scholarly journals TRANSFORMASI SOSIAL-BUDAYA MASYARAKAT INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Nurdien Harry Kistanto
Keyword(s):  
Historical Background ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Societal Development ◽  
Social Heterogeneity ◽  
Agrarian Societies ◽  
Industrial Societies ◽  
Sociocultural Transformation

Social scientists have conceptualized several stages of sociocultural transformation as societal development. One version modified in this article constitutes a typology of preindustrial and industrial societies which consists of one, hunting & gathering societies; two, pastoral societies; three, village agrarian societies; four, advanced traditional agrarian societies; and five, industrial societies; and six, postindustrial societies. To analyse the sociocultural transformation which happens in the Indonesian society, one has to observe and consider the long historical background which produces social heterogeneity. Thus, the direction and ideals of sociocultural transformation can be identified and conceptualized.

Evolution, Societal Sexism, and Universal Average Sex Differences in Cognition and Behavior

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Industrial Societies ◽  
Shed Light

During the past century, social scientists have documented many cross-cultural sex differences in personality and behavior, quite a few of which now appear to be found in all human societies. However, contrary to most scientists’ expectations, these so-called universal sex differences have been shown to be more pronounced in Western industrial societies than in most non-Western developing societies. This chapter briefly reviews the evidence bearing on these findings and offers a biologically based theory that could help shed light on why cross-cultural sex differences exist. The following hypothesis is offered: The expression of many genes influencing sexually dimorphic traits is more likely among descendants of couples who are least closely related to one another. If so, societies in which out-marriage is normative (i.e., Western industrial countries) will exhibit a stronger expression of genes for sexually dimorphic traits compared to societies in which consanguineal marriages are common.

Co-determination in Germany

1954 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1114-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert J. Spiro
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Labour Government ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
Industrial Societies

When the Labour Government began to nationalize industries in Great Britain, swarms of social scientists descended upon that island. They wanted to study this “great experiment,” which many of them viewed as the trail-blazer for an inevitable trend in all modern industrial societies. That was nine years ago. Now it seems that the nationalization dogma has lost most of its force even in Labour circles. But another great experiment has been in progress on the Continent, in West Germany: Mitbestimmung, the scheme under which labor participates in the management of private industrial corporations. In part it was born out of British disillusionment with socialism's erstwhile cure-all. Because of its novelty and uniqueness, it is attracting increasing attention from social scientists. But this time, the different disciplines are unevenly represented. Economists, and especially experts in labor relations, have shown the most interest. When they run across a student of politics in pursuit of the same quarry, they often express surprise. And the Germans, who are being visited, interviewed, questioned, polled, and subjected to every conceivable form of social scientific scrutiny, react even more strongly. They are positively puzzled: “You are not a Nationaloekonom? But then surely an Industrie- or Betriebssoziologe, or perhaps a Jurist ….” The political scientist is an animal of which few of them have heard. And fewer still can imagine off-hand why he would want to concern himself with co-determination.

Psychologizing indexes of societal progress: Accounting for cultural diversity in preferred developmental pathways

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuba Krys ◽  
Colin A Capaldi ◽  
Vivian M-C Lun ◽  
Christin-Melanie Vauclair ◽  
Michael H Bond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Cultural Sensitivity ◽  
Culturally Responsive ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Culturally Sensitive ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Societal Development

Since the Second World War, the dominating paradigm of societal development has focused on economic growth. While economic growth has improved the quality of human life in a variety of ways, we posit that the identification of economic growth as the primary societal goal is culture-blind because preferences for developmental pathways likely vary between societies. We argue that the cultural diversity of developmental goals and the pathways leading to these goals could be reflected in a culturally sensitive approach to assessing societal development. For the vast majority of post-materialistic societies, it is an urgent necessity to prepare culturally sensitive compasses on how to develop next, and to start conceptualizing growth in a more nuanced and culturally responsive way. Furthermore, we propose that cultural sensitivity in measuring societal growth could also be applied to existing development indicators (e.g. the Human Development Index). We call for cultural researchers, in cooperation with development economists and other social scientists, to prepare a new cultural map of developmental goals, and to create and adapt development indexes that are more culturally sensitive. This innovation could ultimately help social planners understand the diverse pathways of development and assess the degree to which societies are progressing in a self-determined and indigenously valued manner.

The Making of Shamans and Applied Anthropologists

1982 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-19
Author(s):  
Andrew Miracle
Keyword(s):  
Change Agent ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Management Consultants ◽  
Industrial Societies

It is not common to consider applied anthropologists as similar to shamans. Normally shamans are viewed as religious or ritual specialists. However, some recent studies have focused on the shaman as a technological specialist or on the shaman's syncretic role as a change agent in situations of acculturation (e.g., Landy 1974; Sharon 1978). In this sense, shamans might be viewed as sharing certain commonalities with applied anthropologists and other applied social scientists. This is not a new comparison, Cleverley (1971) made a similar observation several years ago in regard to management consultants in industrial societies.

The autonomous power of the state: its origins, mechanisms and results

1984 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Mann
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
State Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Major Power ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Agrarian Societies ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Industrial Societies ◽  
Unique Ability

This essay tries to specify the origins, mechanisms and results of the autonomous power which the state possesses in relation to the major power groupings of ‘civil society’. The argument is couched generally, but it derives from a large, ongoing empirical research project into the development of power in human societies. At the moment, my generalisations are bolder about agrarian societies; concerning industrial societies I will be more tentative. I define the state and then pursue the implications of that definition. I discuss two essential parts of the definition, centrality and territoriality, in relation to two types of state power, termed here despotic and infrastructural power. I argue that state autonomy, of both despotic and infrastructural forms, flows principally from the state's unique ability to provide a territorially-centralised form of organization.

scholarly journals Finnish Studies on Islam: Themes and Approaches

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
TUULA SAKARANAHO
Keyword(s):  
Historical Background ◽  
Main Topic ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Contemporary Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Muslims In Europe

In recent decades, Finnish research on Islam has started to expand rapidly; in the process, it has also widened to disciplines which previously did not necessarily focus on the study of religions. The article provides an ovewview of the range of these studies, concluded by Arabists, comparative religionists, theologians, anthropologists, and social scientists, with a close focus on the central themes and main methodological approaches used in these studies. The article is divided into four parts. In order to give some historical background to recent studies on Islam, the first part takes a quick look at the explorations of Georg August Wallin and the social-anthropological studies of Edvard Westermarck and Hilma Granqvist. Contemporary research is divided according to its main topic of interest into the following three parts: studies on the foundational source of Islam and subsequently theological questions; studies on Muslims in Muslim populated countries; and studies on Muslims in Europe and Finland. In the concluding remarks, the article considers some of the challenges posed by the current social and political situation for research on Islam and Muslims.

Toward a Redefinition of Military Strategy in International Relations

1974 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris Janowitz
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Military Strategy ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Industrial Societies

In a period of search for politico-military détente between the major nuclear powers, one cannot avoid the question of whether the theories and categories for the analysis of international relations, especially those involving the role of military force, are appropriate and clarifying. Although they strive to make use of timeless categories, social scientists, especially when analyzing international relations, must take into consideration the changing historical context. In this paper I will attempt to reassess the well-known issue of the limits of military intervention in international relations by advanced industrial societies. I will seek to extend and formulate the ideas which, in The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait, were vaguely expressed in the notion of a constabulary.

Some Historical Background

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-43
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Lominska Johnson ◽  
Graham E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
District Office ◽  
Industrial Town ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Town

Tsuen Wan offered an appropriate, although politically challenging, research site to social scientists interested in the social effects of economic transformation. The process of refining their methods and specific locations took some months, during which the authors explored the town and its surroundings, studied district office records, and learned about the complexities of land ownership in this industrial town in the New Territories. Elizabeth focused primarily on one village, studying the effects of industrialization on families and the demographic transition as well as the survival of lineages, while Graham focused on the adaptation of immigrants through the formation of associations and questions of leadership overall.

An Ethical Model for the Study of Values

1971 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Goulet
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Value Change ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Societal Development ◽  
Authentic Development ◽  
Alternative Research

The author challenges conventional notions of societal development as dynamic economic performance, modernization of institutions or proliferation of goods and services. For him, authentic development aims toward the realization of human capabilities in all spheres. He examines common assumptions of social scientists who study value change in non-technological societies, contrasting these with another view on the dynamics of value change. Dr. Goulet presents an alternative research model which requires researchers to make themselves vulnerable to the populace under study.

Critical Theory, Critical Pedagogy and the Permanent Crisis in Community Colleges

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-44
Author(s):  
Howard A. Doughty
Keyword(s):  
Community Colleges ◽  
Critical Pedagogy ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Corporate World ◽  
Neoliberal Ideology ◽  
Industrial Societies

The historical failures of Marxism in the twentieth-century came in three forms: the inability to account for the rise of fascism and Nazism; the establishment of authoritarian regimes where “communist” revolutions had occurred, largely in pre-industrial societies from barely post-feudal Russia to peasant-based China and “developing” nations such as Vietnam; and the incapacity of the proletariat to develop class consciousness and foment class conflict in advanced industrial societies, where Marx and his followers knew capitalism to have arisen and where they assumed it would first be transcended. Seeking to understand these failures, yet to preserve and apply foundational elements of Marx's thought, the “critical theorists” of the Frankfurt Institute—at home and in exile—drew on additional sources including Hegel and Freud to diagnose the pathologies of modernity, though rarely to offer restorative treatments for Enlightenment values or Marxian transformation. Jürgen Habermas, the acknowledged leader of the “second generation” of critical theorists refused to succumb to the pessimism of his elders and reached out to increasingly diverse scholars in an effort to redeem the goals of reason, democracy and equity in modern life. His theoretical work—often abstract and dense—remains almost as marginal to mainstream thought as that of Adorno and Horkheimer before him; yet, it has influenced a minority of philosophers and social scientists still interested in education as an emancipatory human project. Using the specific context of contemporary community colleges, this contribution seeks to build bridges between Habermas' combination of basically Marxian, often Kantian, and always eclectic thought to show how educators could profitably reflect upon their professional lifeworlds, better comprehend the neoliberal ideology and power relations that entrap them, and find new inspiration and advice should they wish to interrogate and confront the corporate world in which they ply their trade.

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