Implications for Provenance since the Last Glaciations in Southeastern Andaman Sea Sediments by Clay Mineralogy

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Suratta BUNSOMBOONSAKUL ◽  
Penjai SOMPONGCHAIYAKUL ◽  
Zhifei LIU ◽  
Akkaneewut CHABANGBORN ◽  
Anond SNIDVONGS
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Andaman Sea ◽  
Interglacial Period ◽  
Provenance Analysis ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Core Mass ◽  
Fine Grained

This study presents high-resolution clay mineralogy of Core MASS-III-10, located in the southeastern Andaman Sea. The study aimed to investigate terrigenous sedimentary input from various potential provenances throughout different periods of geological time. The clay mineral assemblages of MASS-III-10 reveal a high amount of smectite at 73% (65-79%), a moderate kaolinite at 12% (10-17%), and a low illite and chlorite content(<15%) over the last 45 ka. Provenance analysis suggests the most fine-grained terrigenous sediments originated from the Irrawaddy Delta Shelf (IDS), with minor sediments deriving from the Andaman Islands, the East Continental Shelf (ECS), and Sumatra provenance. The results show that IDS were predominantly smectite (~44%) while the ECS largely produced kaolinite (47%). The provenance interpretation based on the smectite content revealed that over time there has been no change in the main source of sediment in the Andaman Sea, despite changes in the volume of sedimentary input. Since the last glaciation, the Myanmar provenance (including IDS) has always contributed clay minerals, while other sources made up only minor contributions to the Andaman Sea. The clay minerals from the Myanmar provenance increased when the sea level was at a low stand (MIS 2), potentially due to shoreline retreat which enabled easier transportation of sediment from other sources. During the interglacial period (MIS 1 and 3), the study found a decrease in Myanmar-sourced clay minerals, which may be because the higher sea level made clay mineral deposition more difficult.

Clay mineral distribution related to rift activity, sea-level changes and paleoceanography in the Cretaceous of the Atlantic Ocean

Clay Minerals ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Thiry ◽  
T. Jacquin
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Deep Sea Sediments ◽  
Bottom Waters

AbstractThe distribution of clay minerals from the N and S Atlantic Cretaceous deep-sea sediments is related to rifting, sea-floor spreading, sea-level variations and paleoceanography. Four main clay mineral suites were identified: two are inherited and indicative of ocean geodynamics, whereas the others result from transformation and authigenesis and are diagnostic of Cretaceous oceanic depositional environments. Illite and chlorite, together with interstratified illite-smectite and smectite occur above the sea-floor basalts and illustrate the contribution of volcanoclastic materials of basaltic origin to the sediments. Kaolinite, with variable amounts of illite, chlorite, smectite and interstratified minerals, indicates detrital inputs from continents near the platform margins. Kaolinite decreases upward in the series due to open marine environments and basin deepening. It may increase in volume during specific time intervals corresponding to periods of falling sea-level during which overall facies regression and erosion of the surrounding platforms occurred. Smectite is the most abundant clay mineral in the Cretaceous deep-sea sediments. Smectite-rich deposits correlate with periods of relatively low sedimentation rates. As paleoweathering profiles and basal deposits at the bottom of Cretaceous transgressive formations are mostly kaolinitic, smectite cannot have been inherited from the continents. Smectite is therefore believed to have formed in the ocean by transformation and recrystallization of detrital materials during early diagenesis. Because of the slow rate of silicate reactions, transformation of clay minerals requires a long residence time of the particles at the water/sediment interface; this explains the relationships between the observed increases in smectite with long-term sea-level rises that tend to starve the basinal settings of sedimentation. Palygorskite, along with dolomite, is relatively common in the N and S Atlantic Cretaceous sediments. It is not detrital because correlative shelf deposits are devoid of palygorskite. Palygorskite is diagnostic of Mg-rich environments and is indicative of the warm and hypersaline bottom waters of the Cretaceous Atlantic ocean.

Jurassic clay mineral assemblages and their post-depositional alteration: upper Great Estuarine Group, Scotland

1987 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian E. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Water Circulation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Geothermal Gradients ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Igneous Intrusions ◽  
Mineral Assemblages

AbstractClay minerals from Middle Jurassic lagoonal mudrocks, siltstones and silty fine-grained sandstones of the upper Great Estuarine Group (Bathonian) are divided into four assemblages. Assemblage 1, the most common assemblage, is rich in mixed-layer illite–smectite with attendant illite and kaolinite. Assemblage 2 is dominated by smectitic clay. These assemblages are indicative of primary Jurassic deposition. Illite and kaolinite were probably derived from the weathering of older rocks and soils in the basin hinterland and were deposited in the lagoons as river-borne detritus. The majority of smectite and mixed-layer illite–smectite is interpreted as the argillization product of Jurassic volcanic dust, also deposited in the lagoons by rivers. Near major Tertiary igneous intrusions these depositional clay mineral assemblages have been altered. Assemblage 3 contains smectite-poor mixed-layer illite–smectite, whilst Assemblage 4 contains no smectitic clay at all. Destruction of smectite interlayers occurred at relatively shallow burial depths (< 2500 m) due to enhanced geothermal gradients and local convective hot-water circulation cells associated with the major Tertiary igneous intrusions.

Clay minerals in onshore and offshore strata of the British Isles: origins and clay mineral stratigraphy

Clay Minerals ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. V. Jeans ◽  
R. J. Merriman
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Mineral Research ◽  
Mineral Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
First Time ◽  
Source Of Information

AbstractThe publication of The Clay Mineralogy of British Sediments by Perrin in 1971 collated several decades of clay mineral research in the British Isles and for the first time presented all the data in a stratigraphical framework. While it quickly became a useful source of information for geologists, engineers and soil scientists, it also revealed many gaps in clay mineral data through the geological succession, stimulating further research. Within ten years of publication, a successor to Perrin's book was under discussion by the Clay Minerals Group. Inevitably, the enthusiasm for the concept of the project gave way to the patience of a long gestation. A successor to Perrin (1971) became a standing item on the agenda of Clay Minerals Group Committee meetings, and the bane of many a Chairman's three years in office. By the mid-1990s the project began to show real progress, gathering momentum from the success of an international series of 'Cambridge clay mineral diagenesis conferences' (1981, 1984, 1986, 1989, 1993, 1998) that were supported by the oil industry. A timely injection of financial support from the Joint Association for Petroleum Exploration Courses (JAPEC) ensured a successful conclusion for the project.The cost of publication has been borne by three sponsors: the Clay Minerals Group, JAPEC (UK: training), and the Mineralogical Society. Consequently, the financing of this Special Volume of Clay Minerals is entirely independent of the usual costs of publishing the journal. We owe our particular thanks to Kevin Murphy, Editorial Manager, for his care and humour in guiding Clay minerals in onshore and offshore strata of the British Isles through publication.

Clay-Mineral Assemblages from Late Quaternary Deposits on Vancouver Island, Southwestern British Columbia, Canada

1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertrand Blaise
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Sedimentary Environment ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Glacial Deposits ◽  
Mineral Contents

AbstractOn Vancouver Island, the Dashwood Drift, Cowichan Head Formation, Quadra Sand, and Vashon Drift were deposited during late Pleistocene glacial and interstadial periods and show large variations in clay-mineral contents partly related to changing climatic conditions. Glacial deposits are characterized by iron-rich chlorite, illite (both well crystallized), and smectite with a morphology reflecting rapid derivation from volcanic rocks. The clay mineralogy of nonglacial deposits is more complex, and is marked by the presence of vermiculite, kaolinite, halloysite, and irregular mixed-layer minerals. Nonglacial clay minerals are poorly preserved and show a higher state of alteration due to pedogenesis. Large variations in nonglacial deposits compared to glacial deposits are also due to secondary factors such as selective sorting, soil and rock source variations, differences in sedimentary environment, and diagenesis. These secondary factors do not seem to obliterate significantly the climatic imprint on the clay minerals. These studies also permit the recognition of glacially reworked sediments, the determination of relationships between two units in the same section, and the establishment of the conditions of clay-mineral formation.

Spatial and temporal distributions of clay minerals in mud deposits on the inner shelf of the East China Sea: Implications for paleoenvironmental changes in the Holocene

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengfa Liu ◽  
Xuefa Shi ◽  
Xisheng Fang ◽  
Yanguang Dou ◽  
Yanguang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
East China Sea ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
East China ◽  
The East China Sea ◽  
Inner Shelf ◽  
Research Project ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Fine Sediments

&lt;p&gt;We present a paleoclimatic reconstruction for the Holocene by clay mineral analyses of sediments from core MZ02 retrieved from the mud area of the inner continental shelf of the East China Sea (ECS). The clay minerals mainly consist of illite (66%-79%) and chlorite (12%-19%), with minor kaolinite (7%-13%) and smectite (0-6%). Provenance analysis suggests that the illite-dominated clay minerals were derived mainly from the detrital outputs of the Changjiang, Minjiang, and small rivers from Taiwan Island. Our study indicates that the sea level rise since the last glacial, the strength of the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) and Chinese Coastal Current (CCC) have controlled the dispersal and deposition of clay minerals on the ECS, that in turn determined the clay mineral compositions in the core sediments. During 13,000-9500 BP, due to the lower sea level and shorter distance between these three estuaries and core MZ02, fine sediments on the inner shelf of the ECS were primarily supplied by mixed provenances from the Changjiang, Taiwanese, and Minjiang rivers. During the early Holocene (9500-6200 BP), stronger sediment reworking and erosion at the shelf edge was responsible for the increased lateral transport of fine sediments in the ECS, which lead to a dominance of the sediment source from the Changjiang, while the Taiwanese and Minjiang rivers only provided minor components of detrital sediment to the shelf. Increased strength of TWC might have played an important role in the sediment dispersal and deposition on the inner shelf of the ECS during 6200-2400 BP, with a dominance of more than 60% sediments transported from Taiwanese rivers. Furthermore, our study implies that the Asian monsoon and the weakening of TWC were linked to the abrupt increase of Changjiang and Minjiang derived terrigenous detritus materials since 2400 BP.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acknowledgments&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This work was supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China (No.41106063), Science and Technology Basic Special Program of China (No.2008FY220300), Marine Public Welfare Research Project of China (No.200805063), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.20100481304) and Coastal Investigation and Research Project of China (No. 908-01-CJ12).&lt;/p&gt;

Clay mineralogy of the Permo-Triassic strata of the British Isles: onshore and offshore

Clay Minerals ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. V. Jeans
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Mineral Assemblages ◽  
Red Bed

AbstractThe regional distribution, mineralogy, petrology and chemistry of the detrital and authigenic clay minerals associated with the Permo-Triassic strata (excluding the Rotliegend: see Ziegler, 2006; this volume), of the onshore and offshore regions of the British Isles are reviewed within their stratigraphical framework. The origin of these clay minerals is discussed in relation to current hypotheses on the developments of the Mg-rich clay mineral assemblages associated with the evaporitic red-bed Germanic facies of Europe and North Africa.Composite clay mineral successions are described for seven regions of the British Isles — the Western Approaches Trough; SW England; South Midlands; Central Midlands; the Cheshire Basin; NE Yorkshire; and the Central North Sea. The detrital clay mineral assemblages of the Early Permian strata are variable, consisting of mica, smectite, smectite-mica, kaolin and chlorite, whereas those of the Late Permian and the Trias are dominated by mica, usually in association with minor Fe-rich chlorite. The detrital mica consists of a mixture of penecontemporaneous ferric mica, probably of pedogenic origin, and recycled Pre-Permian mica. In the youngest Triassic strata (Rhaetian), the detrital clay assemblages may contain appreciable amounts of poorly defined collapsible minerals (irregular mixed-layer smectite-mica-vermiculite) and kaolin, giving them a Jurassic aspect. There are two types of authigenic clay mineral assemblages. Kaolin may occur as a late-stage diagenetic mineral where the original Permo-Triassic porewaters of the sediment have been replaced by meteoritic waters. A suite of early-stage diagenetic clay minerals, many of them Mg-rich, are linked to the evaporitic red-bed facies — these include sepiolite, palygorskite, smectite, irregular mixed- layer smectite-mica and smectite-chlorite, corrensite, chlorite and glauconite (sensu lato). The sandstones and mudstones of the onshore regions of the British Isles display little or no difference in their detrital and authigenic clay mineral assemblages. In contrast, the sandstones of the offshore regions (North Sea) show major differences with the presence of extensive chloritic cements containing Mg-rich and Al-rich chlorite, irregular mixed-layer serpentine-chlorite, and mica.

Complex permittivity and clay mineralogy of grain-size fractions in a wet silt soil

Geophysics ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. J1-J13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Arcone ◽  
Steven Grant ◽  
Ginger Boitnott ◽  
Benjamin Bostick
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Complex Permittivity ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Grain Size Fractions

We determined the complex permittivity and clay mineralogy of grain-size fractions in a wet silt soil. We used one clay-size fraction and three silt-size fractions, measured permittivity with low error from [Formula: see text] with time-domain spectroscopy, and estimated mineral weight percentages using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The volumetric water contents were near 30%, and the temperature was [Formula: see text]. For the whole soil, standard fractionation procedures yielded 2.4% clay-size particles by weight, but XRD showed that the phyllosilicate clay minerals kaolinite, illite, and smectite made up 17% and were significantly present in all fractions. Above approximately [Formula: see text], all real parts were similar. Below approximately [Formula: see text], the real and imaginary permittivities increased with decreasing grain size as frequency decreased, and the imaginary parts became dominated by direct-current conduction. Similarly, below approximately [Formula: see text], the measured permittivity of montmorillonite, a common smectite, dominated that of the other clay minerals. Total clay mineral and smectite mass fractions consistently increased with decreasing grain size. Below [Formula: see text], a model with progressively increasing amounts of water and parameters characteristic of montmorillonite matches the data well for all fractions, predicts permittivities characteristic of free water in smectite structural galleries, and shows that the similar real parts above [Formula: see text] are caused by a small suppression of the high-frequency static value of water permittivity by the smectite. We conclude that the clay mineral content, particularly smectite, appears to be responsible for permittivity variations between grain-size fractions. Small model mismatches in real permittivity near the low-frequency end and the greater fractions of kaolinite and illite suggest that the total clay mineral content might have been important for the coarser fractions.

Clay mineral assemblages in flysch from the Campo de Gibraltar area (Spain)

Clay Minerals ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Ruiz Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Mineral Assemblages ◽  
Climatic Cooling

AbstractIn order to determine the relative influence of palaeoenvironmental and diagenetic processes in clay assemblages, as well as their significance, both fine- and coarse-grained sediments from the Campo de Gibraltar flysch have been studied by means of X-ray diffraction, optical and electron microscopy, and chemical analysis. Diagenetic modifications appear to be lithologically controlled and mainly affect coarse-grained sediments, where Fe-chlorites, illite and kaolinite are the more characteristic authigenic clay minerals. The evolution of detrital assemblages, determined in fine-grained beds, indicates that, from Cretaceous to Eocene times, clay mineralogy, characterized by the opposite kaolinite+smectite and illite + I-S mixed-layer assemblages, was mainly controlled by sources, climate and transport processes. On the other hand, from the Oligocene, clay mineral assemblages, characterized either by the abundance of kaolinite, or by the illite+chlorite association, mainly reflect the petrology of source rocks, as a consequence of climatic cooling and the increasing tectonic activity, which impede the development of soils.

scholarly journals Quantitative clay mineralogy as a tool for lithostratigraphy of Neogene Formations in Belgium: a reconnaissance study

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rieko ADRIAENS ◽  
Noël VANDENBERGHE
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Natural Radioactivity ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Soil Material ◽  
Lithostratigraphic Units ◽  
Borehole Logs

Although the main stratigraphic frame of the Neogene in North Belgium is well established still several issues remain. This is in particular the case at the boundaries of lithostratigraphic units and where lateral facies have developed. Not only are more biostratigraphic data needed but also the commonly used geophysical well logging needs a better information on the precise influence of the variable mineralogy in the sediments. In particular glauconite, muscovite and clay mineralogy need a detailed analysis. Such an analysis is carried out on the Antwerp Member of the Berchem Formation, the Diest Formation, the Kasterlee Formation and the Mol Formation with particular emphasis on the boundary intervals between these units. Clay minerals, glauconite, feldspars and muscovite are analyzed. Interstratified glauconite/smectite appears to be common in the low abundant dispersed clay fraction of sand rich in glauconite pellets. Marine units generally consist of detrital smectite-rich assemblages while kaolinite becomes more abundant in units under more continental influence. The presence of Fe-rich vermiculite in a clayey top facies of the Diest Formation indicates the influx of soil material containing weathered glauconite. It is common to find that the basal sediments of a new unit contain the mineralogical heritage of the underlying unit. The clay mineral content has helped to differentiate between units, to locate the boundaries between units and to understand the reworking that occurred at the base of new stratigraphic units. The mineralogical information can also be used to interpret the natural radioactivity and resistivity signals in the borehole logs.

CLAY MINERALS IN CANADIAN SOILS: THEIR ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION AND ALTERATION

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. KODAMA
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
The Past ◽  
Canadian Soils ◽  
Soil Clay ◽  
Mineral Alteration ◽  
Physiographic Regions

A literature survey was conducted to collect mineralogical data of Canadian soils. In the past 40 years, clay mineralogical data of varying precision have been reported for approximately 1200 samples from more than 380 pedons. Based on the data, (1) the distribution of clay minerals was examined physiographically, (2) an investigation was made to relate specific changes in clay minerals of pedons within a physiographic region to taxonomy, and (3) a comparison was made of the clay mineral alteration in the pedons of the same order in different physiographic regions. The results indicated that virtually no or minor alterations of clay minerals had occurred in pedons of many Canadian soils with the exception of Podzolic soils and to a limited extent, Brunisolic, Luvisolic and Gleysolic soils. In the Podzolic soils, chlorite disappeared or diminished in surface horizons, and micas and possibly some chlorites were transformed by hydration into partially or fully expansible clay minerals. For general soil clay mineral characterization, the analyses of one subsoil sample of a pedon would appear to be adequate for most soil orders. However, clay mineralogy has a potential to go much further in distinguishing minor changes and subtle differences in clay minerals. Such information would be useful in specific studies of soil development and in assessing trends in early stages of weathering. The current priorities of soil clay mineralogy in Canada should be improvement of methods of quantification and increasing the standardization of methodology and interpretation of results.

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