scholarly journals Low fertility, childlessness and family changes in the first half of the 20th century in France and Belgium

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Brée ◽  
Thierry Eggerickx ◽  
Jean-Paul Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Replacement Level ◽  
Low Levels

RésuméAu cours de l’entre-deux-guerres, la fécondité a chuté à des niveaux très faibles dans de nombreux pays d’Europe occidentale, presque toujours en dessous du niveau de remplacement. Ce phénomène reste pourtant assez peu étudié et c’est pour apporter de nouveaux éléments à sa compréhension que cet article se penche sur la taille de la famille en France et en Belgique pour les générations de femmes nées entre 1872 et 1931 (en distinguant les femmes en fonction de leur état civil), révélant le rôle important de l’infécondité et des petites familles dans les très faibles niveaux de fécondité observés. Un accent particulier est également mis sur le calendrier de la formation de la famille révélant que les très faibles niveaux de fécondité de l’entre-deux-guerres peuvent être expliqués, au moins en partie, par une modification du calendrier de la fécondité.AbstractDuring the interwar period, fertility dropped to very low levels in many western European countries, almost always below the replacement level but not much is known about this phenomenon. To bring new features, this paper focuses on family size in France and in Belgium for cohorts of women born between 1872 and 1931 (distinguishing women according to their marital status), revealing the important role of childlessness and small families in the strong decline in fertility. A particular focus is then placed on the timing of family formation revealing that the very low levels of fertility of the interwar period can be explained, at least in part, by a modification of the timing of fertility. 

The Living Arrangements of Older Residents: The Role of Gender, Marital Status, Age, and Family Size

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Connidis ◽  
Judith Rempel
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Respondent Characteristic

ABSTRACTThis paper reports findings from a study of 400 community-dwelling persons aged 65 and over. The stratified random sample resides in a city in Ontario, Canada, with a population of 260,000. A profile of their living arrangements is presented and then analysed with respect to respondent characteristics. Each of gender, marital status, and age are related to living arrangements at statistically significant levels, but control analyses indicate that gender is the most salient respondent characteristic. The authors argue that these observed gender differences in living arrangements are a reflection of sex role differences in today's older population. To the extent that these roles change, so too will the living arrangements of men and women. For both the present and future, differences by gender must be taken into account in housing and income policies.

scholarly journals Sustaining a Regime of Low Fertility

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Raeside ◽  
Professor Kaberi Gayen
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Contraceptive Knowledge ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Behaviour Data

<p>In several developing countries, notably Bangladesh, fertility rates fell dramatically in the later part of the twentieth century and have sustained at low levels. Traditional socioeconomic models do not fully explain the profile of fertility fall especially for rural areas where well-being has not sufficiently improved.  This paper offers a supplementary explanation that mass media facilitated the diffusion of contraceptive knowledge, leading to an ideological shift to value small families, and social networks especially reciprocal encouragement about contraception practice among network members has helped to sustain this shift. To investigate the role of encouragement of immediate network members in their family planning behaviour, data was gathered using an interview-based survey of 694 women of fertile ages in seven rural Bangladeshi villages. Findings give support to the importance of social networks in maintaining achieved low fertility levels. When there is strong reciprocal encouragement of network members about practicing contraception then using contraception is more likely. This may offer an explanation to sustaining a low fertility regime.</p>

scholarly journals Extreme deprivation and social protection in the EU

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Stefanos Papanastasiou
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Eu

By utilizing SILC data, the paper reveals extreme deprivation trends and patterns and assesses the role of different social protection types in this field across the EU-15. It shows that the extent of extreme deprivation is high in south European countries (and especially Greece), whereas Nordic countries exhibit very low levels. The empirical findings corroborate the significance of social protection in tackling extreme deprivation through both in-cash and particularly in-kind benefits.

scholarly journals Kraj hegemonije i dominacije u Jugoistočnoj Europi

Geoadria ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Damir Magaš
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Core Region ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro

At the end of the 20th century the SE European region was surviving one of the most difficult periods of changing hegemony and dominance circumstances. The disintegration of the communist world and the collapse of former Yugoslavia, as part of the process, could be considered as the result of the new relations among big powers’ hegemonic systems. The NATO spreads to the European east (Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland etc.), which has direct influence on SE Europe. After new countries (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia) had been internationally recognised in 1992, and the loyal Slovenian and Croatian partnership with NATO in the Kosovo action in 1999 was proved, it is obvious that regional hegemony of the Serbia core region does not exist any more. Also Russian (former Soviet) attempts to play the role of the dominant leader in this region have been suppressed to a minimum. The author discusses European Union interests in this zone, and the way European countries include themselves in the process of pacifying and developing the region. After Slovenia joined the European Union in 2004, Bulgaria, Romania, and Croatia are expected to satisfy the conditions for entering EU in next 3 to five years. In the same time Serbia and Montenegro enters a new, more democratic phase of its development. 

scholarly journals POST-TRANSITIONAL FERTILITY: THE ROLE OF CHILDBEARING POSTPONEMENT IN FUELLING THE SHIFT TO LOW AND UNSTABLE FERTILITY LEVELS

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (S1) ◽  
pp. S20-S45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Sobotka
Keyword(s):  
Recent Experience ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Replacement Level ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
Transitional Countries ◽  
Delayed Parenthood ◽  
Cohort Fertility ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Late Childbearing

SummaryThis study discusses fertility trends and variation in countries that completed the transition from high to around-replacement fertility in the 1950s to 1980s, especially in Europe, East Asia and North America, and summarizes the key relevant findings for those countries with a more recent experience of fertility decline towards replacement level. A central finding is that there is no obvious theoretical or empirical threshold around which period fertility tends to stabilize. Period fertility rates usually continue falling once the threshold of replacement fertility is crossed, often to very low levels. While cohort fertility rates frequently stabilize or change gradually, period fertility typically remains unstable. This instability also includes marked upturns and reversals in Total Fertility Rates (TFRs), as experienced in many countries in Europe in the early 2000s. The long-lasting trend towards delayed parenthood is central for understanding diverse, low and unstable post-transitional fertility patterns. In many countries in Europe this shift to a late childbearing pattern has negatively affected the TFR for more than four decades. Many emerging post-transitional countries and regions are likely to experience a similar shift over the next two to three decades, with a depression of their TFRs to very low levels.

scholarly journals Contribuția lui Petre Ștefănucă la dezvoltarea folcloristicii românești din Basarabia interbelică

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
Victor Pletosu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Intangible Cultural Heritage ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Prestigious Journal ◽  
Cultural Life

In this article, the author explains the special role of the ethnologist Petre V. Ştefănucă in creating national folkloric archive. Petre V. Ştefănucă is an illustrious personality of the cultural life in Bessarabia from the first half of the 20th century, who asserted himself through his program to substantiate a historiography of the traditional culture in Romanian. Preservation and promotion of intangible cultural heritage has its roots in the interwar period, by the prodigious activity of Romanian Social Institute in Basarabia, led by Professor Petre Ştefănucă - disciple of Romanian Sociological School of Academician Dimitrie Gusti, who organized monographic research in ethnographic areas: Valea Nistrului de Jos, Câmpia Sorocii, Zona Codrilor and valuable materials published in prestigious journal ,,Anuarul Arhivei de Folclor”.

Social Motives Predict Loneliness During a Developmental Transition

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Nikitin ◽  
Alexandra M. Freund
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
Social Approach ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
Developmental Transitions ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract. Establishing new social relationships is important for mastering developmental transitions in young adulthood. In a 2-year longitudinal study with four measurement occasions (T1: n = 245, T2: n = 96, T3: n = 103, T4: n = 85), we investigated the role of social motives in college students’ mastery of the transition of moving out of the parental home, using loneliness as an indicator of poor adjustment to the transition. Students with strong social approach motivation reported stable and low levels of loneliness. In contrast, students with strong social avoidance motivation reported high levels of loneliness. However, this effect dissipated relatively quickly as most of the young adults adapted to the transition over a period of several weeks. The present study also provides evidence for an interaction between social approach and social avoidance motives: Social approach motives buffered the negative effect on social well-being of social avoidance motives. These results illustrate the importance of social approach and social avoidance motives and their interplay during developmental transitions.

Social and Temporal Comparisons as Moderators of Psychological Resources Associations With Wellbeing

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasida Ben-Zur
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Psychological Resources ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Age Range ◽  
General Wellbeing

Abstract. The current study investigated the associations of psychological resources, social comparisons, and temporal comparisons with general wellbeing. The sample included 142 community participants (47.9% men; age range 23–83 years), who compared themselves with others, and with their younger selves, on eight dimensions (e.g., physical health, resilience). They also completed questionnaires assessing psychological resources of mastery and self-esteem, and three components of subjective wellbeing: life satisfaction and negative and positive affect. The main results showed that high levels of psychological resources contributed to wellbeing, with self-enhancing social and temporal comparisons moderating the effects of resources on certain wellbeing components. Specifically, under low levels of mastery or self-esteem self-enhancing social or temporal comparisons were related to either higher life satisfaction or positive affect. The results highlight the role of resources and comparisons in promoting people’s wellbeing, and suggest that self-enhancing comparisons function as cognitive coping mechanisms when psychological resources are low.

The Great Reform and the Fate of Capitalism in Russia (On the 150th Anniversary of the Emancipation Reform)

2011 ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
M. Voeikov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
150Th Anniversary ◽  
In The Beginning

The paper deals with the problem of the establishment of capitalism in Russia in the late 19 - early 20th centuries. Using a wide array of historical research and documents the author argues that the thesis on the advanced state of capitalism in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century does not stand up to historical scrutiny, and the role of the famous Emancipation reform of 1861 appears to be of limited importance.

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