scholarly journals Biocarbon from Pruning and Gardening Residues on The Santander University Campus, Using a Pirolisis System with Minimal Gas Emission

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Pardavé Livia ◽  
Nadia Fernanda Mantilla Suarez
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Processing Capacity ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Level System ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
The University ◽  
Scanning Electron

A pilot – level system of the termal pirolisis process was developed to obtain biocarbon with minimal emission of polluting gases, from the solid waste generated in the pruning gases, from the solid waste generated in the pruning and gardening of the university campus of the University of Santander in Bucaramanga Colombia. The pilot – level system has a processing capacity of 50 kilograms of prunning and garden waste, and the operating variables ser 500ªC of temperatura and 120 minutes of processing. The prunnig and gardenning samples were divided into two. The first simple consisted of Woody-type residues (pruningn), the second simple consisted of grass and leat litter remains. The biocarbons obtaneid were characerized physicochemically, by close analysis and last chemical analysis (CHN). For its part, the morphology of the biocarbons and the microchemical anlysis of the ash particles that they possessed was carried out by means of scanning electron microscopy coupled with chemical microanalysis by means of X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy. The biocarbon obtained can be used as soil additions to increase the forests that surrond the University campus.

Assessment of solid waste management practice in the university campus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-575
Author(s):  
Saad Dahlawi ◽  
Mahmoud F. El Sharkawy
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Management Program ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The University

Purpose Municipal solid waste (MSW) consists mainly of several recyclable materials such as paper and cardboard. Inside the educational institutes, especially universities, MSW is generated from several facilities including offices and cafeterias. Without an effective management program, solid waste can have detrimental impacts on the environment. This paper aims to assess the solid waste management practices followed at the main campus of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam – Saudi Arabia. Design/methodology/approach The MSW samples were collected from different sources inside the IAU campus such as the college buildings (such as the teaching rooms and staff offices), the administrative buildings and services buildings (e.g. the main library, the photocopying center, the restaurant and cafeteria) at least one time per week during a full academic term (January–May) of the academic year 2017–2018. The collected MSW samples were segregated into seven categories, and the net amount of each category and the overall weight of the MSW were determined once every week. The MSW samples were characterized for physical and chemical properties including moisture, carbon and ash contents. Food product waste (FPW) of the main university restaurant was studied separately. Findings Data on the composition of MSW samples revealed that 80% of wastes were recyclable, 19% as compostable materials, while only 1% of the materials were a non-recyclable waste. More than 73% of the recyclable materials include paper and plastic warranting dire need of an effective solid waste management program. The highest value of FPW was recorded for the breakfast meal. Originality/value Most of the waste generated from the university campus was recyclable type that needs to be handled carefully to avoid its mixing with other types of the waste stream. Waste characterization is an important tool that helps in understanding the amount and pattern of waste generation. It can be used as a decision-making tool for implementing sustainable waste management programs for universities.

scholarly journals The Mathematical Modelling of Refuse Build-up on the University Campus: A Case Study of KNUST Campus

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1426-1440
Author(s):  
Benedict Barnes ◽  
I. A. Adjei ◽  
C. Sebil
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Pile Up ◽  
Vantage Points ◽  
The University ◽  
Refuse Pile

In this paper, xyzw model is introduced which characterizes the solid waste generated by the four departments in the university. Thus, the refuse on the street x, in the gutters y, in the dustbins z and dumpsite w. From the qualitative analysis of xyzw model, it revealed that the refuse in these departments piles up as the time increases indefinitely. Based on the analysis of data from the KNUST campus the refuse keeps on piling up. This reveals that the trucks are not able to adequately carry refuse from three departments: street, gutters and dustbins to the dumpsite as expected by the university authority. This comes as a result of overflows from the dustbins at some vantage points in the university. In practice, the waste in gutters and on street are collected and deposit it in these dustbins (with varying volumes) everyday, but the trucks are not able to convey all the quantum of waste in these dustbins to the dumpsite thereby resulting in refuse pile up on campus of the university

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE BOTTOM ASH: A NEW METHODOLOGY FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Sbrolini Tiburcio ◽  
Andrea Carolina Gutierrez Gomez ◽  
Mauro Malpeli Junior ◽  
Ana Maria Pereira Neto
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tetra Pak ◽  
Scanning Electron

The disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) to thermochemical treatments promotes the formation of ashes as a by-product, which constitutes an important role in the design and operation of energy recovery plants, as the ash can cause corrosion and fouling problems. In this sense, this work analyzed samples of bottom ashes from combustible fractions (organic matter, plastics, textiles, paper/cardboard/Tetra Pak® and sanitary waste) of MSW in natura from Santo André – SP, Brazil. For this, a new methodology for sample preparation was proposed to evaluate the elemental composition of the bottom ashes, for later analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The obtained data showed a standard deviation of less than 10%, guaranteeing a greater reliability of the results and corroborating with standard deviations presented in the scientific literature. In addition, the elemental composition of the bottom ash was similar between the different combustible fractions evaluated. Keywords: MSW, Combustible fractions, SEM-EDS.

Environmental sustainability features in large university campuses

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hani Abu Qdais ◽  
Osama Saadeh ◽  
Mohamad Al-Widyan ◽  
Raed Al-tal ◽  
Muna Abu-Dalo
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
University Campuses ◽  
Solid Waste Generation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The University

Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe the efforts undertaken to convert the large university campus of Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) into a green, resource-efficient and low-carbon campus by following an action-oriented strategy. Sustainability features of the campus were discussed and benchmarked. Challenges were identified and remedial actions were proposed. Design/methodology/approach Taking 2015 as the baseline year, data on energy, water consumption and solid waste generation for the university campus were collected. Energy consumption for cooling, heating and transportation, besides electric power consumption, were reported, and the associated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were estimated. By calculating the full time equivalent of students and employees, carbon emission and water consumption per capita were calculated. A comparison with other universities worldwide was conducted. Findings Although located in a semiarid region with scarce water resources, JUST has set an example by greening its campus through an action-oriented approach. It was found that the per capita carbon emission for JUST campus was 1.33 ton of CO2 equivalent, which is less than the emissions from campuses of other universities worldwide. As for water, this study revealed that the daily per capita water consumption was about 56 L, which is approximately one-third of that for students in institutions in the USA. Furthermore, the findings of this study indicated that the average solid waste generation rate was 0.37 kg per student per day compared to 0.31 kg per capita per day when considering the university community (students and employees) collectively. These figures were less and thus compare favorably to the corresponding data for other universities in both developing and developed countries. Originality/value This research addresses the issue of greening JUST campus, which is one of the largest university campuses in the world. JUST campus is located in a semiarid, water-scarce country, which on its own poses a serious challenge. The originality and value of this study mainly stem from the facts that on the one hand, this is one of the unique and pioneering comprehensive studies of its type and, on the other hand, other universities with similar conditions can benefit from the findings of this research to meet the sustainability objectives on their campus operations.

scholarly journals THE SMART WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 71-87
Author(s):  
Danial Sim Wei Jie ◽  
Haslina Arshad ◽  
Siok Yee Tan ◽  
Nur Fazidah Elias
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Management System ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Cloud Services ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Campus Environment ◽  
University Campuses ◽  
Waste Management System ◽  
The University

It has been a challenge for Malaysia to handle solid waste management for more than a decade. The increase in population size has led to an increase in the waste amount contributed by Malaysians. Due to that, proper solid waste management is essential in protecting the environment. There are many ways to execute solid waste management but developing countries may find it challenging to find the best way to dispose of waste efficiently. The same phenomenon seems to happen on university campuses as well. This article aims to propose a smart waste management system for university campuses. Most of the related work concentrates on detecting bin levels, despite making it a full-fledged system that comprises several modules regardless of web or mobile platform. A prototype of a smart bin is proposed, and this paper discusses its architecture and functionality. A web-based user application is also proposed in this article. With these components, the system enables the user to obtain information on the bins around them and can help the management to manage solid waste more efficiently. With the help of the Internet of Things and Cloud services, the system can achieve a greener and more sustainable campus environment. The proposed system will also be enhanced further to increase the awareness among the university students to move forward to a greener campus.

scholarly journals Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Zeolit Hidroksi Sodalit dari Limbah Padat Abu Layang PLTU Batubara

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Amalia Ekaputri Hidayat ◽  
Setyo Sarwanto Moersidik ◽  
Sandyanto Adityosulindro
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Particle Size Analyzer ◽  
Scanning Electron

Coal burning process in steam powered electric generator plants functioned to generate electricity energy. This process produce kinds of waste, such as solid waste, waste water, and emission. One of the solid waste produced in this process is fly ash. Fly ash is categorized as hazardous waste, it also can buildup in the landfill because of its massive production. However, fly ash has the potential as a raw material to produce synthetic zeolite because it contains metal oxide which is quite high. In this study, class F coal fly ash was synthesized by combining hydrothermal and fusion method. Synthesized fly ash and zeolite are characterized so that the chemical composition can be analyzed by X-ray Fluorescence; the mineralogy analyzed by X-ray Diffraction; the surface morphology analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy; and the particle size analyzed by Particle Size Analyzer. The synthesis of zeolite from coal fly ash in this study result hydroxy-sodalite zeolite type. In addition, this synthesis process increases the surface area of the previous fly ash. From the characteristics of zeolite from this synthesis it can be conclude that this zeolite can be approved as an adsorbent for the removal of liquid or gas pollutants in environmental technology applications with further research. ABSTRAKProses yang terjadi pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap untuk menghasilkan energi listrik adalah melalui unit proses pembakaran batubara. Proses ini akan menghasilkan limbah padat, cair, maupun udara. Salah satu limbah padat yang dihasilkan adalah abu layang. Limbah abu layang ini dikatagorikan limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun, serta dapat terjadinya penumpukan di tempat penimbunan akhir karena produksinya yang sangat tinggi. Namun, abu layang memiliki potensi sebagai bahan baku dalam memproduksi zeolit sintetik karena kandungan oksida logamnya yang cukup tinggi. Pada penelitian ini, abu layang batu bara kelas F disintesis dengan metode gabungan fusi-hidrotermal. Abu layang dan zeolit yang disintesis dikarakterisasi agar dapat dianalisis komposisi kimianya dengan X-ray Flourescence; mineraloginya dengan X-ray Diffraction; morfologi permukaan dengan Scanning Electron Microscopy; serta distribusi partikel dengan Particle Size Analyzer. Proses sintesis zeolit dari abu layang batubara pada penelitian ini menghasilkan zeolit jenis hidroksi sodalit. Selain itu, proses sintesis ini meningkatkan luas permukaan dari abu layang sebelumnya. Dari karakteristik zeolit hasil sintesis ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa zeolit ini dapat berpotensi sebagai adsorben untuk penyisihan polutan cair maupun gas pada aplikasi teknologi lingkungan dengan penelitian lebih lanjut.Kata kunci : abu layang; zeolit; hidroxi-sodalit; sintesis; fusi-hidrotermal

scholarly journals The Origins of the Obsidian Artifacts from Gua Pawon, Dago and Bukit Karsamanik in Bandung, Indonesia

AMERTA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Stephen Chia ◽  
Lutfi Yondri ◽  
Truman Simanjuntak
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The University ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract. This paper presents the results of a study to determine whether the obsidian artifacts found in Gua Pawon, Dago and Bukit Karsamanik in Bandung came from the well-known sources of Gunung Kendan in Nagreg, Kampung Rejeng in Garut or elsewhere. Obsidian artifacts for this study were obtained from earlier archaeological excavations at Gua Pawon and from chance finds at the sites of Dago and Bukit Karsamanik in Bandung. Samples of obsidian were also collected from the known obsidian sources in Gunung Kendan in Nagreg and Kampung Rejeng in Garut for comparative purposes.Analyses of these samples were done on a scanning electron microscope using the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer at the University of Science Malaysia, Penang and the electron microprobe at the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Multi-element analysis was undertaken, and statistical procedures were performed on data obtained from the artifacts and the sources. The results of the study thus far suggested that the obsidian artifacts from Gua Pawon were made using obsidian obtained from both Gunung Kendan and Kampung Rejeng sources while those from Dago and Bukit Karsamanik have yet to be determined. More samples from all the known obsidian sources are needed to determine the variability within and between all the different sources. Temporally, the study also revealed that prehistoric humans at Gua Pawon exploited or used the same obsidian resources over several thousands of years. Abstrak. Tulisan ini membahas hasil studi tentang sumber bahan baku artefak obsidian yang ditemukan di Gua Pawon, Dago, dan Bukit Karsamanik, Bandung. Analisis dilakukan terhadap sejumlah artefak obsidian, temuan ekskavasi di Gua Pawon dan temuan permukaan di Situs Dago dan Bukit Karsamanik. Untuk perbandingan dilakukan juga analisis terhadap obsidian dari Gunung Kendan di Nagrek dan Kampung Rejeng di Garut, dua lokasi sumber obsidian di Jawa Barat.Analisis dilakukan dengan cara "scanning electron microscope", menggunakan "energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer" di Universitas Sains Malaysia, Penang dan "electron microprobe" di Universitas Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Analisis multielemen dan perhitungan statistic dilakukan terhadap data yang diperoleh dari artefak dan bahan. Hasil studi memperlihatkan artefak obsidian dari Gua Pawon menggunakan bahan dari Gunung Kendan dan Kampung Rejeng, sementara artefak Dago dan Bukit Karsamanik belum diketahui sumbernya. Analisis terhadap bahan dari sumber-sumber lain sangat diperlukan untuk menentukan variabilitas di dalam dan di antarasumber-sumber yang berbeda. Untuk sementara, hasil studi memperlihatkan manusia prasejarah Gua Pawon mengeksploitasi dan menggunakan sumber-sumber obsidian yang sama selama beberapa ribu tahun.

scholarly journals Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate of Cement Mortars

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8832
Author(s):  
Byeong-Hun Woo ◽  
In-Kyu Jeon ◽  
Dong-Ho Yoo ◽  
Seong-Soo Kim ◽  
Jeong-Bae Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Cement Composites ◽  
Backscatter Electron ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mercury Intrusion ◽  
Scanning Electron

Incineration bottom ash is generated by the incineration of solid waste. Household solid waste is increasing every year and so is incineration bottom ash. This is a problem to treat the incineration bottom ash because the ash has many toxic components. Cement composites can solve this problem and there are many studies for using the bottom ash as fine aggregate. To evaluate the usage of incineration bottom ash, compressive strength, mercury intrusion porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy-backscatter electron, X-ray diffraction, and toxicity characteristic leaching processes were performed. When using incineration bottom ash up to 20% of substitution, the compressive strength in all cases was increased. This study showed how the filler effect appeared well in the cement composites through the scanning electron microscopy-backscatter electron, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. X-ray diffraction indicated the possibility of an alkali-silica reaction of the aggregate with the components of incineration bottom ash. This problem is an obstacle to applying the incineration bottom ash as a fine aggregate. In addition, the toxicity characteristic leaching process was shown to be under the threshold of the Korean standard, however, this should nuanced by the consideration of amorphity. Comprehensively, incineration bottom ash could be used as a fine aggregate of up to 20% of substitution. However, the pre-treatment would need to eliminate or reduce alkali reactive components and heavy metals.

scholarly journals The Scanning Electron Microscope As A Precision Instrument

1996 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Douglas Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Gratings ◽  
Stray Field ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Precision Instrument ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes ◽  
The University ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
Scanning Electron

I began using scanning electron microscopes to solve problems encountered in the fabrication of x-ray diffraction gratings. Since these diffraction gratings consist of very regular lines and spaces, and produce high contrast images from the SEM. my microscopy work often points out problems with the microscope.One time, for example, I went to the university SEM lab I often use, and was advised that the microscope was down that day due to major field problems. This lab often had problems with stray fields for reasons no one could explain. Usually I was the only one to complain about stray field distortions since they are most obvious when imaging straight lines at high magnification, but on this occasion, the problem was serious and obvious to all.The microscope had just been serviced and as the lens coils had been replaced, they were expected to be the cause. The service technician was called in and determined that neither the coils nor the microscope electronics were the problem.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

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