scholarly journals Competing iconicities in the structure of languages

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irit Meir ◽  
Carol Padden ◽  
Mark Aronoff ◽  
Wendy Sandler

AbstractThe paper examines the role that iconicity plays in the structuring of grammars. Two main points are argued for: (a) Grammar does not necessarily suppress iconicity; rather, iconicity and grammar can enjoy a congenial relation in that iconicity can play an active role in the structuring of grammars. (b) Iconicity is not monolithic. There are different types of iconicity and languages take advantage of the possibilities afforded by them. We examine the interaction between iconicity and grammar by focusing on the ways in which sign languages employ the physical body of the signer as a rich iconic resource for encoding a variety of grammatical notions. We show that the body can play three different roles in iconic forms in sign languages: it can be used as a naming device where body parts represent body parts; it can represent the subject argument of verbal signs, and it can stand for first person. These strategies interact and sometimes compete in the languages under study. Each language resolves these competitions differently, which results in different grammars and grammatical structures. The investigation of the ways in which grammar and iconicity interact in these languages provides insight into the nature of both systems.

Author(s):  
Rui P. Chaves ◽  
Michael T. Putnam

This book is about one of the most intriguing features of human communication systems: the fact that words which go together in meaning can occur arbitrarily far away from each other. The kind of long-distance dependency that this volume is concerned with has been the subject of intense linguistic and psycholinguistic research for the last half century, and offers a unique insight into the nature of grammatical structures and their interaction with cognition. The constructions in which these unbounded dependencies arise are difficult to model and come with a rather puzzling array of constraints which have defied characterization and a proper explanation. For example, there are filler-gap dependencies in which the filler phrase is a plural phrase formed from the combination of each of the extracted phrases, and there are filler-gap constructions in which the filler phrase itself contains a gap that is linked to another filler phrase. What is more, different types of filler-gap dependency can compound, in the same sentence. Conversely, not all kinds of filler-gap dependencies are equally licit; some are robustly ruled out by the grammar whereas others have a less clear status because they have graded acceptability and can be made to improve in ideal contexts and conditions. This work provides a detailed survey of these linguistic phenomena and extant accounts, while also incorporating new experimental evidence to shed light on why the phenomena are the way they are and what important research on this topic lies ahead.


2020 ◽  
pp. 64-73
Author(s):  
Shivam Grover ◽  
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Kshitij Sidana ◽  
...  

Performance capture of human beings have been used to animate 3D characters for movies and games for several decades now. Traditional performance capture methods require a dedicated costly setup which usually consists of more than one sensor placed at a distance from the subject, hence requiring a large amount of budget and space to accomodate. This lowers its feasibility and portability by a huge amount. Egocentric (first-person/wearable) cameras, however, are attached to the body and hence are mobile. With a rise of acceptance of wearable technology by the general public, wearable cameras have gotten cheaper too. We can make use of their excessive portability in the performance capture domain. However working with egocentric images is a mammoth task as the views are severely distorted due to the first-person perspective and the body parts farther from the camera are highly prone to being occluded. In this paper, we review the existing state-of-the-art methods about performance capture using egocentric based views.


Author(s):  
Cristóbal Pera

ABSTRACTIf the human body is really a fabric, should surgeons be considered architects, as some surgeons describe themselves today? The author raises and analyzes this question, and he concludes that vsurgeons cannot be considered as such: the architect is the creator of his work —fabric or building—, but the surgeon is not the creator of this complex biological fabric —vulnerable and subject to deterioration and with an expiration date— which is the human body. This body is the object upon which his hands and instruments operate. The surgeon cures and heals wounds, immobilizes and aligns fractured bones in order to facilitate their good and timely repair, and cuts open the body’s surface in order to reach its internal organs. He also explores the body with his hands or instruments, destroys and reconstructs its ailing parts, substitutes vital organs taken from a donor’s foreign body, designs devices or prostheses, and replaces body parts, such as arteries and joints, that are damaged or worn out. In today’s culture, dominated by the desire to perfect the body, other surgeons keep retouching its aging façade, looking for an iconic and timeless beauty. This longing can drive, sometimes, to surgical madness. The surgeon is not capable of putting into motion, from scratch, a biological fabric such as the human body. Thus, he can’t create the subject of his work in the way that an architect can create a building. In contrast, the surgeon restores the body’s deteriorated or damaged parts and modifies the appearance of the body’s façade.RESUMEN¿Si el cuerpo humano fuera realmente una fábrica, podría el cirujano ser considerado su arquitecto, como algunos se pregonan en estos tiempos? Esta es la cuestión planteada por el autor y, a tenor de lo discurrido, su respuesta es negativa: porque así como el arquitecto es el artífice de su obra —fábrica o edificio— el cirujano no es el artífice de la complejísima fábrica biológica —vulnerable, deteriorable y caducable— que es el cuerpo humano, la cual le es dada como objeto de las acciones de sus manos y de sus instrumentos. El cirujano cura y restaña sus heridas, alinea e inmoviliza sus huesos fracturados para que su reparación llegue a buen término, penetra por sus orificios naturales o dibuja sobre la superficie corporal incisiones que le permitan llegar a sus entrañas, las explora con sus manos o mediante instrumentos, destruye y reconstruye sus partes enfermas, sustituye órganos vitales que no le ayudan a vivir por los extraídos de cuerpos donantes, y concibe, diseña y hace fabricar artefactos o prótesis, como recambio fragmentos corporales deteriorados o desgastados, como arterias o articulaciones. Otros cirujanos, en la predominante cultura de la modificación del cuerpo, retocan una y otra vez su fachada envejecida ineludiblemente por el paso del tiempo, empeñados en la búsqueda incesante de una belleza icónica y mediática e intemporal, una pretensión que puede conducir, y a veces conduce, al desvarío quirúrgico. En definitiva, el cirujano es incapaz de poner de pie, ex novo, una fábrica biológica como la del cuerpo humano y, por lo tanto, no puede ser su artífice, como lo es el arquitecto de su edificio. A lo sumo, es el restaurador de sus entrañas deterioradas y el modificador de su fachada, de su apariencia.


2014 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-446
Author(s):  
Ayelet Even-Ezra

In the Second Epistle to the Corinthians, Paul writes: It is doubtless not profitable for me to boast. I will come to visions and revelations of the Lord: I know a man in Christ who fourteen years ago—whether in the body I do not know, or whether out of the body I do not know, God knows—such a one was caught up to the third heaven. And I know such a man—whether in the body or out of the body I do not know, God knows—how he was caught up into Paradise and heard inexpressible words, which it is not lawful for a man to utter. Of such a one I will boast; yet of myself I will not boast, except in my infirmities. (2 Cor 12:1–5 nkiv) This brief and enigmatic account is caught between multiple dialectics of power and infirmity, pride and humility, unveiling and secrecy. At this point in his letter Paul is turning to a new source of power in order to establish his authority against the crowd of boasting false apostles who populate the previous paragraphs. He wishes to divulge his intimate, occult knowledge of God, but at the same time keep his position as antihero that is prevalent throughout the epistle. These dialectics are enhanced by a sophisticated play of first and third person. The third person denotes the subject who experienced rapture fourteen years ago, while the first person denotes the narrator in the present. Only after several verses does the reader realize that these two are in fact the same person. This alienation allows Paul the intricate play of boasting, for “of such a one I will boast, yet of myself I will not boast.”


2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhika Rao

The legal status of the human body is hotly contested, yet the law of the body remains in a state of confusion and chaos. Sometimes the body is treated as an object of property, sometimes it is dealt with under the rubric of contract, and sometimes it is not conceived as property at all, but rather as the subject of privacy rights. Which body of law should become the law of the body? This question is even more pressing in the context of current biomedical research, which permits commodification and commercialization of the body by everyone except the person who provides the “raw materials.” The lack of property protection for tangible parts of the human body is in stark contrast to the extensive protection granted to intellectual property in the body in the form of patents upon human genes and cell lines. Moreover, even courts that reject ownership claims on the part of those who supply body parts appear willing to grant property rights to scientists, universities, and others who use those body parts to conduct research and create products.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Elli ◽  
Marina Bedny ◽  
Barbara Landau

Classic theories emphasize the primacy of first-person sensory experience for learning meanings of words: to know what “see” means, one must be able to use the eyes to perceive. Contrary to this idea, blind adults and children acquire normative meanings of “visual” verbs, e.g., interpreting “see” and “look” to mean with the eyes for sighted agents. Here we ask the flip side of this question: how easily do sighted children acquire the meanings of “visual” verbs as they apply to blind agents? We asked sighted 4, 6- and 9 year-olds to tell us what part of the body a blind or a sighted agent would use to “see”, “look” (and other visual verbs, n=15), vs. “listen”, “smell” (and other non-visual verbs, n=15). Even the youngest children consistently reported the correct body parts for sighted agents (eyes for “look”, ears for “listen”). By contrast, there was striking developmental change in applying “visual” verbs to blind agents. Adults, 9- and 6-year-olds, either extended visual verbs to other modalities for blind agents (e.g., “seeing” with hands or a cane) or stated that the blind agent “cannot” “look” or “see”. By contrast, 4-year-olds said that a blind agent would use her eyes to “see”, “look”, etc., even while explicitly acknowledging that the agent’s “eyes don’t work”. Young children also endorsed “she is looking at the dax” descriptions of photographs where the blind agent had the object in her “line of sight,” irrespective of whether she had physical contact with the object. This pattern held for leg-motion verbs (“walk”, “run”) applied to wheelchair users. The ability to modify verb modality for agents with disabilities undergoes developmental change between 4 and 6. Despite this, we find that 4-year-olds are sensitive to the semantic distinction between active (“look”) and stative (“see”), even when applied to blind agents. These results challenge the primacy of first-person sensory experience and highlight the importance of linguistic input and social interaction in the acquisition of verb meaning.


2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (38) ◽  
pp. 4894-4908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ameya Sharma ◽  
Vivek Puri ◽  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Inderbir Singh

Background: Any sort of wound injury leads to skin integrity and further leads to wound formation. Millions of deaths are reported every year, which contributes to an economical hamper world widely, this accounts for 10% of death rate that insight into various diseases. Current Methodology: Rapid wound healing plays an important role in effective health care. Wound healing is a multi-factorial physiological process, which helps in the growth of new tissue to render the body with the imperative barrier from the external environment. The complexity of this phenomenon makes it prone to several abnormalities. Wound healing, as a normal biological inherent process occurs in the body, which is reaped through four highly defined programmed phases, such as hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling and these phases occur in the proper progression. An overview, types, and classification of wounds along with the stages of wound healing and various factors affecting wound healing have been discussed systematically. Various biopolymers are reported for developing nanofibers and microfibers in wound healing, which can be used as a therapeutic drug delivery for wound healing applications. Biopolymers are relevant for biomedical purposes owing to biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non- toxicity. Biopolymers such as polysaccharides, proteins and various gums are used for wound healing applications. Patents and future perspectives have been given in the concluding part of the manuscript. Overall, applications of biopolymers in the development of fibers and their applications in wound healing are gaining interest in researchers to develop modified biopolymers and tunable delivery systems for effective management and care of different types of wounds.


population of potential patients, but be such that they produce different effects when a patient is switched from formulation T to formulation R or vice-versa. In other words there is a significant subject-by-formulation interaction. To show that this is not the case T and R have to be shown to be IBE, i.e., individually bioequivalent. The measure of IBE that has been suggested by the regulators is an aggregate measure involving the means and variances of T and R and the subject-by-formulation inter-action. We will describe this measure in Section 7.4. In simple terms PBE can be considered as a measure that permits patients who have not yet been treated with T or R to be safely prescribed either. IBE, on the other hand, is a measure which permits a patient who is cur-rently being treated with R to be safely switched to T (FDA Guid-ance, 1997, 1999a,b, 2000, 2001). It is worth noting that if T is IBE to R it does not imply that R is IBE to T. The same can be said for PBE. An important practical implication of testing for IBE is that the 2×2 cross-over trial is no longer adequate. As will be seen, the volunteers in the study will have to receive at least one repeat dose of R or T. In other words, three-or four-period designs with sequences such as [RTR,TRT] and [RTRT,TRTR], respectively, must be used. The measures of ABE, PBE and IBE that will be described in Sec-tions 7.2, 7.5 and 7.4 are those suggested by the regulators. Dragalin and Fedorov (1999) and Dragalin et al. (2002) have pointed out some drawbacks of these measures and suggested alternatives which have more attractive properties. We will consider these alternatives in Section 7.7. All the analyzes considered in Sections 7.2 to 7.4 are based on sum-mary measures (AUC and Cmax) obtained from the concentration-time profiles. If testing for bioequivalence is all that is of interest, then these measures are adequate and have been extensively used in practice. How-ever, there is often a need to obtain an understanding of the absorb-tion and elimination processes to which the drug is exposed once it has entered the body, e.g., when bioequivalence is not demonstrated. This can be done by fitting compartmental models to the drug con-centrations obtained from each volunteer. These models not only pro-vide insight into the mechanisms of action of the drugs, but can also be used to calculate the AUC and Cmax values. In Section 7.8 we de-scribe how such models can be fitted using the methods proposed by Lindsey et al. (2000a). The history of bioequivalence testing dates back to the late 1960s and early 1970s. Two excellent review articles written by Patterson (2001a, 2001b) give a more detailed description of the history, as well as a more extensive discussion of the points raised in this section. The regulatory


2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marloes Oomen

Abstract A long tradition of psych-verb research in spoken languages has demonstrated that they constitute a class of their own, both semantically and syntactically. This study presents a description and analysis of psych-verbs in Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT) in order to investigate whether this verb type displays comparable peculiarities in sign languages. The study is primarily based on data from the Corpus NGT (Crasborn et al. 2008). Firstly, the data indicate that all psych-verbs in NGT select a subject Experiencer. Secondly, it is shown that there is an iconic property of psych-verbs in NGT that lays bare a conceptual link between psychological states and locative relations: body-anchoring. The location singled out by the place of articulation of a psych-verb is associated with the metaphoric location of an emotion, or a type of behavior associated with the expression of an emotion. It is furthermore argued that the body as a whole iconically represents the container of a psychological state. The body is analyzed as a possessive determiner that may receive a first person specification as a consequence of body-anchoring. The data support such an analysis, as they suggest that sentences without an overt Experiencer yield a default first person interpretation. Thus, it is claimed that iconicity affects sentence structure and as such should be incorporated into the formal grammar system. Given that body-anchoring is the source of the effects mentioned above, it may be hypothesized that psych-verbs in NGT do not constitute a class of its own, but rather belong to a larger class of iconically motivated body-anchored verbs that share the properties mentioned above.


2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Pajkanovic ◽  
Branko Dokic

Electric wheelchairs are designed to aid paraplegics. Unfortunately, these can not be used by persons with higher degree of impairment, such as quadriplegics, i.e. persons that, due to age or illness, can not move any of the body parts, except of the head. Medical devices designed to help them are very complicated, rare and expensive. In this paper a microcontroller system that enables standard electric wheelchair control by head motion is presented. The system comprises electronic and mechanic components. A novel head motion recognition technique based on accelerometer data processing is designed. The wheelchair joystick is controlled by the system?s mechanical actuator. The system can be used with several different types of standard electric wheelchairs. It is tested and verified through an experiment performed within this paper.


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