scholarly journals Thermal Decomposition and Kinetic Studies of Pyrolysis of Spirulina Platensis Residue

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Jamilatun ◽  
Budhijanto Budhijanto ◽  
Rochmadi Rochmadi ◽  
Arief Budiman
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
One Step ◽  
Dta Curves ◽  
Heat Requirement ◽  
Dta Curve

 Analysis of thermal decomposition and pyrolisis reaction kinetics of Spirulina platensis residue (SPR) was performed using Thermogravimetric Analyzer. Thermal decomposition was conducted with the heating rate of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50oC/min from 30 to 1000oC. Thermogravimetric (TG), Differential Thermal Gravimetric (DTG), and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) curves were then obtained. Each of the curves was divided into 3 stages. In Stage I, water vapor was released in endothermic condition. Pyrolysis occurred in exothermic condition in Stage II, which was divided into two zones according to the weight loss rate, namely zone 1 and zone 2. It was found that gasification occurred in Stage III in endothermic condition. The heat requirement and heat release on thermal decomposition of SPR are described by DTA curve, where 3 peaks were obtained for heating rate 10, 20 and 30°C/min and 2 peaks for 40 and 50°C/min, all peaks present in Zone 2. As for the DTG curve, 2 peaks were obtained in Zone 1 for similar heating rates variation. On the other hand, thermal decomposition of proteins and carbohydrates is indicated by the presence of peaks on the DTG curve, where lignin decomposition do not occur due to the low lipid content of SPR (0.01wt%). The experiment results and calculations using one-step global model successfully showed that the activation energy (Ea) for the heating rate of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50oC/min for zone 1 were 35.455, 41.102, 45.702, 47.892 and 47.562 KJ/mol, respectively, and for zone 2 were 0.0001428, 0.0001240, 0.0000179, 0.0000100 and 0.0000096 KJ/mol, respectively.Keywords: Spirulina platensis residue (SPR), Pyrolysis, Thermal decomposition, Peak, Activation energy.Article History: Received June 15th 2017; Received in revised form August 12th 2017; Accepted August 20th 2017; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Jamilatun, S., Budhijanto, Rochmadi, and Budiman, A. (2017) Thermal Decomposition and Kinetic Studies of Pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis Residue, International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 6(3), 193-201.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.3.193-201

Global Reaction Model to Describe the Kinetics of Catalytic Pyrolysis of Coffee Grounds Waste

2017 ◽  
Vol 899 ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronydes Batista Jr. ◽  
Bruna Sene Alves Araújo ◽  
Pedro Ivo Brandão e Melo Franco ◽  
Beatriz Cristina Silvério ◽  
Sandra Cristina Danta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Catalytic Pyrolysis ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Reaction Model ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Coffee Grounds ◽  
One Step ◽  
Global Reaction ◽  
The One

In view of the constant search for new sources of renewable energy, the particulate agro-industrial waste reuse emerges as an advantageous alternative. However, despite the advantages of using the biomass as an energy source, there is still strong resistance as the large-scale replacement of petroleum products due to the lack of scientifically proven efficient conversion technologies. In this context, the pyrolysis is presented as one of the most widely used thermal decomposition processes. The knowledge of aspects of chemical kinetics, thermodynamics these will, heat and mass transfer, are so important, since influence the quality of the product. This paper presents a kinetic study of slow pyrolysis of coffee grounds waste from dynamic thermogravimetric experiments (TG), using different powder catalysts. The primary thermal decomposition was described by the one-step reaction model, which considers a single global reaction. The kinetic parameters were estimated using nonlinear regression and the differential evolution method. The coffee ground waste was dried at 105°C for 24 hours. The sample in nature was analyzed at different heating rates, being 10, 15, 20, 30 and 50 K/min. In the catalytic pyrolysis, about 5% (w/w) of catalyst were added to the sample, at a heating rate of 30 K/min. The results show that the one-step model does not accurately represent the data of weight loss (TG) and its derivative (DTG), but can do an estimative of the activation energy reaction, and can show the differences caused by the catalysts. Although no one can say anything about the products formed with the addition of the catalyst, it would be necessary to micro-pyrolysis analysis, we can say the influence of the catalyst in the samples, based on the data obtained in thermogravimetric tests.

scholarly journals Synthesis and characterization of a new conjugated polymer containing bithiazole group and its thermal decomposition kinetics

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Adnan Kurt ◽  
Hacer Andan ◽  
Murat Koca
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Conjugated Polymer ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Diffusion Type ◽  
Optimum Heating ◽  
Rate Loss ◽  
Kinetics Of

A new conjugated polymer containing a bithiazole group is prepared by the polycondensation of 2,2'-diamino-4,4'-bithiazole and terephthaldialdehyde in the presence of glacial acetic acid. The kinetics of thermal degradation of the new polymer are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis at different heating rates. The temperature corresponding to the maximum rate loss shifts to higher temperatures with increasing heating rate. The thermal decomposition activation energies of the conjugated polymer in a conversion range of 3–15 % are 288.4 and 281.1 kJ/mol by the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and Kissinger methods, respectively. The Horowitz–Metzger method shows that the thermodegradation mechanism of the conjugated polymer proceeds over a three-dimensional diffusion type deceleration D3 mechanism. The optimum heating rate is 20 ºC/min.

Pyrolysis Characteristics of Pine Powder and Polyvinyl Chloride of Municipal Solid Waste in Thermogravimetric Analyzer

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 2009-2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Yu Meng ◽  
Shu Zhong Wang ◽  
Lin Chen ◽  
Jun Zhao ◽  
Zhi Qiang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Pyrolysis Characteristics ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Tg And Dtg ◽  
Obvious Weight Loss

The pyrolysis characteristics of pine powder and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), respectively representing the biomass and plastics components of municipal solid waste, were studied in a thermogravimetric analyzer, and the influence of heating rate on pyrolysis characteristics was also investigated. The pyrolysis temperature was heated from ambient up to 900 °C at different heating rates including 10, 20 and 40 °Cžmin-1. The pyrolysis of pine powder was composed of two obvious weight loss phases, which were dehydration and the decomposition of cellulose and hemicellulose. The lignin in pine powder decomposed over a broad temperature range until 900°C. The pyrolysis of PVC was complicated, and included the release of hydrogen chloride (HCl), the formation of hydrocarbons. Besides, the additives in PVC decomposed at about 600 °C. The TG and DTG curves of pyrolysis for pine powder and PVC were similar at different heating rates, however, each weight loss phase of pyrolysis was shifted to high temperature with increasing the heating rate.

scholarly journals SYNTHESIS AND INVESTIGATION OF THERMOSTATABILITIVE ACTION ON POLYSTYRENE OF NEW METHACRYLIC MONOMERS BASED ON AURONE

2018 ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
N. Iukhymenko ◽  
O. Kharchenko ◽  
V. Smokal ◽  
А. Kolendo
Keyword(s):  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Air Atmosphere ◽  
Sample Weight Loss ◽  
Material Sample ◽  
Methacrylic Monomers ◽  
Dta Curves ◽  
Modified Polystyrene

In this work, 6-hydroxy- and 4'-hydroxyaurones were synthesized by condensation reaction of 6-hydroxybenzofuran-3-one with benzaldehyde and benzofuran-3-one with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Methacrylic monomers – (2Z)-6-methacryloxy-2-(4-R-benzylidene)-1-benzofuran-3-(2H)-one and a new 4-[(Z)-(3-oxo-1-benzofuran-2-(3H)ilidene)methyl]phenyl-2-methyl acrylate were obtained by acylation with the methacryloyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine as HCl acceptor at the temperature 0–5°C. These monomers were synthesized to create special purpose polymers. New methacrylic derivatives are not deeply painted and stable in air crystalline monomers. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by spectral methods. 1H NMR (400 MHz) spectra were recorded on a Mercury (Varian) 400 spectrometer with tetramethylsilane as internal standard in DMSO-d6. The intrachain thermostabilizing effect of these monomers on the polystyrene destruction processes was studied. Polystyrene and its modified samples were obtained by radical thermoinitiated polymerization (initiator – azo-bis-isobutyronitrile – 1 mass percent) in ethyl acetate at the temperature 78°C during 16 hours. In a case modified samples, 3 mol percent of aurone containing monomers were added. Destruction of modified polystyrene was studied by using dynamic thermogravimetric analysis. Destruction of modified polystyrene was carried out in a Simultaneous Differential Thermogravimetric Analyzer which combines a heat-flux type DTA with a TGA (Shimadzu, DTG-60, Japan). Simultaneous TG, DTG and DTA curves were obtained and sample weight loss as functions of time and temperature were recorded continuously under dynamic conditions. Sintered a-alumina was used as the reference material. Sample with mass of 4 mg was inserted directly into platin crucible and temperature was ramped from 20 to 600°C. The heating rates were controlled at 10°C/min. Experiments were performed under an air atmosphere. It was established, that the investigated additives covalently attached to the polystyrene are inhibited the polystyrene destruction processes. Moreover, the additive with the methacrylic group in 6-position of the aurone is significantly more efficient than with the methacrylic group in 4’- position. It has been shown that samples of modified polystyrene by the applications of 4'-methacryloxy aurone and 6-methacryloxy aurone are more thermostable than the industrial sample of polystyrene of brand STYRON (Switzerland). It was shown that the temperature of 10% of the mass loss of modified samples is higher on 14–34 degrees than for the sample of polystyrene of brand STYRON. Thus, the new additives could be proposed for thermostabilizing of polystyrene production.

scholarly journals Optimized Heating Rate and Soot-catalyst Ratio for Soot Oxidation over MoO3 Catalyst

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congwei Mei ◽  
Deqing Mei ◽  
Shan Yue ◽  
Zong Chen ◽  
Yinnan Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Heating Rate ◽  
Soot Oxidation ◽  
Transfer Effect ◽  
Reaction Engineering ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Surface Microstructures ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Lower Heating

MoO3 is now utilized as a promising catalyst due to its high activity and favorable mobility at low temperature. Its spectral data and surface microstructures were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) and Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Thermo-analysis of the carbon black was performed over nano-MoO3 catalyst in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) at various heating rates and soot-catalyst ratios. Through the analysis of kinetic parameters, we found that the heat transfer effect and diffusion effect can be removed by setting lower heating rates and soot-catalyst ratios. Therefore, a strategy for selecting proper thermogravimetric parameters were established, which can contribute to the better understanding of thermo-analytical process. Copyright © 2017 BCREC Group. All rights reservedReceived: 4th December 2016; Revised: 13rd June 2017; Accepted: 9th April 2017; Available online: 27th October 2017; Published regularly: December 2017How to Cite: Mei, C., Mei, D., Yue, S, Chen, Z., Yuan, Y. (2017). Optimized Heating Rate and Soot-catalyst Ratio for Soot Oxidation over MoO3 Catalyst. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 12 (3): 408-414 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.12.3.845.408-414 

scholarly journals Thermal Decomposition Kinetic Study of Non-Recyclable Paper and Plastic Waste by Thermogravimetric Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Ahmad Mohamed S. H. Al-Moftah ◽  
Richard Marsh ◽  
Julian Steer
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Exponential Factor ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Treatment Processes

The global net emissions of the Kyoto Protocol greenhouse gases (GHG), such as carbon dioxide (CO2), fluorinated gases, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), remain substantially high, despite concerted efforts to reduce them. Thermal treatment of solid waste contributes at least 2.8–4% of the GHG in part due to increased generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) and inefficient treatment processes, such as incineration and landfill. Thermal treatment processes, such as gasification and pyrolysis, are valuable ways to convert solid materials, such as wastes into syngas, liquids, and chars, for power generation, fuels, or for the bioremediation of soils. Subcoal™ is a commercial product based on paper and plastics from the source segregated waste that is not readily recyclable and that would otherwise potentially find its way in to landfills. This paper looks at the kinetic parameters associated with this product in pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion conditions for consideration as a fuel for power generation or as a reductant in the blast furnace ironmaking process. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) in Nitrogen (N2), CO2, and in air, was used to measure and compare the reaction kinetics. The activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor A were measured at different heating rates using non-isothermal Ozawa Flynn Wall and (OFW) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sonuse (KAS) model-free techniques. The TGA curves showed that the thermal degradation of Subcoal™ comprises three main processes: dehydration, devolatilization, and char and ash formation. In addition, the heating rate drifts the devolatilization temperature to a higher value. Likewise, the derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) results stated that Tm degradation increased as the heating rate increased. Substantial variance in Ea was noted between the four stages of thermal decomposition of Subcoal™ on both methods. The Ea for gasification reached 200.2 ± 33.6 kJ/mol by OFW and 179.0 ± 31.9 kJ/mol by KAS. Pyrolysis registered Ea values of 161.7 ± 24.7 kJ/mol by OFW and 142.6 ± 23.5 kJ/mol by KAS. Combustion returned the lowest Ea values for both OFW (76.74 ± 15.4 kJ/mol) and KAS (71.0 ± 4.4 kJ/mol). The low Ea values in combustion indicate shorter reaction time for Subcoal™ degradation compared to gasification and pyrolysis. Generally, TGA kinetics analysis using KAS and OFW methods show good consistency in evaluating Arrhenius constants.

scholarly journals Modeling the Failure Behavior of CFRP Laminates Subjected to Combined Thermal and Mechanical Loadings

2017 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 1750033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weina Zhao ◽  
Hongwei Song ◽  
Chenguang Huang ◽  
Yihui Huang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Failure Behavior ◽  
Failure Strength ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Cfrp Laminates

This paper proposes a theoretical approach to predict the failure behavior of laminated carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) under combined thermal and mechanical loadings. Two types of CFRP Laminates, i.e., CCF300/BA9916 and T700/BA9916, are investigated, and TGA tests in both nitrogen and oxidation environments at different heating rates are carried out to obtain the thermal decomposition kinetic parameters of polymer matrix and carbon fiber. Based on the thermal decomposition behavior and a multi-level structure model, the thermal physical properties, mechanical properties and thermal deformations of the laminated composites at high temperatures are obtained. Then substituting thermally degraded properties into constitutive equations of composite materials as macroscopic defects, the damage mode and failure strength of the laminated composite under thermo-mechanical loadings is obtained. Predicted elastic properties and failure strength are compared with experimental results as well as previous models. Effects of heating rates and heating environments through rigorous physical model are considered in the present work. It is found that the heating rate significantly affects the thermal and mechanical properties, the higher the heating rate, the less degraded are the thermo-mechanical properties and failure strength at a given temperature. Young’s modulus and failure strength of T700/BA9916 are higher than those of CCF300/BA9916 at high temperatures, due to the higher volume fraction of carbon fibers, which are less weakened in thermal environment.

Determination of Chemical Kinetic Parameters of Surrogate Solid Wastes

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jinno ◽  
Ashwani K. Gupta ◽  
K. Yoshikawa
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Heat Flow ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Chemical Kinetic ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Kinetics Parameters ◽  
Thermal Decomposition Behavior ◽  
Decomposition Behavior

Results on the thermal decomposition behavior of several important components in solid wastes are presented under controlled chemical and thermal environments. Thermogravimetry (TGA) tests were conducted on the decomposition of cellulose, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride in inert (nitrogen), and oxidative (air) atmospheres. Inert condition tests were performed at heating rates of 5, 10, 30, and 50°C/min while the oxidative condition tests were performed at one heating rate of 5°C/min. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was also used to measure the heat flow into and out of the sample during thermal decomposition of the material. The TGA results on the mass evolution of the materials studied as a function of temperature showed that the cellulose contained a small amount of moisture whereas no moisture was found in the other materials examined. The DSC curve showed the heat flow into and out of the sample during the process of pyrolysis and oxidative pyrolysis. The temperature dependence and mass loss characteristics of materials were used to evaluate the Arrhenius kinetic parameters. The surrounding chemical environment, heating rate, and material composition and properties affect the overall decomposition rates under defined conditions. The composition of these materials was found to have a significant effect on the thermal decomposition behavior. Experimental results show that decomposition process shifts to higher temperatures at higher heating rates as a result of the competing effects of heat and mass transfer to the material. The results on the Arrhenius chemical kinetic parameters and heat of pyrolysis obtained from the thermal decomposition of the sample materials showed that different components in the waste have considerably different features. The thermal decomposition temperature, heat evolved and the kinetics parameters are significantly different various waste components examined. The amount of thermal energy required to destruct a waste material is only a small faction of the energy evolved from the material. These results assist in the design and development of advanced thermal destruction systems.

scholarly journals DEKOMPOSISI TERMAL PROPELAN KOMPOSIT BERBASIS AMONIUM PERKLORAT/HYDROXY TERMINATED POLYBUTADIENE (AP/HTPB)

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Wiwiek Utami Dewi ◽  
Yulia Azatil Ismah
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Intermediate Product ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Decomposition Process ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Product Decomposition ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dta Curves ◽  
Dta Curve

Thermal decomposition process of AP/HTPB solid propellant type RUM, 450 and 1220 were investigated by DTG60 (Differential Thermogravimetric) with operational parameters: temperature 30 – 400oC, nitrogen flow rate 50 ml/min, and heating rate 2.5 C/min. Thermal decomposition analysis will be the first step of decomposition kinetics research in determining life time of the propellant. TGA curve of propellant RUM was found to be two staged meanwhile the thermal decomposition of propellant 450 and 1220 has become one staged. The DTA curve/thermogram of propellant RUM show the formation of intermediate product before full-length decomposition. Unlike propellant RUM, DTA curves of propellant 450 and 1220 do not show the formation of intermediate product. Decomposition process of propellant 450 and 1220 accelerate by Al presence. The difference between AP modal on propellant 450 and 1220 show insignificance effect to the amount of decomposition energy consumption.  Abstrak Proses dekomposisi termal propelan padat AP/HTPB jenis RUM, 450 dan 1220 telah dianalisis menggunakan Differential Thermogravimetric 60 (DTG) dengan parameter operasi: suhu 30 - 400⁰C, atmosfer nitrogen berlaju alir 50 ml/menit, dan laju pemanasan 2,5⁰C/menit. Analisis dekomposisi termal adalah langkah awal penelitian kinetika dekomposisi propelan dalam menentukan life time propelan. Kurva TGA menunjukkan bahwa propelan RUM mengalami proses dekomposisi dua tahap sedangkan propelan 450 dan 1220 mengalami proses dekomposisi satu tahap. Kurva DTA/ termogram proses dekomposisi propelan RUM menunjukkan adanya pembentukan produk intermediate sebelum akhirnya terdekomposisi sempurna. Berbeda dengan propelan RUM, termogram propelan 450 dan 1220 tidak menunjukkan terbentuknya produk intermediate. Proses dekomposisi propelan 450 dan 1220 terakselerasi oleh keberadaan Al. Perbedaan modal AP pada propelan 450 dan 1220 ternyata tidak begitu berpengaruh pada nilai konsumsi energi proses dekomposisi.

scholarly journals Effect of Heating Rate on the Photocatalytic Activity of Ag–TiO2 Nanocomposites by One-Step Process via Aerosol Routes

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Kusdianto Kusdianto ◽  
Meditha Hudandini ◽  
Dianping Jiang ◽  
Masaru Kubo ◽  
Manabu Shimada
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Nanocomposite Films ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
One Step

Ag–TiO2 nanocomposite films, based of Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles, were fabricated in a one-step aerosol route employing the simultaneous plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition systems. The as-fabricated films were subjected to different heating rates (3 to 60 °C/min) with a constant annealing temperature of 600 °C to observe the significant changes in the properties (e.g., nanoparticle size, crystalline size, crystallite phase, surface area) toward the photocatalytic performance. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the measurement of the degradation of a methylene blue aqueous solution under UV light irradiation, and the results revealed that it gradually increased with the increase in the heating rate, caused by the increased Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area and total pore volume.

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