Chapter 7. Dating, Authorship, and Generational Memory in Ljósvetninga saga: A Late Response to Barði Guðmundsson

2019 ◽  
pp. 139-154
Keyword(s):  
Late Response

scholarly journals Plantar flexor muscle stretching depresses the soleus late response but not tendon tap reflexes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy S. Pulverenti ◽  
Gabriel S. Trajano ◽  
Benjamin J. C. Kirk ◽  
Vanesa Bochkezanian ◽  
Anthony J. Blazevich
Keyword(s):  
Late Response ◽  
Plantar Flexor ◽  
Flexor Muscle ◽  
Muscle Stretching ◽  
Tendon Tap

scholarly journals PacBio full-length transcriptome of wild apple (Malus sieversii) provides insights into canker disease dynamic response

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojie Liu ◽  
Xiaoshuang Li ◽  
Xuejing Wen ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Yu Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Response ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Late Response ◽  
Response Mechanism ◽  
Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Malus Sieversii ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract Background Valsa canker is a serious disease in the stem of Malus sieversii, caused by Valsa mali. However, little is known about the global response mechanism in M. sieversii to V. mali infection. Results Phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) profiles and transcriptome analysis were used to elaborate on the dynamic response mechanism. We determined that the JA was initially produced to respond to the necrotrophic pathogen V. mali infection at the early response stage, then get synergistically transduced with SA to respond at the late response stage. Furthermore, we adopted Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) full-length sequencing to identify differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) during the canker response stage. We obtained 52,538 full-length transcripts, of which 8139 were DETs. Total 1336 lncRNAs, 23,737 alternative polyadenylation (APA) sites and 3780 putative transcription factors (TFs) were identified. Additionally, functional annotation analysis of DETs indicated that the wild apple response to the infection of V. mali involves plant-pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction, flavonoid biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The co-expression network of the differentially expressed TFs revealed 264 candidate TF transcripts. Among these candidates, the WRKY family was the most abundant. The MsWRKY7 and MsWRKY33 were highly correlated at the early response stage, and MsWRKY6, MsWRKY7, MsWRKY19, MsWRKY33, MsWRKY40, MsWRKY45, MsWRKY51, MsWRKY61, MsWRKY75 were highly correlated at the late stage. Conclusions The full-length transcriptomic analysis revealed a series of immune responsive events in M. sieversii in response to V. mali infection. The phytohormone signal pathway regulatory played an important role in the response stage. Additionally, the enriched disease resistance pathways and differentially expressed TFs dynamics collectively contributed to the immune response. This study provides valuable insights into a dynamic response in M. sieversii upon the necrotrophic pathogen V. mali infection, facilitates understanding of response mechanisms to canker disease for apple, and provides supports in the identification of potential resistance genes in M. sieversii.

scholarly journals Phytochemical and Antioxidant Dynamics of the Soursop Fruit (Annona muricata L.) in response to Colletotrichum spp.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Alejandro Rubio-Melgarejo ◽  
Rosendo Balois-Morales ◽  
Yolotzin Apatzingan Palomino-Hermosillo ◽  
Graciela Guadalupe López-Guzmán ◽  
José Carmen Ramírez-Ramírez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antiradical Activity ◽  
Late Response ◽  
Total Phenols ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Colletotrichum Siamense ◽  
Soluble Phenols ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

This work evaluates the effect of the pathogens Colletotrichum siamense and C. gloeosporioides on the response of soursop fruits. The bioactive compounds (total phenols, flavonoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and saponins) were evaluated qualitatively in soursop pulp. Positive phytochemicals and antioxidant activity (DPPH•, ABTS•+, and FRAP) were quantified at day zero, one, three, and five. Fruits treated with C. gloeosporioides showed higher disease severity (P<0.05). Early fruit response (day one) was observed with both pathogens, increased the concentration of saponins and repressed the production of quercetin 3-O-glucoside (P<0.05). Likewise, C. siamense decreased total soluble phenols and flavonoids and increased antiradical activity DPPH•. Besides, C. gloeosporioides decreased the levels of kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside and ferulic acid (P<0.05). Regarding the late response (day three), both pathogens decreased the concentration of saponins and increased flavonoids and phytosterols (P<0.05). Nevertheless, C. siamense increased the levels of total soluble phenols, p-coumaric acid, kaempferol, and antiradical activity FRAP (P<0.05). Also, C. gloeosporioides repressed the production of quercetin 3-O-glucoside at day five (P<0.05). Soursop fruits had a response to the attack of Colletotrichum during ripening at physicochemical and oxidative levels, which is associated with the production of compounds related to the development inhibition of pathogens. Even so, soursop fruits showed higher susceptibility to C. gloeosporioides and higher sensitivity to the attack of C. siamense.

Late pulmonary responses induced by Ascaris allergen in conscious squirrel monkeys

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 2081-2087 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hamel ◽  
C. S. McFarlane ◽  
A. W. Ford-Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Dynamic Compliance ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Antigen Challenge ◽  
Late Response ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Pulmonary Response

This study presents an antigen-dependent model of biphasic pulmonary changes to Ascaris suum in conscious squirrel monkeys. Animals with strong positive skin reactivity towards A. suum were trained to sit quietly in chairs and to breathe through face masks. Dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and pulmonary resistance (RL) were measured in these conscious animals before and for a period of 11 h after administration of an aerosol of Ascaris or ragweed antigen. The aerosol of Ascaris antigen induced reproducible increases (42%) in RL (P less than 0.001) and decreases (17%) in Cdyn (P less than 0.01) that peaked respectively 5 and 35 min after antigen challenge and lasted 60–90 min. After recovery, a second bronchoconstriction began between 2 and 8 h and peaked between 4 and 10 h after antigen challenge. Decreases in Cdyn (41%) were significantly greater (P less than 0.003) whereas mean increases in RL (44%) were similar during the late phase as compared with the first phase. The mean Cdyn decreases lasted a minimum of 2 h, whereas RL increases lasted less than 60 min. The time course of the responses varied from animal to animal but changes in individual animals were reproducible over a period of 6 mo. No significant correlation was observed between the cutaneous and the pulmonary responses to Ascaris and the late response was not reversed by aerosol administration of salbutamol (1.0 mg/ml). As a negative control animals were exposed to an aerosol of ragweed extract after which no immediate or late pulmonary response were observed. The results suggest that this primate model may be useful to study the pathophysiology of asthma in humans.

scholarly journals Hedgehog Signaling is Associated with Liver Response to Fractionated Irradiation in Mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 263-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieun Kim ◽  
Sihyung Wang ◽  
Jeongeun Hyun ◽  
Cynthia D. Guy ◽  
Youngmi Jung
Keyword(s):  
Murine Model ◽  
Hedgehog Signaling ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Late Response ◽  
Response Model ◽  
Fractionated Irradiation ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Histomorphological Changes ◽  
Liver Response

Background/Aims: Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) is a major obstacle in treating liver cancer; however, the mechanisms underlying RILD development remain unclear. Hedgehog (Hh) orchestrates liver response to injury. Herein, we investigated the liver response with Hh to fractionated irradiation (FI) using a small murine model for RILD. Methods: Male mice exposed to liver-targeted FI with 6Gy in 5 consecutive weekly fractions were sacrificed at one day after weekly irradiation and 6 or 10 weeks post 5th FI for the acute and late response model, respectively. Results: The levels of ALT/AST and apoptosis were elevated in all radiation groups. The expression of Hh ligand, Sonic and Indian Hh, and Hh activator, smoothened and gli2, was higher in the acute groups than the control group. Pro-fibrogenic markers were also up-regulated in this model compared with the control group. Histomorphological changes and ballooned hepatocytes were observed in the late response model. Both the expression of Hh and profibrotic genes and the fibrosis level increased in this model compared with the control groups. Conclusion: Enhanced Hedgehog signaling and liver injury with fibrosis in RILD murine model suggests hedgehog as the potential regulator in RILD progression and the suitability of this model for studying RILD.

Notes: Partial Characterization of anti-H L A Class II Antibodies Isolated by Aid of Sepharose-Peptide Immunoadsorbents

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 321-324
Author(s):  
Alberto Chersi ◽  
Maria Cristina Morganti-Kossmann
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Synthetic Peptides ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Late Response ◽  
Early Immune Response ◽  
Hla Dq ◽  
Class Ii Antigens

Synthetic peptides selected from HLA-DQ and HLADP glycoproteins were coupled to Sepharose, and used for the isolation of anti-HLA Class II antibodies from the immune sera of rabbits immunized with human lymphoblastoid cells expressing Class II antigens. Antibodies from early and late bleedings displayed remarkable differences in affinity for peptides and for soluble membrane proteins: these differences might be due to an early immune response directed preferentially against surface linear determinants, and to a late response to assembled (discontinuous) sites. The possibility that such antibodies might be used for the identification of amino acid stretches involved in the formation of the same assembled determinant is considered.

scholarly journals Bottom-up saliency and top-down learning in the primary visual cortex of monkeys

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (41) ◽  
pp. 10499-10504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Yan ◽  
Li Zhaoping ◽  
Wu Li
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Late Response ◽  
Late Component ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Response Component ◽  
Orientation Contrast

Early sensory cortex is better known for representing sensory inputs but less for the effect of its responses on behavior. Here we explore the behavioral correlates of neuronal responses in primary visual cortex (V1) in a task to detect a uniquely oriented bar—the orientation singleton—in a background of uniformly oriented bars. This singleton is salient or inconspicuous when the orientation contrast between the singleton and background bars is sufficiently large or small, respectively. Using implanted microelectrodes, we measured V1 activities while monkeys were trained to quickly saccade to the singleton. A neuron’s responses to the singleton within its receptive field had an early and a late component, both increased with the orientation contrast. The early component started from the outset of neuronal responses; it remained unchanged before and after training on the singleton detection. The late component started ∼40 ms after the early one; it emerged and evolved with practicing the detection task. Training increased the behavioral accuracy and speed of singleton detection and increased the amount of information in the late response component about a singleton’s presence or absence. Furthermore, for a given singleton, faster detection performance was associated with higher V1 responses; training increased this behavioral–neural correlate in the early V1 responses but decreased it in the late V1 responses. Therefore, V1’s early responses are directly linked with behavior and represent the bottom-up saliency signals. Learning strengthens this link, likely serving as the basis for making the detection task more reflexive and less top-down driven.

scholarly journals Has it done properly? The Difference between Before and After Social Distancing’s Policy Implementation in Controlling Covid-19 in Jakarta, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 12031
Author(s):  
Rony Darmawansyah Alnur ◽  
Meita Veruswati ◽  
Al Asyary
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Late Response ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Resource Setting ◽  
Low Resource Setting ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Social Restriction ◽  
The Difference

Social distancing shall be effective to control Covid-19 spread. However, its effectiveness is doubtfully due to late response of authority in a low-resource setting such as Indonesia. This study aims to present the effectiveness of large-sale social restriction (LSSR) as the social distancing policy by analyze the chronological as well as the difference between before and after LSSR implementation in Jakarta, Indonesia. The secondary data analysis was derived from surveillance data for Covid-19 from government authorities, including the Ministry of Health and the local government of Jakarta. Two statuses related to Covid-19 were examined in the study: incidence and suspect. These Covid-19 statuses were presented in daily rates with pre and post of LSSR policy in Jakarta, Indonesia. LSSR policy had just implemented over a month after the first multiple cases found. The number of positive confirmed patients increased significantly after the LSSR (p-value = 0.000; mean difference = -70.532). This study’s findings showed that social distancing was not effective to control Covid-19 incidence which indicates the late response of the authorities.

scholarly journals Impact of Physical Activity and Exercise on the Epigenome in Skeletal Muscle and Effects on Systemic Metabolism

Biomedicines ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Julio Plaza-Diaz ◽  
David Izquierdo ◽  
Álvaro Torres-Martos ◽  
Aiman Tariq Baig ◽  
Concepción M. Aguilera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Epigenetic Modification ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Late Response ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
The Impact

Exercise and physical activity induces physiological responses in organisms, and adaptations in skeletal muscle, which is beneficial for maintaining health and preventing and/or treating most chronic diseases. These adaptations are mainly instigated by transcriptional responses that ensue in reaction to each individual exercise, either resistance or endurance. Consequently, changes in key metabolic, regulatory, and myogenic genes in skeletal muscle occur as both an early and late response to exercise, and these epigenetic modifications, which are influenced by environmental and genetic factors, trigger those alterations in the transcriptional responses. DNA methylation and histone modifications are the most significant epigenetic changes described in gene transcription, linked to the skeletal muscle transcriptional response to exercise, and mediating the exercise adaptations. Nevertheless, other alterations in the epigenetics markers, such as epitranscriptomics, modifications mediated by miRNAs, and lactylation as a novel epigenetic modification, are emerging as key events for gene transcription. Here, we provide an overview and update of the impact of exercise on epigenetic modifications, including the well-described DNA methylations and histone modifications, and the emerging modifications in the skeletal muscle. In addition, we describe the effects of exercise on epigenetic markers in other metabolic tissues; also, we provide information about how systemic metabolism or its metabolites influence epigenetic modifications in the skeletal muscle.

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