Two Types of Space in the Hydrogen Atom not Predictable with Quantum Mechanics

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-339
Author(s):  
Koshun Suto
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Electron Mass ◽  
Positive Mass ◽  
Negative Mass ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Quantum Condition

Einstein’s energy-momentum relationship is not applicable to the electron in a hydrogen atom. Therefore, the author has previously derived an energy-momentum relationship applicable to the electron inside the hydrogen atom where potential energy exists. However, the initially-derived relationship did not incorporate the discontinuities in energy which are characteristic of quantum mechanics. Therefore, the author derived a new quantum condition to take the place of Bohr’s quantum condition, i.e., , and that was used to incorporate discontinuity into the relationship derived by the author. When that relationship is solved, it is evident that, in addition to the existing energy levels, there are also ultra-low energy levels where the electron mass becomes negative. A previously unknown state of the hydrogen atom exists, formed from an electron with negative mass and a proton with positive mass. The electron with negative mass exists near the proton. The author predicts that this unknown matter is the true nature of dark matter, an unknown source of gravity whose true nature is currently unknown.

scholarly journals Presentation of Dark Matter Candidates

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Koshun Suto
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Positive Mass ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Negative Mass ◽  
Mass Source ◽  
True Nature

The hydrogen atom has ultra-low energy levels. This paper calls hydrogen atoms at these energy levels “dark hydrogen atoms.” A dark hydrogen atom is formed from a proton with positive mass, and an electron with negative mass. This paper claims that, if the interpretation of triplet production is changed, then the existence of electrons forming dark hydrogen has already been indirectly demonstrated. The radius of dark matter (DM), exemplified by the dark hydrogen atom, is extremely small. However, this matter can exist in a state of high density, and thus can act as a tremendous source of gravitational force, far greater than ordinary matter. This paper predicts that dark atoms, dark molecules, and various types of DM combining such particles are the true nature of the unknown mass (source of gravitational force).

scholarly journals The Relationship Enfolded in Bohr’s Quantum Condition and a Previously Unknown Formula for Kinetic Energy

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Koshun Suto
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Energy Formula ◽  
Classical Quantum ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Quantum Condition

Bohr’s quantum condition is an indispensable assumption for classical quantum theory. However, strictly speaking, Bohr's quantum condition does not hold when deriving the energy of an electron forming a hydrogen atom from the perspective of the theory of relativity. In this paper, it is thought that the relationship enfolded in Bohr's quantum condition, i.e.,  is suitable as a new quantum condition to replace Bohr’s quantum condition. Also, in quantum mechanics, the energy of an electron is derived based on the theory of relativity, as exemplified in the theory of Sommerfeld. However, this paper points out that the previous energy formula based on the theory of relativity is mistaken. It also proposes a previously unknown formula for the kinetic energy of an electron.

The nonlinear behaviors of movement of electron in the atoms

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1550054
Author(s):  
Xiao-Feng Pang
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Coulomb Interaction ◽  
Nonlinear Theory ◽  
Coulomb Potential ◽  
Nonlinear Interaction ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Nonlinear Interactions ◽  
Theory Of Motion ◽  
Nonlinear Behaviors

In view of difficulties and questions of quantum mechanics in description of motion of electrons in hydrogen atom, we here established their nonlinear theory of motion based on the true motions of electron and nucleon and the real interactions between them, in which the motion of electron is depicted by a nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a Coulomb potential, the nonlinear interaction b∣φ∣2φ is produced by the change of Coulomb interaction between nucleon and electron due to the motion of nucleon. Thus the natures of the electron are thoroughly changed relative to those in quantum mechanics due to the nonlinear interactions, it not only is stable and localized, but also possesses a wave–corpuscle duality. Meanwhile, if its eigenenergy is still quantized and distributed in accordance with the energy levels, then we can use the new theory to explain perfectly the spectrum features of hydrogen atom, which resembles quantum mechanics, but its sizes of eigenenergy are depressed relative to that in quantum mechanics. This means that the nonlinear interaction enhances the localized and stable nature of the electron. Therefore, the new nonlinear theory is successful and correct to the hydrogen atom.

scholarly journals QUANTUM GRAVITATIONAL CORRECTIONS TO THE HYDROGEN ATOM AND HARMONIC OSCILLATOR

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 137-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL MAZIASHVILI ◽  
ZURAB SILAGADZE
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Harmonic Oscillator ◽  
Opposite Sign ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Gravitational Effect ◽  
Energy Shift ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Minimum Length ◽  
Time Dimension

It is shown that the rate of corrections to the hydrogen atom and harmonic oscillator energy levels due to the profound quantum gravitational effect of space–time dimension running/reduction coincides well with those obtained by means of minimum-length-deformed quantum mechanics. The rate of corrections is pretty much the same within the accuracy with which we can judge the quantum gravitational corrections at all. Such a convergence of results makes the concept of space–time dimension running more appreciable. As a remarkable distinction, the energy shift due to dimension reduction has the opposite sign as compared with the correction obtained by means of minimum-length-modified quantum mechanics. Therefore, the sign of total quantum gravitational correction remains somewhat obscure.

scholarly journals Energy-Constrained Design of Joint NOMA-Diversity Schemes with Imperfect Interference Cancellation

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4194
Author(s):  
Fulvio Babich ◽  
Giulia Buttazzoni ◽  
Francesca Vatta ◽  
Massimiliano Comisso
Keyword(s):  
Interference Cancellation ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Code Modulation ◽  
Energy Constrained ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Internet Of Things

This study proposes a set of novel random access protocols combining Packet Repetition (PR) schemes, such as Contention Resolution Diversity Slotted Aloha (CRDSA) and Irregular Repetition SA (IRSA), with Non Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA). Differently from previous NOMA/CRDSA and NOMA/IRSA proposals, this work analytically derives the energy levels considering two realistic elements: the residual interference due to imperfect Interference Cancellation (IC), and the presence of requirements on the power spent for the transmission. More precisely, the energy-limited scenario is based on the relationship between the average available energy and the selected code modulation pair, thus being of specific interest for the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology in forthcoming fifth-generation (5G) systems. Moreover, a theoretical model based on the density evolution method is developed and numerically validated by extensive simulations to evaluate the limiting throughput and to explore the actual performance of different NOMA/PR schemes in energy-constrained scenarios.

scholarly journals Research on the Relationship between Solid Physics and Quantum Mechanics Based on Computer

2021 ◽  
Vol 1744 (3) ◽  
pp. 032176
Author(s):  
Man Zhang ◽  
Yunfei Wu ◽  
Hongyun Cui ◽  
Ju Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Quantitative Breast Density in Contrast-Enhanced Mammography

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 3309
Author(s):  
Gisella Gennaro ◽  
Melissa L. Hill ◽  
Elisabetta Bezzon ◽  
Francesca Caumo
Keyword(s):  
Breast Density ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Multiple Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Automatic Software ◽  
The Relationship

Contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) demonstrates a potential role in personalized screening models, in particular for women at increased risk and women with dense breasts. In this study, volumetric breast density (VBD) measured in CEM images was compared with VBD obtained from digital mammography (DM) or tomosynthesis (DBT) images. A total of 150 women who underwent CEM between March 2019 and December 2020, having at least a DM/DBT study performed before/after CEM, were included. Low-energy CEM (LE-CEM) and DM/DBT images were processed with automatic software to obtain the VBD. VBDs from the paired datasets were compared by Wilcoxon tests. A multivariate regression model was applied to analyze the relationship between VBD differences and multiple independent variables certainly or potentially affecting VBD. Median VBD was comparable for LE-CEM and DM/DBT (12.73% vs. 12.39%), not evidencing any statistically significant difference (p = 0.5855). VBD differences between LE-CEM and DM were associated with significant differences of glandular volume, breast thickness, compression force and pressure, contact area, and nipple-to-posterior-edge distance, i.e., variables reflecting differences in breast positioning (coefficient of determination 0.6023; multiple correlation coefficient 0.7761). Volumetric breast density was obtained from low-energy contrast-enhanced spectral mammography and was not significantly different from volumetric breast density measured from standard mammograms.

scholarly journals Fast Vacuum Fluctuations and the Emergence of Quantum Mechanics

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard ’t Hooft
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Quantum Interference ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Vacuum Fluctuations ◽  
Heavy Particles ◽  
Evolving Systems ◽  
Gedanken Experiment ◽  
Classical Computer

AbstractFast moving classical variables can generate quantum mechanical behavior. We demonstrate how this can happen in a model. The key point is that in classically (ontologically) evolving systems one can still define a conserved quantum energy. For the fast variables, the energy levels are far separated, such that one may assume these variables to stay in their ground state. This forces them to be entangled, so that, consequently, the slow variables are entangled as well. The fast variables could be the vacuum fluctuations caused by unknown super heavy particles. The emerging quantum effects in the light particles are expressed by a Hamiltonian that can have almost any form. The entire system is ontological, and yet allows one to generate interference effects in computer models. This seemed to lead to an inexplicable paradox, which is now resolved: exactly what happens in our models if we run a quantum interference experiment in a classical computer is explained. The restriction that very fast variables stay predominantly in their ground state appears to be due to smearing of the physical states in the time direction, preventing their direct detection. Discussions are added of the emergence of quantum mechanics, and the ontology of an EPR/Bell Gedanken experiment.

scholarly journals The role of L/W in the solar radiation for Saharian cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 05006
Author(s):  
Rami Qaoud ◽  
Alkama Djamal
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Direct Solar Radiation ◽  
Test Field ◽  
Natural Lighting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The urban fabric of the desert cities is based on the principle of reducing the impact of urban canyons on direct solar radiation. Here comes this research, which is based on a comparative study of the periods of direct solarisation and values of the solar energy of urban canyons via two urban fabrics that have different building densities, where the ratio between L/W is different. In order to obtain the real values of the solar energy (thermal, lighting), the test field was examined every two hours, each three consecutive days. The measurement stations are positioned by the three types of the relationship between L/W, (L≥2w, L=w, L≤0.5w). According to the results, we noticed and recorded the difference in the periods of direct solarization between the types of urban engineering canyons, reaching 6 hours a day, the difference in thermal values of air, reaching 4 °C, and the difference in periods of direct natural lighting, reaching 6 hours. It should be noted that the role of the relationship between L/W is to protect the urban canyons by reducing the impact of direct solar radiation on urban canyons, providing longer hours of shading, and reducing solar energy levels (thermal, lighting) at the urban canyons. This research is classified under the research axis (the studies of external spaces in the urban environment according to the bioclimatic approach and geographic approach). But this research aims to focus on the tracking and studying the distribution of the solar radiation - thermal radiation and lighting radiation - in different types of street canyons by comparing the study of the direct solarization periods of each type and the quantity of solar energy collected during the solarization periods.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document