scholarly journals Endofitne glive v biotičnem varstvu rastlin pred škodljivimi organizmi in njihov posreden vpliv na rastline

2021 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Primož ŽIGON ◽  
Franci Aco CELAR
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Ecological Functions ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Successful Colonization

The use of entomopathogenic fungi represents one of the most important non-chemical alternatives for pest control in crop production. In addition to their pathogenicity to arthropods, they have many other important effects that favor their use in biological control. They live in plants as endophytes and have an inhibitory effect on plant pathogens. They inhabit the rhizosphere of many plants in natural and agricultural ecosystems and have a stimulatory effect on their growth and development. These recently acquired ecological functions are not yet fully understood, but point to the broader potential of using entomopathogenic endophytic fungi in crop production, not only as biopesticides but also as mycofungicides and growth stimulants (biostimulants). To achieve the full potential of entomopathogenic endophytic fungi in daily agricultural practice, practical application should be considered in the development of commercial products and the application techniques of entomopathogenic endophytic fungi that allow successful colonization of plants should be considered.

scholarly journals A window into fungal endophytism in Salicornia europaea: deciphering fungal characteristics as plant growth promoting agents

2019 ◽  
Vol 445 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 577-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bliss Ursula Furtado ◽  
Sonia Szymańska ◽  
Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Salicornia Europaea ◽  
Dematiaceous Fungi ◽  
Pectolytic Activity ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

Abstract Aim Plant-endophytic associations exist only when equilibrium is maintained between both partners. This study analyses the properties of endophytic fungi inhabiting a halophyte growing in high soil salinity and tests whether these fungi are beneficial or detrimental when non-host plants are inoculated. Method Fungi were isolated from Salicornia europaea collected from two sites differing in salinization history (anthropogenic and naturally saline) and analyzed for plant growth promoting abilities and non-host plant interactions. Results Most isolated fungi belonged to Ascomycota (96%) including dematiaceous fungi and commonly known plant pathogens and saprobes. The strains were metabolically active for siderophores, polyamines and indole-3-acetic acid (mainly Aureobasidium sp.) with very low activity for phosphatases. Many showed proteolytic, lipolytic, chitinolytic, cellulolytic and amylolytic activities but low pectolytic activity. Different activities between similar fungal species found in both sites were particularly seen for Epiccocum sp., Arthrinium sp. and Trichoderma sp. Inoculating the non-host Lolium perenne with selected fungi increased plant growth, mainly in the symbiont (Epichloë)-free variety. Arthrinium gamsii CR1-9 and Stereum gausapatum ISK3-11 were most effective for plant growth promotion. Conclusions This research suggests that host lifestyle and soil characteristics have a strong effect on endophytic fungi, and environmental stress could disturb the plant-fungi relations. In favourable conditions, these fungi may be effective in facilitating crop production in non-cultivable saline lands.

scholarly journals Development and Application of Seed Coating Agent for the Control of Major Soil-Borne Diseases Infecting Wheat

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ren ◽  
Chen ◽  
Ye ◽  
Su ◽  
Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Seed Coating ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Active Constituent ◽  
Coating Agent ◽  
Grinding Method ◽  
Fungal Inhibition ◽  
Sharp Eyespot ◽  
Coating Agents ◽  
Seed Germination Test

In order to reduce the usage amount of pesticide fertilizers and protect the natural environment, seed coating agents are receiving increased wide concern. In this study, the active constituent (pesticide) and inactive components (surfactants and film former) of the seed coating agents were screened and optimized by the wet sand processing superfine grinding method. The fungal inhibition test of pesticides showed that thifluzamide, fludioxonil, pyraclostrobin, and difenoconazole have an obvious fungal inhibitory effect on wheat sharp eyespot, take-all, and root rot. LAE-9 and polyacrylamide + carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is recommended for the safe surfactant and film former, respectively, based on the seed germination test. Moreover, 6% difenoconazole · fludioxonil flowable concentrate for seed coating (FSC) stimulates the seedling growth of wheat, advances the growth of root, and improves biomass in the field trial, meanwhile, the control efficiency reached above 80%. Thus, we suggested it can be used as an effective seed coating agent for the control of soil-borne diseases in wheat. The seed coating agent has the characteristics of disease prevention, increasing crop yield, and safety of environment, which is of significance in practical application.

scholarly journals Double Gamers—Can Modified Natural Regulators of Higher Plants Act as Antagonists against Phytopathogens? The Case of Jasmonic Acid Derivatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8681
Author(s):  
Nicolò Orsoni ◽  
Francesca Degola ◽  
Luca Nerva ◽  
Franco Bisceglie ◽  
Giorgio Spadola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Horticultural Crops

As key players in biotic stress response of plants, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives cover a specific and prominent role in pathogens-mediated signaling and hence are promising candidates for a sustainable management of phytopathogenic fungi. Recently, JA directed antimicrobial effects on plant pathogens has been suggested, supporting the theory of oxylipins as double gamers in plant-pathogen interaction. Based on these premises, six derivatives (dihydrojasmone and cis-jasmone, two thiosemicarbazonic derivatives and their corresponding complexes with copper) have been evaluated against 13 fungal species affecting various economically important herbaceous and woody crops, such as cereals, grapes and horticultural crops: Phaeoacremonium minimum, Neofusicoccum parvum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Fomitiporia mediterranea, Fusarium poae, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae,F. sporotrichioides, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizoctonia solani,Sclerotinia spp. and Verticillium dahliae. The biological activity of these compounds was assessed in terms of growth inhibition and, for the two mycotoxigenic species A. flavus and F. sporotrichioides, also in terms of toxin containment. As expected, the inhibitory effect of molecules greatly varied amongst both genera and species; cis-jasmone thiosemicarbazone in particular has shown the wider range of effectiveness. However, our results show that thiosemicarbazones derivatives are more effective than the parent ketones in limiting fungal growth and mycotoxins production, supporting possible applications for the control of pathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals Diversity, biocontrol, and growth promotion potential of culturable endophytic fungi isolated from root, shoot, and leaf of wild Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Yang across the seasons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cun Yu ◽  
Ying Yao
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Activities ◽  
Potential Applicability ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Phoebe Bournei

Endophytic fungi were isolated from Phoebe bournei and their diversity and antimicrobial and plant growth-promoting activities were investigated. Of the 389 isolated endophytic fungi, 88.90% belonged to phylum Ascomycota and 11.10% to phylum Basidiomycota. The isolates were grouped into four taxonomic classes, 11 orders, 30 genera, and 45 species based on internal transcribed spacer sequencing and morphologic analysis. The host showed a strong affinity for the genera Diaporthe and Phyllosticta. The diversity of the fungi was highest in autumn, followed by spring and summer, and was lowest in winter. The fungi exhibited notable tissue specificity in P. bournei, and the species richness and diversity were highest in the root across all seasons. Five isolates showed antimicrobial activity against eight plant pathogens, and reduced the incidence of leaf spot disease in P. bournei. Additionally, 9 biocontrol isolates showed plant growth-promoting activity, with five significantly promoting P. bournei seedling growth. This is the first report on the endophytic fungi of P. bournei and their potential applicability to plant disease control and growth promotion.

Use of crop protection chemicals for integrated pest control

1981 ◽  
Vol 295 (1076) ◽  
pp. 125-141 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Integrated Pest Control ◽  
Arthropod Pest ◽  
Pest Management Systems

Examples of and methods for achieving the selective use of pesticides in control of pests while conserving important beneficial natural enemies are discussed relative to the development of integrated pest management systems for apples in the U.S.A. Included are examples of physiologically selective acaricides, ecological selectivity conferred by application techniques and selectivity due to the development of resistant beneficial insects. A definition and examples of ideal selectivity of pesticides for this crop production system are discussed. Lastly, an approach to resistance management in an entire apple arthropod pest - natural enemy complex is discussed in relation to a long-used chemical control system (organophosphate pesticides) compared with a new chemical control programme based on pyrethroid insecticides.

scholarly journals Application of Gamma Induced Mutation in Breeding Potato for Bacterial Wilt Disease Resistance

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Emmy Chepkoech ◽  
Miriam Kinyua ◽  
Julius Ochuodho ◽  
Oliver Kiplagat ◽  
Souleymane Bado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Significant Difference

Aims: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in Kenya has not been achieved in its full potential due to susceptibility of potato varieties to pest and diseases among others. Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in potato is regarded as an important disease contributing to significant yield reduction. The disease is considered more difficult to control in field crop production using universal control measure due to pathogen’s properties as a soil-borne bacterium, broad host range and the genetic variation level within the strains. The objective was to screen potato mutants at M1V4 mutant populations for resistance against bacterial wilt using pathogenicity test. Study Design: The experimental design used was an alpha lattice with twenty three blocks each having seven plots with three replications each. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS statistical package, version 9.1 and mean separation done using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) whenever there were significant differences. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Kenya Agricultural Livestock and Research Organization (KALRO), Kabete station for one season (December 2015 to April 2016). Methodology: One hundred and sixty three mutants developed from three commercial varieties (Asante 72, Mpya 43 and Sherekea 47) were evaluated. Results: The reactions of potato mutants to bacterial wilt varied from variety to variety and mutants to mutants. None of the Asante, Mpya and Sherekea mutants used was found to be resistant to bacterial wilt though Asante mutant populations showed better response. There was significant difference in some traits such as DTOW, AUDPC and PSTTN across the three potato mutant populations. Conclusion: The variation within the potato mutants and response to bacterial wilt resistance levels could be attributed to different dose rates and the reaction of each variety to the mutagen used. Since mutation is random its effects are enormous.

An Integrated Decision Support System for Intercropping

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Sodiya ◽  
A. T. Akinwale ◽  
K. A. Okeleye ◽  
J. A. Emmanuel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support System ◽  
Support System ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Fertility Protection

Intercropping, which is the agricultural practice of growing two or more crops in the same land area, is not currently yielding adequate results in Africa. Despite the advantages of intercropping like improved soil fertility, protection against pests and diseases and eventual increase in farm yield, this farming practice is faced with challenges—inadequate planning, bad crop management and lack of required intercropping expertise. Consequently, this has resulted in inadequate reward for farmers and a general decline in crop production. In this regard, the authors present an Intelligent and Integrated Intercropping Decision Support System for Intercropping (IDSS-I) for improved crop production. The design adopts a forecasting component that provides farmers with the estimated yield and income depending on the size of land, soil type and weather condition. Although the implementation was carried out using JAVA and SQL, usability testing revealed 85% acceptance of the tool among the contacted 10 large scale farmers. It was also confirmed that the system provided 95% diagnosis information for 90% common Africa crop diseases.

scholarly journals An Endophytic Diaporthe apiculatum Produces Monoterpenes with Inhibitory Activity against Phytopathogenic Fungi

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Xiao-Yu Song ◽  
Huihua Wang ◽  
Fei Ren ◽  
Kaiying Wang ◽  
Guiming Dou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Multigene Phylogeny ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Petri Plate ◽  
First Time

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from endophytic fungi are becoming a potential antibiotic resource. The inhibitive effects of VOCs produced by an endophytic fungus in Leucaena leucocephala were investigated on plant pathogens in this study. Using standard morphological methods and multigene phylogeny, the fungus was identified as Diaporthe apiculatum strain FPYF 3052. Utilizing a two- compartment Petri plate bioassay method, the VOCs from this fungus showed bioactivity ranging from 23.8% to 66.7% inhibition on eight plant pathogens within 24 hours. The SPME-GC/MS technique identified fifteen volatile compounds with dominant terpenoids γ-terpinene (39.8%), α-terpinene (17.2%), and (-)-4-terpineol (8.4%) from the VOCs. Commercial α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, and (-)-4-terpineol demonstrated inhibition on the tested pathogens at concentrations from 0.2 to 1.0 µl/ml within 72 h in the bioassay system. The inhibition rates were from 28% to 100% percent using 1.0 µl/ml within 48 h. (-)-4-Terpineol was the most active of the terpenoids causing up to 100% inhibition. The data illustrate that these monoterpenes play an important role in the inhibitive bioactivity of the VOCs of D. apiculatum FPYF 3052. Most importantly, (-)-4-terpineol is now for the first time, reported to have capability of strong antifungal activity and could be developed as an antibiotic substance.

scholarly journals Fungicide SYP-14288 Inducing Multidrug Resistance in Rhizoctonia solani

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (10) ◽  
pp. 2563-2570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingkai Cheng ◽  
Xuejing Man ◽  
Zitong Wang ◽  
Li Liang ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Parental Strain ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Type Strains

Rhizoctonia solani is a widely distributed soilborne plant pathogen, and can cause significant economic losses to crop production. In chemical controls, SYP-14288 is highly effective against plant pathogens, including R. solani. To examine the sensitivity to SYP-14288, 112 R. solani isolates were collected from infected rice plants. An established baseline sensitivity showed that values of effective concentration for 50% growth inhibition (EC50) ranged from 0.0003 to 0.0138 μg/ml, with an average of 0.0055 ± 0.0030 μg/ml. The frequency distribution of the EC50 was unimodal and the range of variation factor (the ratio of maximal over minimal EC50) was 46.03, indicating that all wild-type strains were sensitive to SYP-14288. To examine the risk of fungicide resistance, 20 SYP-14288-resistant mutants were generated on agar plates amended with SYP-14288. Eighteen mutants remained resistant after 10 transfers, and their fitness was significantly different from the parental strain. All of the mutants grew more slowly but showed high virulence to rice plants, though lower than the parental strain. A cross-resistance assay demonstrated that there was a positive correlation between SYP-14288 and fungicides having or not having the same mode of action with SYP-14288, including fluazinam, fentin chloride, fludioxonil, difenoconazole, cyazofamid, chlorothalonil, and 2,4-dinitrophen. This result showed a multidrug resistance induced by SYP-14288, which could be a concern in increasing the spectrum of resistance in R. solani to commonly used fungicides.

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