First Wave Feminism: Craftswomen in Plato’s Republic

Apeiron ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Hulme
Keyword(s):  
Inductive Generalization ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
Circular Argument ◽  
The One ◽  
Food Sales ◽  
The Guardian

Abstract Ancient Athenian women worked in industries ranging from woolworking and food sales to metalworking and medicine; Socrates’ mother was a midwife. The argument for the inclusion of women in the guardian class must be read in light of this historical reality, not least because it allows us retain an important manuscript reading and construe the passage as relying on an inductive generalization rather than a possibly circular argument. Ultimately, Plato fails to fully capitalize on the resources he has for a more egalitarian conclusion than the one he settles on, which regards women as “lesser than” yet “similar to” men.

scholarly journals Embedding Anglocentric Perceptions of the World: The Falklands-Malvinas Binomial in the News

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto A. Valdeón
Keyword(s):  
Web Sites ◽  
Spanish Version ◽  
English Edition ◽  
Internet News ◽  
News Service ◽  
News Events ◽  
Global Language ◽  
The Times ◽  
The One ◽  
The Guardian

This paper aims to examine the clash between languages and cultures as identified in the treatment of news events, with particular reference to the Falklands, or Malvinas in their Spanish denomination, in British and Spanish Internet news portals. English, as a global language, and Spanish, as its main European rival, exemplify a conflict between two languages and cultures that attempt to achieve or maintain world dominance, a battle that has been taken to the Internet arena in recent years. Thus,El Paísnewspaper launched an English version for their Internet readers whereas the BBC produced a Spanish version of its English news service.The conflict between the two languages is decisive when reporting on highly sensitive areas in each culture, such as the issue of Gibraltar’s sovereignty or the news events originating in or around the Falkland Islands. The paper pays particular attention to the latter and the way in which translation is embedded within or is part of the conflict itself. For that purpose, the paper surveys the reports posted in the Spanish news web sitesAbc,El País,andEl Mundo, on the one hand, and the English portals ofThe Guardian,The Times,Daily Telegraph,The Independentand the BBC on the other. The results will be compared with the translated news in the English edition ofEl Paísand in the Spanish version of the BBC (BBCMundo) respectively to determine the position of the two media with regards to this issue.

scholarly journals Liberalism, Governmentality and Counter-Conduct; An Introduction to Foucauldian Analytics of Liberal Civil Society Notions

2015 ◽  
pp. 8-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miikka Pyykkönen
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Potential Field ◽  
Political Action ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coercive Power ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

This article gives an analysis of Foucault’s studies of civil society and the various liberalist critiques of government. It follows from Foucault’s genealogical approach that “civil society” does not in itself possess any form of transcendental existence; its historical reality must be seen as the result of the productive nature of the power-knowledge-matrices. Foucault emphasizes that modern governmentality—and more specifically the procedures he names “the conduct of conduct”—is not exercised through coercive power and domination, but is dependent on the freedom and activeness of individuals and groups of society. Civil society is thus analyzed as fundamentally ambivalent: on the one hand civil society is a field where different kinds of technologies of governance meet the lives and wills of groups and individuals, but on the other hand it is a potential field of what Foucault called ‘counter-conduct’ – for both collective action and individual political action.

Stratification of the Meaning of Time

1980 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-34
Author(s):  
Carver T. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Functional Dependence ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Relational Model ◽  
Problem Of Time ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
Ancient Athens ◽  
Relational Concept ◽  
The One ◽  
Flowing Stream ◽  
The Ideal

It is no accident that when Socrates, Critias, Hermocrates, and Timaeus came to discuss the historicity of the Ancient Athens in correlation to Socrates' idea of the ideal city, they were led to the problem of the metaphysical reality of time. In Timaeus, time becomes the hinge of correlation between historical reality and eternity. And so it is with Augustine. In his Confessions, after a lengthy discussion of his personal history he sets out to construct an ontological structure for the interpretation of history as a whole. Right there, he encounters the problem of time. ‘What, then, is time? If no one asks of me, I know; if I wish to explain to him who asks, I know not.’ Lament as Augustine may, he plunges right into the puzzle.The problem of time is more than a pastime interest for metaphysical speculation. It is at the root of our understanding of the structure both of physical and of human existence. Einstein's relational concept of time affects our understanding of the structure of physical reality, just as the former Newtonian habit of looking at time as an independently flowing stream governed our former way of seeing things. With the suggestion in the Newtonian model that one moment of time flows into the one immediately next in sequence, we unconsciously look at events as flowing one into the other, and so we perceive events in terms of causal connexions. The relational model breaks the necessity of causal connexions and replaces it with a concept of functional dependence.

What is in Balkan History? Spaces and Scales in the Tradition of Southeast-European Studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Mishkova
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
Historical Times ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fine Tune

AbstractThis article takes a distance from the debate about 'symbolic geographies' and structural definitions of historical spaces as well as from surveying discrete disciplinary traditions or political agendas of regionalist scholarship in and on Southeastern Europe. Its purpose instead has been two-fold. On the one hand, to bring to light a preexistent but largely suppressed and un-reflected tradition of regionalist scholarship with the hope that this could help us fine tune the way we conceptualize, contemplate and evaluate regionalism as politics and transnationalism as a scholarly project. In epistemological terms, on the other hand, it proposes a theoretical perspective to regionalist scholarship involving rigorous engagement with the scales of observation, and scale shifts, in the interpretation of history. The hypothesis the article seeks to test maintains that the national and the (meso)regional perspectives to history chart differentiated 'spaces of experience' — i.e. the same occurrences are reported and judged in a different manner on the different scales — by way of displacing the valency of past processes, events, actors, and institutions and creating divergent temporalities — different national and regional historical times. Different objects (i.e. spaces) of enquiry are therefore coextensive with different temporal layers, each of which demands a different methodological approach. Drawing on texts of regional scholars, in which the historical reality of the Balkans/Southeastern Europe is articulated explicitly or implicitly, the article discusses also the relationship between different spaces and scales at the backdrop of the Braudelian and the microhistorical perspectives.

Carta sine litteris – kora középkori okirathasználat és historiográfia

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-58
Author(s):  
Tamás Nótári
Keyword(s):  
Legal History ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

In the work De Europa by Enea Silvio Piccolomini, book no 20, regarding the history of Carinthia, stands recorded the story of prince Ingo, who, according to the legend, contributed significantly by way of his wit to the spreading of Christianity. This study presents the circumstances in which the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum, which contains an earlier record of the legend, came into being, and it examines the possible existence in historical reality of prince Ingo and his princely title. In the following, the author analyses the possible meaning and the significance to legal history of the term carta sine litteris (a charter without letters), which appears in other sources of the legend but not in the one recounted by Enea Silvio Piccolomini. Finally, the author presents the literary precursors to the legend of prince Ingo and his role in the Conversio as well as the path the legend took until being recorded by Enea Silvio.

scholarly journals Question about the Ethics of Yalta Agreements in 1945. Archaeology of Power in Historiographical Discourses

Conatus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Oleg Konstantinovich Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Philosophical Background ◽  
The One ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Methodological Guidelines ◽  
Good And Evil

The Crimea (Yalta) Conference is by all means an extremely complex historical event. Any attempt to estimate its role and significance without analyzing its ethical components would unavoidably result in unduly simplifying the historical reality of the time, as well as in forming erroneous assumptions that would necessarily be used in the analysis of the causes of Cold War. A thorough examination will show that as far as the ‘ethical’ issues are concerned, there are significant developments with regard to general methodology, as well as its application to the sources. Generations of historians who have addressed the issue of Yalta Conference, although they have not been able to form a scientific, distinct ‘ethical’ tradition so far, have developed all the necessary prerequisites for its establishment. This is evident in the possibility of segmenting the issue in two parts on the one hand, and on the other in the availability of sufficient sources, structured databases, and selected outstanding works. Still, there are no studies about the Yalta Conference so far that address exclusively ethical issues concerning ‘good’ and ‘evil,’ ‘morality,’ ‘duty,’ and ‘honor.’ Although historiographical approaches are to a large extent dependent upon ethical viewpoints, in the case of Yalta agreements so far there have been no techniques available, so as to connect historical accounts with ideology, and historical facts with their philosophical background. In a sense, the situation is quite the same as it is with the study of prehistory: although there is an abundance of data and facts that can be primarily processed, there are no methodological guidelines, nor any devices to classify and explain them. This is also typical for any question raised about the ethics of the Yalta agreements in February 1945.

scholarly journals View of Polish and Russian Media on Euro 2012: Comparing and Contrasting

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 169-182
Author(s):  
L. A. Tsyganova ◽  
L. Bieszke
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Football Fans ◽  
Youth Subcultures ◽  
The Media ◽  
Run Up ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One ◽  
The Guardian

Considering the role of the media in modern society, we need to understand that public opinion about football fans in general is formed out of the information transmitted by the media. The objective of the study is to analyze the different views and aspects of the Euro 2012: its influence on countries development; its profitability but also the behavior of fans – their cooperation and rivalry. However, contemporary scholarship on sports sociology and football fandom subcultures does not recognize class impact on the near-football movement. European Football Championship 2012 showed problems of development and regulation of football fanaticism. It is essential to see how events on Euro 2012 in Poland, collision and confrontation Polish and Russian fans were reflected in Russian, Polish and UK press “Sport-Express”, “Soviet Sport”, “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, “Gazeta Wyborcza”, “Gazeta Polska”, “The Independent” and “The Guardian”. Football fans’, organization, and culture require precise studies, not only for understanding of current situation, but, perhaps, also for the development of an adequate strategy of interaction with them in the run-up to the World Cup in 2018. It is also necessary to identify not only the relationship of this movement to the different sectors of society, but also a subculture itself and its image in public opinion shaped by the media. In the era of globalization, understanding of youth subcultures is complicated and leads to a paradox. At the moment, there is a modification of the fan movement. On the one hand, we see the transition from bullying to the cultural «fanatism»; on the other hand, the question arises, if the bullies were an integral part of this culture, do we talk about the death or rebirth of culture? Youth subcultures in the era of postmodernism and globalization are transformed, into the phenomenon of «postsubculture», and may enhance the destructive tendencies in the spiritual life of the young generation, increasing the level of nihilistic attitudes. It should also be noted that the movement of football fans is becoming mainstream. There has been an increase in the popularity of fandom in society. This is due to the attention to this phenomenon in the media, in the cinema and fiction. 

scholarly journals Situation économique des orphelins du domaine du fonds public de Versend dans la première partie du 19ème siècle

2022 ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
Judit Borsy
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity To Learn ◽  
Financial Conditions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Inherited Wealth ◽  
Situation Économique ◽  
The One ◽  
The Guardian ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Premiere Partie

The purpose of the study. The fundamental question is what factors influenced the living conditions of the 515 orphans left in the Versend estate between 1815 and 1848. To what extent impacted the inherited wealth, the age of the orphaned child, the number of siblings, and the role of guardianship and lordship shaping the fate of orphans. Applied methods. The orphan census and orphan documents of the Versend estate formed the basis of the research. With the help of data referring to their financial conditions, it was possible to compare the types of heritage and the handling of it. On the one hand, we examined the percentage distribution of all assets, and on the other hand, we performed calculations by filtering out different groups. The conclusions drawn from the figures were confirmed by examining individual examples. In the course of the research, in addition to our previous processing of the orphans of the Pécsvárad public foundation estate, we also reviewed the works related to the orphans in France. Outcomes. Most of the orphans in Versend were very poor, and the loss of their parents made their situation much worse financially. The little more affluent only had the opportunity to learn, which mostly meant some kind of craftsmanship. Marriage also allowed orphans displaced from the family farm to get land, so orphans were married relatively early. Early deaths were affected by the scarcity of wealth, the number of siblings, the age of becoming an orphan. The fate of the orphans was basically determined by their financial situation, but its further development was influenced by the person of the guardian, their residence and circumstances, and even the solicitude of the orphan’s guardian.

Gothic evidence for the pronunciation of Greek in the fourth century AD

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-113
Author(s):  
Ville Leppänen
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vicious Circle ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
The Third ◽  
Circular Argument ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The One

Abstract The Gothic Bible offers valuable secondary evidence for the pronunciation of Greek in the fourth century AD. However, inferences based on such data may result in a vicious circle, as the interpretation of Gothic is, to a great extent, dependent on the historical details of contemporary Greek. I show that a circular argument can be avoided by using a novel method, which is based on the comparison of transcription correspondences of Greek loan words and biblical names occurring in the Greek original and the Gothic version. I test the method by applying it to three example cases. The first concerns the aspirated stops φ, θ, χ: Gothic evidence confirms the fricativization of these stops. The second case concerns the potential fricativization of voiced stops β, δ, γ: the results are inconclusive, which is an important finding, since this shows that Gothic cannot be used as evidence for the fricativization of these stops. The third case concerns front vowels: Gothic evidence confirms the coalescence of αι and ε on the one hand, and ει and ῑ on the other, while it also indicates that η was not (yet) pronounced as [iː] in the fourth century AD.

Language in the news: investigating representations of ‘Englishness’ using WordSmith Tools

Corpora ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Ensslin ◽  
Sally Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Ideologies ◽  
Linguistic Anthropology ◽  
The Media ◽  
Systematic Understanding ◽  
The Times ◽  
The One ◽  
The Guardian ◽  
And Linguistics

It is not uncommon to hear linguists lamenting the misrepresentation of language whenever linguistic subjects are taken up by the media. Ironically, though, we have relatively little systematic understanding of the ways in which language is actually dealt with in, and by, those media. This paper describes a project that aimed to explore the ways in which themes relating to language and linguistics are represented in a corpus of articles gathered from two British newspapers, The Times and The Guardian. The software programme WordSmith Tools (Scott, 2004) was used to identify those ‘key’ keywords that were most likely to occur in conjunction with the node terms language, languages, linguistic and linguistics. The applied methodology, which combines a quantitative analysis of keyword lists, concordances and collocations with a qualitative, discourse-analytical approach, reveals a number of ways in which issues related to the English language are debated in this particular sector of the print media. As could be expected, statistically-derived linguistic data suggest that English is predominantly represented in terms of a monolithic standard. Deeper insight was given by a close collocational analysis, which demonstrated that representations of the English language further subdivide into six partially conflicting categories relating to abuse and victimisation (inferiority presupposition), and, to a considerably larger extent, to commodification, empowerment and fetishisation (superiority presupposition). The findings are explored in the context of recent debates within sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology on the representation of language, on the one hand, and the construction of language ideologies, on the other.

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