Appendix 2: Reference intakes (RI) for total fat and carbohydrates and adequate intakes (AIs) for fatty acids, dietary fiber, and water

2020 ◽  
pp. 547-547
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Total Fat

scholarly journals Bioaccesibility, Metabolism, and Excretion of Lipids Composing Spent Coffee Grounds

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaia Iriondo-DeHond ◽  
Fresia Santillan Cornejo ◽  
Beatriz Fernandez-Gomez ◽  
Gema Vera ◽  
Eduardo Guisantes-Batan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Spent Coffee Grounds ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Coffee Grounds ◽  
Total Fat

The bioaccessibility, metabolism, and excretion of lipids composing spent coffee grounds (SCGs) were investigated. An analysis of mycotoxins and an acute toxicity study in rats were performed for safety evaluation. Total fat, fatty acids, and diterpenes (cafestol and kahweol) were determined in SCGs and their digests obtained in vitro. A pilot repeated intake study was carried out in Wistar rats using a dose of 1 g SCGs/kg b.w. for 28 days. Fat metabolism was evaluated by analysis of total fat, cholesterol, and histology in liver. The dietary fiber effect of SCGs was measured radiographically. The absence of mycotoxins and toxicity was reported in SCGs. A total of 77% of unsaturated fatty acids and low amounts of kahweol (7.09 µg/g) and cafestol (414.39 µg/g) were bioaccessible after in vitro digestion. A significantly lower (p < 0.1) accumulation of lipids in the liver and a higher excretion of these in feces was found in rats treated with SCGs for 28 days. No lipid droplets or liver damage were observed by histology. SCGs acutely accelerated intestinal motility in rats. SCGs might be considered a sustainable, safe, and healthy food ingredient with potential for preventing hepatic steatosis due to their effect as dietary fiber with a high fat-holding capacity.

scholarly journals The Combined Effects of Magnesium Oxide and Inulin on Intestinal Microbiota and Cecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Kanako Omori ◽  
Hiroki Miyakawa ◽  
Aya Watanabe ◽  
Yuki Nakayama ◽  
Yijin Lyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Acetic Acid Concentration ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Constipation is a common condition that occurs in many people worldwide. While magnesium oxide (MgO) is often used as the first-line drug for chronic constipation in Japan, dietary fiber intake is also recommended. Dietary fiber is fermented by microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs are involved in regulating systemic physiological functions and circadian rhythm. We examined the effect of combining MgO and the water-soluble dietary fiber, inulin, on cecal SCFA concentration and microbiota in mice. We also examined the MgO administration timing effect on cecal SCFAs. The cecal SCFA concentrations were measured by gas chromatography, and the microbiota was determined using next-generation sequencing. Inulin intake decreased cecal pH and increased cecal SCFA concentrations while combining MgO increased the cecal pH lowered by inulin and decreased the cecal SCFA concentrations elevated by inulin. When inulin and MgO were combined, significant changes in the microbiota composition were observed compared with inulin alone. The MgO effect on the cecal acetic acid concentration was less when administered at ZT12 than at ZT0. In conclusion, this study suggests that MgO affects cecal SCFA and microbiota during inulin feeding, and the effect on acetic acid concentration is time-dependent.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PADAT TEBAR TERHADAP KANDUNGAN ZAT GIZI IKAN LELE YANG DIPELIHARA DENGAN TEKNOLOGI BIOFLOK

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-131
Author(s):  
Settings Anang Suhardianto ◽  
Ariyanti Hartari
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Total Fat

This study aims to determine the effect of stocking density on the nutrient content of catfish that is maintained with biofloc technology. Nutrients observed: 1) water content, 2) protein, 3) carbohydrates, 4) total fat, 5) saturated fatty acids / SFA, 6) monounsaturated fatty acids/ MUFA, 7) plural unsaturated fatty acids / PUFA , 8) omega-3, 9) omega-6, and 10) omega 9. Statistical tests on the 10 variables showed that stocking density did not have a significant effect on the 10 variables at a 5% confidence interval. Stocking density of treatment is 1000 heads/pond (T1), 2000 heads/pond (T2), 3000 heads/pond (T3), with a pond size of 2.0 m x height 1.0 m. Research results: 1. The average water content is 69.40–71.47% and the highest T3. 2. The protein content is 14.70-15.90%, the highest T2. 3. Carbohydrate content of 5.16-5.50%, the highest T2. 4. The average total fat content of 6.73-7.78%, the highest T1. 5. SFA content is around 43%, PUFA around 23%, and MUFA around 32%. 6. The highest omega-3 content is T3, then T1, and T2. Omega-6 and 9 sequence contents are T1, T2, and T3. It was concluded, the treatment of biofloc catfish stocking densities at a 5% confidence interval did not have a significant effect on the specified nutrient content. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh padat tebar terhadap kandungan zat gizi ikan lele yang dipelihara dengan teknologi bioflok. Zat gizi yang diamati: 1) kandungan air, 2) protein, 3) karbohidrat, 4) lemak total, 5) asam lemak jenuh/SFA, 6) asam lemak tak jenuh tunggal/MUFA, 7) asam lemak tak jenuh jamak/PUFA, 8) omega-3, 9) omega 6, dan 10) omega 9. Uji statistik terhadap ke-10 variabel menunjukkan padat tebar tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap ke-10 variabel pada selang kepercayaan 5%.  Padat tebar perlakuan adalah 1000 ekor/kolam (T1),  2000 ekor/kolam (T2), 3000 ekor/kolam (T3), dengan ukuran kolam diameter 2,0 m x tinggi 1,0 m. Hasil penelitian: 1. Rata-rata kandungan air 69,40–71,47% dan T3 tertinggi. 2. Kandungan protein 14,70–15,90%, T2 tertinggi. 3. Kandungan karbohidrat 5,16–5,50%, T2 tertinggi. 4. Rata-rata kandungan lemak total 6,73–7,98%, T1 tertinggi. 5. Kandungan SFA sekitar 43%, PUFA sekitar 23%, dan MUFA sekitar 32%. 6. Kandungan omega-3 tertinggi T3, kemudian T1, dan T2. Omega-6 dan 9 urutan kandungannya T1, T2, dan T3.  Disimpulkan, perlakuan padat tebar lele bioflok pada selang kepercayaan 5% tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap kandungan zat gizi yang ditentukan.

Proximate composition of some ready-meal foods–total fat, fatty acids and tocopherols

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Leighfield ◽  
K. Ghebremeskel ◽  
W. Doyle ◽  
M. A. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Ready Meal

Control of Dietary Energy Level and dl-alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate Treatment Can Improve the Lipid Composition of Lamb Meat

2003 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatori ◽  
Maiorano ◽  
Pantaleo ◽  
Brienza ◽  
Filetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Lamb Meat ◽  
Total Fat

A diet rich in saturated fatty acids promotes plasmatic cholesterol levels and coronary disease in humans, whereas a high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces atheromatous plaque thickness. This study aimed at establishing a dietary energy level, which combined with intramuscular vitamin E treatment, would improve the nutritional lipid quality and shelf-life of lamb meat. Twenty male lambs were evaluated in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment: they were fed a low- and normal-energy diet (0.85 and 1.00 UFV NE/kg DM, respectively), and were injected intramuscularly with 0 and 150 IU dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/weekly for eight weeks. Thereafter, total fat, cholesterol, fatty acid profile, and lipostability were measured in meat samples. Meat total fat was significantly reduced by low energy intake diet and vitamin E administration. Cholesterol was significantly lower in meat from lambs fed the 0.85 UFV NE/kg DM diet. Vitamin E treatment increased linoleic acid percent values and decreased myristic acid levels. Moreover, linoleic acid percentage was inversely correlated with muscle total fat concentration. Meat sensitivity to lipoperoxidation was inversely correlated with muscle vitamin E concentration. This study demonstrates that nutritional characteristics and shelf-life of meat benefit from a low-energy diet and intramuscular vitamin E treatment.

scholarly journals Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Total Fat and Fatty Acids, and Relationships with Personal and Family Factors in Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years: Results of the EsNuPI Study

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2467
Author(s):  
Casandra Madrigal ◽  
María José Soto-Méndez ◽  
Rosaura Leis ◽  
Ángela Hernández-Ruiz ◽  
Teresa Valero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Total Fat

We aimed to determine the usual intake of total fat, fatty acids (FAs), and their main food sources in a representative cohort of the Spanish pediatric population aged 1 to <10 years (n = 707) who consumed all types of milk and an age-matched cohort who consumed adapted milk over the last year (including follow-on formula, toddler’s milk, growing-up milk, and fortified and enriched milks) (n = 741) who were participants in the EsNuPI study (in English, Nutritional Study in the Spanish Pediatric Population). Dietary intake, measured through two 24 h dietary recalls, was compared to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN-FAO) recommendations. Both cohorts showed a high intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), according to FAO recommendations, as there are no numerical recommendations for SFAs at EFSA. Also, low intake of essential fatty acids (EFAs; linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA)) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) of the n-3 series, mainly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were observed according to EFSA and FAO recommendations. The three main sources of total fat and different FAs were milk and dairy products, oils and fats, and meat and meat products. The consumption of adapted milk was one of the main factors associated with better adherence to the nutritional recommendations of total fat, SFAs, EFAs, PUFAs; and resulted as the main factor associated with better adherence to n-3 fatty acids intake recommendations. Knowledge of the dietary intake and food sources of total fat and FAs in children could help in designing and promoting effective and practical age-targeted guidelines to promote the consumption of EFA- and n-3 PUFA-rich foods in this stage of life.

scholarly journals Trends in total fat and fatty acid intakes and chronic health conditions in Korean adults over 2007–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1341-1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
SuJin Song ◽  
Jae Eun Shim ◽  
Won O Song
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
National Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Chronic Health Conditions ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Chronic Health ◽  
Korean Adults ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Total Fat

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate trends in total fat and fatty acid intakes and chronic health conditions among Korean adults over nine years between 2007 and 2015.DesignCross-sectional, observational study using a stratified, multistage probability sampling design at a national level. Intakes of total fat and fatty acids were estimated from 24 h dietary recalls by sex and age groups. Trends of total fat and fatty acid intakes were determined by multiple linear regression after adjusting for covariates. Trends in age-standardized prevalence of obesity, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriacylglycerolaemia were examined by sex.SettingKorea.ParticipantsPopulation data of 47749 healthy adults (aged ≥19 years) derived from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2007 and 2015.ResultsOver the survey period, daily intakes of energy and total, saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, n-3 and n-6 fats (grams and percentage of energy (%E)) increased steadily. In all sex and age groups, significant increases were seen in SFA intake from 9·9 g (4·7 %E) to 12·0 g (5·3 %E) and in MUFA intake from 9·9 g (4·6 %E) to 13·3 g (5·8 %E). The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia increased from 10·7 to 17·9 % over the same period.ConclusionsIn Korean adults, total fat, SFA and other fatty acids have been increasing along with the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia. This information can help set adequate macronutrient and fatty acid distribution ranges in developing population-specific preventive strategies against diet-related illness.

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