Chapter 6. A Renaissance Republic? Antwerp’s urban militia, “the military Renaissance” and structural changes in warfare, c. 1566–c. 1621

2020 ◽  
pp. 131-152
Author(s):  
Erik Swart
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
The Military

The Cold War Origins of the U.S. Central Command

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Odom
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Reagan Administration ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Command ◽  
Jimmy Carter ◽  
Joint Chiefs Of Staff ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Military

During the Carter administration the Middle East and Southwest Asia became a third major theater in the Cold War struggle along with Europe and the Far East. Initially, President Jimmy Carter tried to remove this region from the Cold War competition, but the collapse of the shah's regime in Iran prompted Carter to reverse course and to build a “Persian Gulf security framework” that later allowed the United States to deal with three wars and many smaller clashes. The interagency process implementing this dramatic change was rent with clashes of departmental interests. The State Department and the military services resisted the structural changes they would later need to confront not only the Soviet threat but also intraregional conflicts. Moreover, the Reagan administration, after forcing the Joint Chiefs of Staff to make the Central Command formal, actually slowed the process of its growth, leaving it far from ready to embark on the Gulf War in 1990–1991.

Attitudes of Peruvian Highland Village Leaders Toward Military Intervention

1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-178
Author(s):  
John T. Fishel
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
New Era ◽  
Industrial Economy ◽  
System A ◽  
Breathing Space ◽  
Industrial Mining ◽  
The Military

The military coup of October 3, 1968 appears to have inaugurated a new era in Peruvian sociopolitical life. Unlike earlier “revolutions,” the current one is neither a simple military intervention to give the traditional civilian system a breathing space nor is it the action of a traditional caudillo in alliance with the oligarchy. Rather, the Peruvian Revolution is a fundamental attempt to effect major structural changes in the sociopolitical economic order.In the six years of Revolutionary government, many changes have been made. The semi-feudal power of the traditional coastal agricultural oligarchy has been broken and partially channeled into the modern industrial economy with its attendant influence. The means to this end was, of course, the agrarian reform which turned the large, productive coastal haciendas into generally economically successful producers' cooperatives. Similar results have been obtained in the industrial, mining, and fishing reforms.

scholarly journals The Modernization of Poland Defense Forces to Respond Russia Military Presence in Kaliningrad Oblast (2014-2017)

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Anak Agung Banyu Perwita ◽  
Widya Dwi Rachmawati
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Kaliningrad Oblast ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Polish Government ◽  
The Military

The geopolitical security condition of Eastern Europe has undergone a drastic shift from Communist to Democratic ideology. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Poland immediately joined the Western alliance, which led to the massive structural changes of the country. The shift has had an enormous impact on Russia where it has made various confrontations to regain its influence in the region. Russia continues to increase tensions by increasing the military capabilities of Kaliningrad Oblast, which is directly bordered by Poland. In response, the Polish government made efforts to modernize its military as part of the Defense White Book 2013 to improve its military capabilities in response to Russian military presence in Kaliningrad Oblast. The role of the global players (EU, NATO, and the USA) is key important to the security stability of the region. Poland on its four pillars specifically calls the alliance with the USA and becomes a member of NATO as an important factor in the formulation of its defense policy, in which Poland could increase the capabilities of its Armed Forces.

scholarly journals Larger Volume and Different Activation of the Brain in Response to Threat in Military Officers

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-686
Author(s):  
Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli ◽  
◽  
Valiallah Saba ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Military Training ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Motor Processing ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: Military missions involve stressful and life-threatening situations; however, soldiers should have a healthy cognition on the battlefield despite their high-stress levels. This is an ability that should be gained during prior military training. Successful and influential training is suggested to be associated with structural and functional improvements of the brain. Methods: This study investigated the pattern of brain activation while observing videos relevant to life-threatening situations, in addition to brain structure. Accordingly, the obtained data were compared between 20 military members and 26 healthy controls. The study participants were all male, aged between 19 to 24 years, right-handed, studying BSc, and from the same socioeconomic status. Results: The obtained data presented a larger volume in a total number of 1103 voxels of the brain (in 5 brain areas) in the military group. Furthermore, the military group suggested higher brain activation in the visual processing areas of the brain when observing real combat videos; however, this increment was mostly in the areas associated with motor processing and executive functions in the controls. Conclusion: This study indicated that military training is associated with positive structural changes in the brain. Besides, it provided a different brain activation in response to stressful situations. These findings highlighted the importance of qualified military training.

Administrative Monsters

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (S1) ◽  
pp. 127-151
Author(s):  
Adam E. Leeds
Keyword(s):  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Socialist Economy ◽  
Civilian Life ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Military ◽  
Over Time

Yurii Yaremenko was one of the late great theorists of the Soviet planning system. His theory, as presented first in censored and self-censored form in his major monograph, Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy (1981), describes the planned economy as composed of groups of technologically differentiated industries, ordered by their priority for receiving scarce high-quality goods. The forced development of the economy is its qualitative differentiation, which over time creates inherent structural imperatives for large-scale reorderings of that priority hierarchy, lest the phenomena of structural transformation become pathological. This account is supplemented by post-Soviet published interviews and by the author’s own interviews with Yaremenko’s associates. They reveal what Yaremenko’s theory left unsaid: that the disintegration of the late Soviet state into a multitude of competing, self-reproducing “administrative monsters,” the most powerful being the military industries distorted industrial structure, degraded civilian life, and ultimately made reform impossible.

Management of Logistics Support Structures – Development and Desiderata

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-250
Author(s):  
Nicolae Nicoară ◽  
Gabriela-Florina Nicoară
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Support Structures ◽  
Combat Experience ◽  
Management Efficiency ◽  
Speed Of Response ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Military

AbstractEvery single day, the personnel from the logistics work hard in order to provide continuously the needed support for the recipients. The military field is changing and developing. The combat experience of the Romanian soldiers and the common exercises carried out with the strategical partners increase the military field capacities but also its expectations. In this context, we believe that logistics should move forward in order to update and upgrade at the tactical level. It has to enhance its ability to anticipate, to improve the speed of response to requests, and to reduce the improvisation in making decisions. In this article, we will write about a few means of increasing management efficiency through structural changes. Moreover, we will take into consideration the need to upgrade the management systems and we will highlight the benefits of using the tools of management in logistics.

5. Command influence, lawful and unlawful

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene R. Fidell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Discretionary Power ◽  
Military Justice ◽  
Us Congress ◽  
The Us ◽  
Justice Process ◽  
The Military

The military is a hierarchical and pervasively regulated society in which individuals can exert tremendous influence over subordinates. Military codes in the United States and elsewhere vest tremendous discretionary power in commanders. “Command influence” occurs whenever a superior influences the action of some participant in the military justice process and may be lawful or unlawful. The US Congress has put in place a variety of protections against unlawful commander influence, but the issue remains. ‘Command influence, lawful and unlawful’ suggests that even with structural changes that reduce the power of commanders, there will inevitably be room for overreaching, and vigilance will continue to be required to keep it in check.

scholarly journals Larger Volume and Different Activation of the Brain in Response to Threat in Military Officers

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-686
Author(s):  
Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli ◽  
◽  
Valiallah Saba ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Military Training ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Motor Processing ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: Military missions involve stressful and life-threatening situations; however, soldiers should have a healthy cognition on the battlefield despite their high-stress levels. This is an ability that should be gained during prior military training. Successful and influential training is suggested to be associated with structural and functional improvements of the brain. Methods: This study investigated the pattern of brain activation while observing videos relevant to life-threatening situations, in addition to brain structure. Accordingly, the obtained data were compared between 20 military members and 26 healthy controls. The study participants were all male, aged between 19 to 24 years, right-handed, studying BSc, and from the same socioeconomic status. Results: The obtained data presented a larger volume in a total number of 1103 voxels of the brain (in 5 brain areas) in the military group. Furthermore, the military group suggested higher brain activation in the visual processing areas of the brain when observing real combat videos; however, this increment was mostly in the areas associated with motor processing and executive functions in the controls. Conclusion: This study indicated that military training is associated with positive structural changes in the brain. Besides, it provided a different brain activation in response to stressful situations. These findings highlighted the importance of qualified military training.

scholarly journals THE HUNGARIAN GOVERNMENTAL DEFENCE AND MILITARY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM „ZRÍNYI 2026” AS A RESPONSE TO THE NEW THREATS IN THE REGION

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-260
Author(s):  
Olivér BALOGH
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
European Security ◽  
Defence Budget ◽  
Military Development ◽  
The Military

The purpose of the article is to illustrate the Hungarian Governmental Defence and Military Development Program „Zrínyi 2026”, enacted in 2016, and its role in national and regional European security. The author focuses not only on the military technical changes, that include addition of the new equipment, but also discusses the organizational and structural changes promoted by the program. Presented analysis also elaborates on the defence budget and its forecast up to 2024, with discussion on major implications. Thorough this emphasis structure of the Armed Forces of Hungary, as of January 2019, is presented, in view of changes caused by modern threats in the region.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF FUNCTIONING OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM UNDER STRESS

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1S) ◽  
pp. 123-124
Author(s):  
N S Zaitseva ◽  
L P Syziakina
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Military Officers ◽  
Special Operations ◽  
Immune System Function ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
Adaptive Reactions

The psychobiological essence of stress is to reprogram the resources of the human body for survival in extreme life-threatening conditions. The study of the activity of the main homeostatic systems in acute and prolonged adaptive reactions in soldiers is of great scientific and practical interest. The immune status was assessed in 42 military officers who participated in special operations for the first time. Not only quantitative, but also structural changes of the immune system function in the military-participants of special operations were revealed. The results require further analysis, study and consideration in assessing the health of soldiers.

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