tracking technologies, their fields of application and limitations, as well as how these technologies can enable supply chain transparency. Obviously, there is no single technology that can fulfil all requirements along complex supply chains. However, the relevant combination of respective technologies can help bridge gaps by increasing transparency within supply chains.

scholarly journals Biosurfactants – Nature's Solution for Today's Cleaning Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 752-756
Author(s):  
Jakob J. Mueller ◽  
Hans H. Wenk
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Head Groups ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Recent Developments

Biosurfactants are surface-active molecules, developed by nature through evolution and naturally produced by different microorganisms. The most prominent examples are rhamnolipids and sophorolipids, molecules which contain hydrophilic sugar head groups and hydrophobic alkyl residues leading to an amphiphilic behavior with unique properties. Recent developments in the field of biotechnology enable the large-scale production of these biological molecules. The raw material basis is 100% renewable since sugars and oils are used as major raw materials. Additionally, biosurfactants are fully biodegradable, which allows the path back into the natural cycles. In comparison to established standard surfactants like SLES/SLS (sodium laureth (ether) sulfates) or betaines, rhamnolipids are much milder and, at the same time, show similar or even better performance in household or personal care applications. Foam behavior, solubilization and cleaning effectiveness are examples where these natural substances give excellent results compared to the synthetic benchmarks. The commercialization of biosurfactants at industrial scale now offers alternatives to consumers seeking sustainable solutions, without compromising performance. Biosurfactants combine both and set a new standard for surfactant applications.

scholarly journals Profil Industri Mebel Di Kelurahan Pasia Nan Tigo Kecamatan Koto Tangah Kota Padang

JURNAL BUANA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Rizkamdial Aris ◽  
Fitriana Syahar
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Furniture Industry ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive

The purpose of this study is (1) Learn about the profile of the furniture industry specifically on production factors in terms of capital, raw materials and labor. (2) Knowing the obstacles faced by industry. (3) Knowing the range of services area and marketing of the furniture industry. The method that used in this study is a Quantitative Descriptive method. Data collection methods used were questionnaires and research documentation. The data analysis technique used (1) descriptive data analysis (2) analysis of service area using buffer. Research result shows that the profile of the furniture industry in the production factors seen in terms of capital, raw materials and labor in Pasia Nan Tigo Village is only one industry that has capital constraints. In the case of raw materials, industry owners state that the raw material is still sufficient in the production process. The furniture industry owner also stated that the number of permanent workers is still insufficient. Furniture industry in Pasia Nan Tigo Village is included in the small and medium industry. The obstacles faced by the furniture industry in the production factors are capital, raw materials and labor. From the capital factor, the obstacles faced by furniture industry owners are large-scale production which still requires additional capital. In the case of raw materials the obstacles faced by the owners of the furniture industry are the distance from the origin of raw materials. In the range of services area, the furniture industry in Pasia Nan Tigo Village is on average within the province.

scholarly journals Cost Analysis and Economic Evaluation for Manufacturing Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles from Eggshell Waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-226
Author(s):  
T Annisa ◽  
◽  
A Azkiya ◽  
R N Fauzi ◽  
A B D Nandiyanto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Return On Investment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Eggshell Waste

The aim of this study is to evaluate the economic feasibility of manufacturing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles from eggshell waste. The economic analysis perspective is carried out by calculating various economic parameters, namely gross profit margin (GPM), payback period (PBP), break event point (BEP), internal rate return (IRR), creating net present value (CNPV), return on investment ( ROI) and profitability index (PI). The results show that the production of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles from eggshell waste is prospective. Technical analysis to produce 30,150 Kg of hydroxyapatite per year shows the total cost of equipment purchased is Rp. 230,580,000.00, and the total cost of raw materials is Rp. 890,235,720.00. The profit obtained from the sale of the product is Rp. 4,520,803,500.00/year. Within 20 years of the construction of this project, using eggshells as a raw material for production can reduce the accumulation of eggshell waste. This project can compete with PBP capital market standards due to the short return on investment of around 3 years. To ensure feasibility, the project is estimated from ideal to worst case conditions in production, including labor, sales, raw materials, utilities, as well as external conditions (taxes and subsidiaries). The benefits of this research are that it can provide information on the economic feasibility of manufacturing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on a large scale, and can optimize/develop projects for further investigation.

scholarly journals WOOD COMPONENTS AS SOURCES OF PENTO-CONTAINING RAW MATERIALS FOR SYNTHESIS OF USEFUL COMPOUNDS, PRODUCTS AND REAGENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
Irina A. Chetvertneva ◽  
Oleg Kh. Karimov ◽  
Galina A. Teptereva ◽  
Natalia S. Tivas ◽  
Eldar M. Movsumzade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Monomer Unit ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Industry Waste ◽  
Wood Processing

The paper considers the main components and products of wood processing, agricultural waste, pulp and paper industry waste and qualifies them as sources of pentose-containing resource-renewable domestic raw materials. The article describes in detail the structural components of wood as a natural polymer, which contains aromatic and carbohydrate parts. It is noted that these poly-mers are promising as raw materials for the production of useful chemical products. The role of lignin, cellolose and hemicellulose in the design of mechanical and structural properties of wood is considered. The article considers the features of the sulfonation reactions of the lignin monomer unit depending on the pH of the medium: acidic, neutral and alkaline. There are three main reac-tions that occur simultaneously with lignin in the process of wood delignification during sulfite cooking, such as the sulfonation reaction, the hydrolytic destruction reaction, and the condensation reaction. It is shown that the lignin-hemicellulose matrix contains three types of interconnected mesh structures: the lignin itself; a network of covalent bonds of lignin with hemicelluloses, and a network whose structure is obtained due to the hydrogen bond and the forces of the physical inter-action of lignin and hemicelluloses. The features of chemical transformations of the monomeric aromatic link of lignosulfonate – phenylpropane unit in the processes of wood delignification, the main chemical reactions of wood raw material delignification under the conditions of sulfite and neutral-sulfite brews are shown. The method of quantitative determination of monosaccharides in the composition of the carbohydrate part is proposed.

An Improved And Suitable Method For Large Scale Produdcion Of Α-Monochlorocyclodecanone

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhua Ou ◽  
Ruolin Wang ◽  
Ruonan Liu ◽  
Hong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Silica Gel ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Separation Method ◽  
Suitable Method ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Ideal Approach

: α-Monochlorocyclododecanone was synthesized from cyclododecane and 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DCDMH) catalyzed with silica gel in MeOH. The product was obtained by crystallization with nearly 85% yield. The presented method used cheap raw materials, mild reaction conditions, simple separation method and environment-friendly process. Additionally, the current synthesis provided an ideal approach for large-scale production.

WASTE FRYING OIL TRANSESTERIFICATION TREATED BY STEAM DRAG METHOD

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (26) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Daniel Sena MARINS ◽  
Marcos Vinícius Oliveira CARDOSO ◽  
Mara Eliza SANTOS ◽  
Jeferson MASSINHAN
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Conversion Rates

Demand for diversified biodiesel feedstocks is high and increasing, but few are viable for large-scale production, and many of those selected compete with other sectors of the chemical industry. To improve energy and environmental sustainability, fatty acids from waste oils that are improperly disposed of and pollute the environment can be used for transesterification reactions. However, they need treatment to achieve high conversion rates. In this context, the aim of this work was to perform and analyze the treatment of residual frying oil with the evaporation and entrainment process, aiming at its use as raw material to obtain biodiesel (methyl esters) by a transesterification reaction. The physicochemical properties of the residual oil after treatment were characterized by moisture content, pH and the acidity, saponification, iodine, and peroxide index. The conversion rate of the residual oil to methyl esters was determined by 1H NMR analysis. After the treatment, the method of analysis of variance showed that the oil obtained a significant reduction of the saponification, iodine, peroxide and acidity indexes, being the acidity reduced from 9.36 to 7.85 mg KOH g-1. The moisture content of 0.733% and elevation of pH to 8.0. The conversion rate of fatty acid biodiesel of residual oil was 79.3 %, lower value of standards norms (ASTM, 2005; EN, 2008; ANP, 2014), showing that the assigned methodology for frying residual oil is inefficient in biodiesel production.

Strength and Impotence. The Developing Countries and the Development in New Territories

1974 ◽  
Vol 9 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 167-177
Author(s):  
Willy Østreng
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Third World

This article examines the possible political and economic effects of large-scale mineral extraction from the seabed. The findings presented indicate that development in new territories may conceivably serve to exacerbate existing conflict dimensions, notably the North/South dimension in global politics. Because of the developed countries' monopoly on know-how and economic capability, exploration and exploitation of the inorganic resources of the ocean floor has de facto been the exclusive domain of these countries. On the basis of this the author shows that if large-scale production of seabed resources should become a reality in the near future, the underdeveloped countries will be forced to watch it from the sidelines. As a consequence, the exploitation of offshore raw materials will probably contribute to the further widening of the gap between developed and underdeveloped countries. Further commenting on the fact that the latter today are the main producers of the most promising seabed resources, the author expresses the view that exploitation will have a detrimental effect on the economics of the Third World countries, since it might lead to overproduction and price reductions.

scholarly journals Problems of mineral raw material losses of quality and quantity management in developing of large-scale complex-structure deposits.

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Sergei Tkach
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Mineral Raw Material ◽  
Regulatory Documents ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High

The article deals with the problems of mineral raw material losses of quality and quantity management in developing of large-scale complex-structure and composition deposits of solid minerals. It is shown that a very high degree of mining and geological conditions variability in time and space for the development of mining units is typical for such deposits. This significantly complicates the qualitative and quantitative operating losses setting and accounting of mineral raw materials during its extraction in the framework of existing general and industry regulatory documents. Conceptual principles for face-by-face operational setting of losses and impoverishment of minerals for the conditions of bulk mining of complex-structure deposits with the formation of gross mining flow with economically feasible and specified level of quality (the content of commercial and harmful components) are stated. These principles generally do not contradict effective instructions main provisions and are made to minimize the total operating losses during the processing of several mine sections (faces).

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