scholarly journals “We Never Get Stuck:” A Collaborative Analysis of Change and Coastal Community Subsistence Practices in the Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas, Alaska

ARCTIC ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-126
Author(s):  
Henry P. Huntington ◽  
Julie Raymond-Yakoubian ◽  
George Noongwook ◽  
Noah Naylor ◽  
Cyrus Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chukchi Sea ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Indigenous Leadership ◽  
Northern Bering Sea ◽  
High Degree

The Indigenous communities of the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea are experiencing extensive social, economic, and technological change. The region’s marine ecosystem is also characterized by a high degree of variability and by rapid change. Residents of eight coastal communities from Savoonga to Utqiaġvik were involved in the Chukchi Coastal Communities Project, which used the results of a literature review together with the experiences of the community participants to co-analyze what is known about societal and environmental change in the region and what the communities’ experiences have been in responding to those changes. Some of the observed changes are transient in duration and effect, such as the passage of an individual ship, whereas others, such as the creation of the Red Dog Mine Port Site, persist and may force coastal residents to make lasting changes in their activities. Some responses can use existing knowledge (e.g., hunting bowhead whales in fall as well as spring), whereas others may require learning and experimentation (e.g., harvesting new species such as the Hanasaki crab). Our findings show that the results of a change are more important than the source of the change. They also emphasize the continuing importance of traditional values and practices as well as attitudes conducive to persistence and innovation. Indigenous leadership is an essential component of continued resilience as the ecosystem continues to change. The resilient characteristics of coastal communities and their ability to determine their own responses to change need greater attention to match the research effort directed at understanding the ecosystem. 

scholarly journals Distribution of Arctic and Pacific copepods and their habitat in the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 18661-18691 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sasaki ◽  
K. Matsuno ◽  
A. Fujiwara ◽  
M. Onuka ◽  
A. Yamaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Chukchi Sea ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
High Salinity Water ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Northern Bering Sea ◽  
Salinity Water

Abstract. The advection of warm Pacific water and the reduction of sea-ice extent in the western Arctic Ocean may influence the abundance and distribution of copepods, i.e., a key component in food webs. To understand the factors affecting abundance of copepods in the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea, we constructed habitat models explaining the spatial patterns of the large and small Arctic copepods and the Pacific copepods, separately, using generalized additive models. Copepods were sampled by NORPAC net. Vertical profiles of density, temperature and salinity in the seawater were measured using CTD, and concentration of chlorophyll a in seawater was measured with a fluorometer. The timing of sea-ice retreat was determined using the satellite image. To quantify the structure of water masses, the magnitude of pycnocline and averaged density, temperature and salinity in upper and bottom layers were scored along three axes using principal component analysis (PCA). The structures of water masses indexed by the scores of PCAs were selected as explanatory variables in the best models. Large Arctic copepods were abundant in the water mass with high salinity water in bottom layer or with cold/low salinity water in upper layer and cold/high salinity water in bottom layer, and small Arctic copepods were abundant in the water mass with warm/saline water in upper layer and cold/high salinity water in bottom layers, while Pacific copepods were abundant in the water mass with warm/saline in upper layer and cold/high salinity water in bottom layer. All copepod groups were abundant in areas with deeper depth. Although chlorophyll a in upper and bottom layers were selected as explanatory variables in the best models, apparent trends were not observed. All copepod groups were abundant where the sea-ice retreated at earlier timing. Our study might indicate potential positive effects of the reduction of sea-ice extent on the distribution of all groups of copepods in the Arctic Ocean.

Values, Constraints, and Maneuvers

2021 ◽  
pp. 170-191
Author(s):  
Tehila Kalagy
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Academic Institutions ◽  
Female Model ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Education Academic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Degree

For about a decade, ultra-Orthodox and Bedouin women have been applying to higher education academic institutions in Israel in order to study despite bans from their conservative communities. Academic studies instill learning and culture, create an encounter with knowledge for the individual and thus carry a high degree of threat to the rigid conservative enclave. This article examines how conservative societies cope with the wheels of change as the process of higher education for women expands. The case studies in this article are 60 educated women from Jewish ultra-Orthodox society and from Negev Bedouin groups in Israel. As shown by the findings, a theoretical flow model based on three parameters emerges: value-constraint-maneuver. In summary, it appears that this model reflects the development of a new conservative female model that combines traditional values with contemporary indicators.

scholarly journals Demystifying Social Bots: On the Intelligence of Automated Social Media Actors

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 205630512093926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Assenmacher ◽  
Lena Clever ◽  
Lena Frischlich ◽  
Thorsten Quandt ◽  
Heike Trautmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Supportive Nature ◽  
Shed Light

Recently, social bots, (semi-) automatized accounts in social media, gained global attention in the context of public opinion manipulation. Dystopian scenarios like the malicious amplification of topics, the spreading of disinformation, and the manipulation of elections through “opinion machines” created headlines around the globe. As a consequence, much research effort has been put into the classification and detection of social bots. Yet, it is still unclear how easy an average online media user can purchase social bots, which platforms they target, where they originate from, and how sophisticated these bots are. This work provides a much needed new perspective on these questions. By providing insights into the markets of social bots in the clearnet and darknet as well as an exhaustive analysis of freely available software tools for automation during the last decade, we shed light on the availability and capabilities of automated profiles in social media platforms. Our results confirm the increasing importance of social bot technology but also uncover an as yet unknown discrepancy of theoretical and practically achieved artificial intelligence in social bots: while literature reports on a high degree of intelligence for chat bots and assumes the same for social bots, the observed degree of intelligence in social bot implementations is limited. In fact, the overwhelming majority of available services and software are of supportive nature and merely provide modules of automation instead of fully fledged “intelligent” social bots.

scholarly journals From sea ice to seals: a moored marine ecosystem observatory in the Arctic

Ocean Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1423-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudine Hauri ◽  
Seth Danielson ◽  
Andrew M. P. McDonnell ◽  
Russell R. Hopcroft ◽  
Peter Winsor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Chukchi Sea ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Zooplankton Abundance ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Ecosystem Monitoring ◽  
Cold Temperatures

Abstract. Although Arctic marine ecosystems are changing rapidly, year-round monitoring is currently very limited and presents multiple challenges unique to this region. The Chukchi Ecosystem Observatory (CEO) described here uses new sensor technologies to meet needs for continuous, high-resolution, and year-round observations across all levels of the ecosystem in the biologically productive and seasonally ice-covered Chukchi Sea off the northwest coast of Alaska. This mooring array records a broad suite of variables that facilitate observations, yielding better understanding of physical, chemical, and biological couplings, phenologies, and the overall state of this Arctic shelf marine ecosystem. While cold temperatures and 8 months of sea ice cover present challenging conditions for the operation of the CEO, this extreme environment also serves as a rigorous test bed for innovative ecosystem monitoring strategies. Here, we present data from the 2015–2016 CEO deployments that provide new perspectives on the seasonal evolution of sea ice, water column structure, and physical properties, annual cycles in nitrate, dissolved oxygen, phytoplankton blooms, and export, zooplankton abundance and vertical migration, the occurrence of Arctic cod, and vocalizations of marine mammals such as bearded seals. These integrated ecosystem observations are being combined with ship-based observations and modeling to produce a time series that documents biological community responses to changing seasonal sea ice and water temperatures while establishing a scientific basis for ecosystem management.

scholarly journals From sea ice to seals: A moored marine ecosystem observatory in the Arctic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudine Hauri ◽  
Seth Danielson ◽  
Andrew M. P. McDonnell ◽  
Russell R. Hopcroft ◽  
Peter Winsor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Chukchi Sea ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Zooplankton Abundance ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Ecosystem Monitoring ◽  
Cold Temperatures

Abstract. Although Arctic marine ecosystems are changing rapidly, year-round monitoring is currently very limited and presents multiple challenges unique to this region. The Chukchi Ecosystem Observatory (CEO) described here uses new sensor technologies to meet needs for continuous, high resolution, and year-round observations across all levels of the ecosystem in the biologically productive and seasonally ice-covered Chukchi Sea off the northwest coast of Alaska. This mooring array records a broad suite of parameters that facilitate observations, yielding better understanding of physical, chemical and biological couplings, phenologies, and the overall state of this Arctic shelf marine ecosystem. While cold temperatures and eight months of sea ice cover present challenging conditions for the operation of the CEO, this extreme environment also serves as a rigorous test bed for innovative ecosystem monitoring strategies. Here, we present data from the 2015–16 CEO deployments that provide new perspectives on the seasonal evolution of sea ice, water column structure and physical properties, annual cycles in nitrate, dissolved oxygen, phytoplankton blooms and export, zooplankton abundance and vertical migration, the occurrence of Arctic cod, and vocalizations of marine mammals such as bearded seals. These integrated ecosystem observations are being combined with ship-based observations and modeling to produce a time-series that documents biological community responses to changing seasonal sea ice and water temperatures while establishing a scientific basis for ecosystem management.

Socio-cultural system of the region (sociological analisys)

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Тришина ◽  
Tatyana Trishina ◽  
Павлова ◽  
Olga Pavlova ◽  
Реутов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Demand ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Cultural System ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Mass Consciousness ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Degree

The socio-cultural system in the Belgorod region, as follows from the results of sociology research, is characterized by stability and integrity. To a certain extent, it is a result of preserving the significant share of traditionalism in public consciousness. The moral guidelines for most citizens in the region are set by prevailing norms in society, which have a high degree of rejection of various social deviations. Currently, there is a transformation of traditional values and practices in «modern» ones - with the leading role of individualism, escalating consumer demand and gradual refusal from the comprehensive state regulation. However, orientation to the stability, not to the change, is the dominant of mass consciousness.

Environmental Controls of Marine Food Webs: Food Habits of Seabirds in the Eastern Chukchi Sea

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1202-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan M. Springer ◽  
David G. Roseneau ◽  
Edward C. Murphy ◽  
Martha I. Springer
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Chukchi Sea ◽  
Sand Lance ◽  
Environmental Fluctuation ◽  
Northern Bering Sea ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
Common Murres ◽  
Average Size

Food habits of thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia), common murres (U. aalge), and black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) were examined at two breeding colonies in the eastern Chukchi Sea between 1976 and 1980. Cods (Gadidae), sculpins (Cottidae), sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus), and capelin (Mallotus villosus) were the dominant (biomass) prey of thick-billed murres. Cods, sand lance, and capelin were the dominant prey of common murres and kittiwakes. Annual changes in the consumption of fishes by murres and kittiwakes suggest that available fish biomass in the eastern Chukchi Sea was low in 1976 and 1977, but increased each year through 1979 and 1980. The average size of several taxa of fishes eaten by the birds increased also between most years. Invertebrates were less important than fishes in all years, were eaten most frequently by thick-billed murres, and were eaten more frequently in 1976–77 than in 1978–79. A pattern of climatic cooling in the early 1970's followed by warming in the second half of the decade caused annual differences in the extent and duration of sea ice, and apparently in the spacial and temporal development of Alaskan Coastal Water, a major oceanographic feature of the Bering–Chukchi shelf. Fluctuations in the physical environment could have led to changes in fish populations through direct physiological and behavioral effects, or indirectly by altering the abundance of important zooplankton prey populations. Variability in the reproductive success of murres and kittiwakes in the northern Bering Sea and eastern Chukchi Sea corresponded with the apparent changes in fish stocks: reproductive success was very low in 1976 but improved in successive years. Short-term responses of seabirds to environmental fluctuation and its proposed effect on supporting food webs suggest that the stability of regional seabird populations could also be affected by long-term changes in weather and climate.

scholarly journals Gender Roles by the Sambal-Bolinao in Their Traditional Herbal Healing in Bolinao, Pangasinan, Northern Philippines

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Irene A. De Vera ◽  
W T Fajardo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Plant Conservation ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Cultural Preservation ◽  
Ethnobotanical Knowledge ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
The One

Transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge is needed for cultural preservation and biodiversity conservation. Nowadays, this is seriously threatened by globalization which is evident in tropical areas due to influence of Western culture leading to rapid change in indigenous individual and the community. Several factors were attributed and associated with the use of plants in the indigenous communities which includes biological, ecological and socio-cultural with the inclusion of techniques, practices, religion and age. Moreover, gender influences the ethnobotanical knowledge and the structure of local medical systems. The study aimed to assess the gender roles, sanitation practice, and lifestyle of Sambal-Bolinao in their traditional herbal healing. Specifically, it sought to determine the traditional herbal healers’ profile, gender roles; and sanitation practice and lifestyle. Descriptive research technique was employed in gathering data. All traditional herbal healers in the municipality of Bolinao were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 19 managtambal; 11 males and 8 females. The Sambal-Bolinao Roman Catholic believers appreciated the practice of traditional herbal healing. They extended their roles as plant gatherers, keepers of the plant parts gathered, washers of the plant parts prior to treatment, managers of the plant parts wastes and as plant conservationist either through plant propagation and personal campaign on plant conservation. Majority of women traditional herbal healers did not transmit their ethnobotanical knowledge to their children and relatives due to their multiple burden case and perceived economic difficulty for their children. Men traditional herbal healers were the one transmitting their ethnobotanical knowledge to their family members.

scholarly journals Impact of a warm anomaly in the Pacific Arctic region derived from time-series export fluxes

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255837
Author(s):  
Catherine Lalande ◽  
Jacqueline M. Grebmeier ◽  
Andrew M. P. McDonnell ◽  
Russell R. Hopcroft ◽  
Stephanie O’Daly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Bering Sea ◽  
Chukchi Sea ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Biological Pump ◽  
Northern Bering Sea ◽  
Pacific Waters ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Impact

Unusually warm conditions recently observed in the Pacific Arctic region included a dramatic loss of sea ice cover and an enhanced inflow of warmer Pacific-derived waters. Moored sediment traps deployed at three biological hotspots of the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) during this anomalously warm period collected sinking particles nearly continuously from June 2017 to July 2019 in the northern Bering Sea (DBO2) and in the southern Chukchi Sea (DBO3), and from August 2018 to July 2019 in the northern Chukchi Sea (DBO4). Fluxes of living algal cells, chlorophyll a (chl a), total particulate matter (TPM), particulate organic carbon (POC), and zooplankton fecal pellets, along with zooplankton and meroplankton collected in the traps, were used to evaluate spatial and temporal variations in the development and composition of the phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in relation to sea ice cover and water temperature. The unprecedented sea ice loss of 2018 in the northern Bering Sea led to the export of a large bloom dominated by the exclusively pelagic diatoms Chaetoceros spp. at DBO2. Despite this intense bloom, early sea ice breakup resulted in shorter periods of enhanced chl a and diatom fluxes at all DBO sites, suggesting a weaker biological pump under reduced ice cover in the Pacific Arctic region, while the coincident increase or decrease in TPM and POC fluxes likely reflected variations in resuspension events. Meanwhile, the highest transport of warm Pacific waters during 2017–2018 led to a dominance of the small copepods Pseudocalanus at all sites. Whereas the export of ice-associated diatoms during 2019 suggested a return to more typical conditions in the northern Bering Sea, the impact on copepods persisted under the continuously enhanced transport of warm Pacific waters. Regardless, the biological pump remained strong on the shallow Pacific Arctic shelves.

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