scholarly journals Relationship between antipsychotic medication, obesity and cognitive functions

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 272-278
Author(s):  
Urszula Łopuszańska ◽  
Marta Makara-Studzińska
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
The Body ◽  
Typical Antipsychotic ◽  
Antipsychotic Medications ◽  
Learning Test

AbstractIntroduction: The purpose of this study was to examine whether the combination of atypical and typical antipsychotic medications is related with metabolism and cognitive functions in the same manner and degree as taking medications of one kind only, i.e. atypical or typical.Material and methods: The participants of the study comprised of 91 adults with diagnosed mental illness (F-20-F69). The participants were divided into groups on the basis of the kind of administered medications: T+A (typical and atypical medications), A (atypical medications), T (typical medications), P (antidepressants, sedatives, normothymic/antiepileptic drugs). In the study, Short Test of Mental Status (STMS), Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) were used for the purpose of examining cognitive functions.Results: The kind of antipsychotic medications taken by the patients did not differentiate the group in relation to BMI (p<0.13), nor in relation to the level of general cognitive function (p<0.72) or verbal fluency (p<0.34). Both atypical antipsychotic medications and the combination of atypical and typical medications were related to the occurrence of abdominal obesity (p<0.01). An increase in waist circumference decreased an ability of abstract reasoning (p<0.005). When it comes to the body mass index, waist circumference negatively correlated with the delayed memory (p< 0.03, p<0.004).Discussion: Both the combination of atypical and typical antipsychotic medications and atypical medications are associated with the occurrence of abdominal obesity. The deposition of fat tissue in the abdomen negatively correlated with an ability to learn.Conclusions: The future studies might explain the interactions between antipsychotic medications, obesity and cognitive function.

scholarly journals Effects of square stepping exercise in patients with sequel of cerebrovascular accident

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-237
Author(s):  
Grazieli Silva Túbero ◽  
Sebastião Gobbi ◽  
Camila Vieira Ligo Teixeira ◽  
Jessica Rodrigues Pereira ◽  
Ryosuke Shigematsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Cerebral Stroke ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Body Balance ◽  
Stepping Exercise

Introduction Cerebral stroke is the interruption of blood flow to the brain and can be classified into hemorrhagic and ischemic. It may result in serious body balance and cognition complications. Kinesiotherapy is a privileged means of rehabilitation.Objective Verify the effects of Square Stepping Exercise (SSE) on cognitive functions, depressive symptoms and the body balance of cerebral stroke sequel patients.Methods Thirteen brain stroke sequel patients were divided into two groups: SSE (SSEG n = 8) and conventional physiotherapy group (PG, n = 5). The SSEG participated only of the SSE training protocol, while the PG participated of its physical therapy routine group, both for 4 months. They were evaluated using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BBRC), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS),Berg Balance Scale(BBS) and Timed Up and Go(TUG).Results The U Mann Whitney test showed no significant differences between groups. In intragroup analysis, the Wilcoxon test showed significant improvement in global cognitive status for PG (p < 0.042), and for SSEG there were positive results for verbal fluency (p < 0.04) and in TUG for number of steps (p < 0.04) and the time (p < 0.02).Conclusion The SSE seems to benefit dynamic balance, influencing gait agility, cognition related to verbal fluency and may have contributed to maintain other cognitive functions.

The role of MMP genes in recurrent depressive disorders and cognitive functions

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Bobińska ◽  
Janusz Szemraj ◽  
Piotr Gałecki ◽  
Monika Talarowska
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Separate Analysis

ObjectiveAmong the 28 metalloproteinases described so far, 23 can be found in the human organism, but only few are expressed in the human brain. The main objective of this study was to analyse the relationship between MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 gene expression and cognitive performance.MethodsThe study comprised 234 subjects: patients suffering from recurrent depressive disorder (rDD, n=139) and healthy subjects (HS, n=95). The cognitive function assessment was carried out with the help of the following tests: Trail Making Test, The Stroop Test, Verbal Fluency Test and Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Gene expression on the mRNA and protein level was evaluated for MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 in both groups using RNA extraction, reverse transcription and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsBoth mRNA and protein expression levels of all the genes were significantly lower in rDD subjects as compared with HS. Having analysed the entire experimental group (N=234), significant interrelations were found between the expression of the analysed genes and the results of the tests used to measure cognitive functions. Increased expression on both the mRNA and the protein level was associated in each case with better performance of all the tests conducted. After carrying out a separate analysis on the people from the rDD group and the HS group, similar dependencies were still observed.ConclusionsThe results of our study show decreased expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 genes on both mRNA and protein levels in depression. Elevated expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-2 positively affects cognitive efficiency: working memory, executive functions, attention functions, direct and delayed auditory–verbal memory, the effectiveness of learning processes and verbal fluency. The study highlights the important role of peripheral matrix metalloproteinases genes in depression and cognitive functions.

scholarly journals Acute Exercise Improves Prefrontal Cortex but not Hippocampal Function in Healthy Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 791-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia C. Basso ◽  
Andrea Shang ◽  
Meredith Elman ◽  
Ryan Karmouta ◽  
Wendy A. Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Randomized Controlled

AbstractThe effects of acute aerobic exercise on cognitive functions in humans have been the subject of much investigation; however, these studies are limited by several factors, including a lack of randomized controlled designs, focus on only a single cognitive function, and testing during or shortly after exercise. Using a randomized controlled design, the present study asked how a single bout of aerobic exercise affects a range of frontal- and medial temporal lobe-dependent cognitive functions and how long these effects last. We randomly assigned 85 subjects to either a vigorous intensity acute aerobic exercise group or a video watching control group. All subjects completed a battery of cognitive tasks both before and 30, 60, 90, or 120 min after the intervention. This battery included the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, the Modified Benton Visual Retention Test, the Stroop Color and Word Test, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, the Digit Span Test, the Trail Making Test, and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test. Based on these measures, composite scores were formed to independently assess prefrontal cortex- and hippocampal-dependent cognition. A three-way mixed Analysis of Variance was used to determine whether differences existed between groups in the change in cognitive function from pre- to post-intervention testing. Acute exercise improved prefrontal cortex- but not hippocampal-dependent functioning, with no differences found between delay groups. Vigorous acute aerobic exercise has beneficial effects on prefrontal cortex-dependent cognition and these effects can last for up to 2 hr after exercise. (JINS, 2015, 21, 791–801)

scholarly journals Effect of Obesity on Cognitive Functions in Elderly People

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Oğuzer Usta ◽  
Cüneyt Ardıç
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Mental Test ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
Body Mass Index Increase ◽  
Learning Test ◽  
Body Mass Indexes

Aim: We aimed to evaluate effect of obesity on cognitive functions in 65 years and older patients. Methods: This study was conducted in the Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Family Medicine outpatient clinic between November 2018 and January 2019. 65 years and older 83 voluntary patients were included in our study. All participants evaluated by a survey for their socio-demographic characteristics, Standardized Mini Mental Examination Test and Rey Auditory and Verbal Learning Test. Statistical comparison was made between patients’ body mass indexes and their test scores. Results: Mini Mental Test total score was statistically higher in men. Besides that, working patients had higher Mini Mental Test total score compared to retired patients and housewives. As participants’ waist circumference and body mass index increase, their Mini Mental Test language scores were decreasing. Conclusions: We found that as body mass index increases, Mini Mental Test language scores were significantly decreasing. In literature there are studies that suggesting obesity is related to decline in cognitive functions, but there are also studies that suggesting obesity has protective effect for cognitive decline. More comprehensive prospective studies are required for clearer results. Keywords: geriatrics, obesity, cognitive dysfunction

scholarly journals Longitudinal Associations of Midlife Accelerometer Determined Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity With Cognitive Function: The CARDIA Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara M. Whitaker ◽  
Dong Zhang ◽  
Kelley Pettee Gabriel ◽  
Monica Ahrens ◽  
Barbara Sternfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Auditory Verbal Learning Test ◽  
Digit Symbol Substitution ◽  
Auditory Verbal Learning ◽  
Symbol Substitution ◽  
Learning Test

Background To determine if accelerometer measured sedentary behavior (SED), light‐intensity physical activity (LPA), and moderate‐to‐vigorous–intensity physical activity (MVPA) in midlife is prospectively associated with cognitive function. Methods and Results Participants were 1970 adults enrolled in the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study who wore an accelerometer in 2005 to 2006 (ages 38–50 years) and had cognitive function assessments completed 5 and/or 10 years later. SED, LPA, and MVPA were measured by an ActiGraph 7164 accelerometer. Cognitive function tests included the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Stroop Test. Compositional isotemporal substitution analysis examined associations of SED, LPA, and MVPA with repeated measures of the cognitive function standardized scores. In men, statistical reallocation of 30 minutes of LPA with 30 minutes of MVPA resulted in an estimated difference of SD 0.07 (95% CI, 0.01–0.14), SD 0.09 (95% CI, 0.02–0.17), and SD −0.11 (95% CI, −0.19 to −0.04) in the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Stroop scores, respectively, indicating better performance. Associations were similar when reallocating time in SED with MVPA, but results were less robust. Reallocation of time in SED with LPA resulted in an estimated difference of SD −0.05 (95% CI, −0.06 to −0.03), SD −0.03 (95% CI, −0.05 to −0.01), and SD 0.05 (95% CI, 0.03– 0.07) in the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Stroop scores, respectively, indicating worse performance. Associations were largely nonsignificant among women. Conclusions Our findings support the idea that for men, higher‐intensity activities (MVPA) may be necessary in midlife to observe beneficial associations with cognition.

scholarly journals Renal Function and Long-Term Decline in Cognitive Function: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Seliger ◽  
Carrington R. Wendell ◽  
Shari R. Waldstein ◽  
Luigi Ferrucci ◽  
Alan B. Zonderman
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Baltimore Longitudinal Study

Background: Renal disease has been associated with greater risk of dementia and greater cognitive impairment. However, the relationship of lower renal function with long-term decline in specific domains of cognitive function remains unclear among community-dwelling, non-demented individuals. Methods: Stroke- and dementia-free participants (n = 2,116) were enrolled in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, a community-based, prospective, longitudinal study. Renal function was estimated by the inverse of serum creatinine adjusted for age, sex and race and (in sensitivity analyses) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the MDRD formula. Outcome measures were changes in scores on 6 cognitive tests encompassing a range of cognitive functions, measured at 2-year intervals. Mixed-effects regression models examined the longitudinal relations of renal function with cognitive functions after adjusting for demographics, comorbidity and other potential confounders. Results: Mean age at initial testing was 53.9 years (SD 17.1), and 94 participants (4.4%) had an eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and 18.5% had at least one comorbidity. With increasing age, longitudinal increases in creatinine concentrations were associated with more rapid decline in performance on several cognitive measures, including the learning slope of the California Verbal Learning Test, a test of verbal learning (p < 0.01), and the Benton Visual Retention Test, a test of visual memory (p < 0.01). Associations were similar for changes in eGFRMDRD, which was also associated with the rate of decline in verbal memory. Conclusion: In a community-based adult population, declines in renal function independently associated with greater long-term declines in visual memory and verbal memory and learning.

Differentiating illiteracy from Alzheimer's disease by using neuropsychological assessments

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1560-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Hae Youn ◽  
Maryse Siksou ◽  
R. Scott Mackin ◽  
Jung-Seok Choi ◽  
Jeanyung Chey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Boston Naming Test ◽  
Neuropsychological Measures ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessments ◽  
Learning Test ◽  
Naming Test

ABSTRACTBackground: In Asia, where illiteracy rates are high, determining the degree to which neuropsychological measures can be used to identify cognitive impairment in illiterate elders is important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using formal neuropsychological assessments to distinguish healthy illiterate elders from dementia patients.Methods: We compared the cognitive performance of healthy elders who were illiterate (illiterate NC, n = 25) with those who were literate (literate NC, n = 25), literate patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (literate AD, n = 25), and illiterate patients with mild AD (illiterate AD, n = 25). Neuropsychological measures included the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the verbal fluency test, the Boston naming test, the Rosen drawing test, and the verbal learning test.Results: In the between-group analyses, the scores on all tests, except verbal fluency and recognition memory, were lower for illiterate NC compared to the literate NC. The scores on the MMSE, Boston naming test, Rosen drawing test, and immediate free recall could not distinguish the illiterate NC from literate AD. However, the scores on all tests, except the Rosen drawing test, could distinguish illiterate NC from illiterate AD. ROC analyses showed the same pattern of results. In addition, age-, sex-, and education-matched cut-off scores of all tests, except immediate recall and delayed recall trials of the verbal learning test, showed good specificities in participants who were illiterate compared to those in participants who were literate.Conclusion: These findings suggest that the impact of literacy on neuropsychological test performance is an important aspect of cognitive evaluations for elders who are illiterate.

scholarly journals Empirical evidence for cognitive subgroups in body dysmorphic disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-390
Author(s):  
Amy Malcolm ◽  
Sarah N Brennan ◽  
Sally A Grace ◽  
Toni D Pikoos ◽  
Wei Lin Toh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Cognitive Heterogeneity

Objective: Current understanding of cognitive functioning in body dysmorphic disorder is limited, owing to few studies, small sample sizes and assessment across only limited cognitive domains. Existing research has also shown inconsistent findings, with both intact and impaired cognition reported in body dysmorphic disorder, which might point towards cognitive heterogeneity in the disorder. This study aimed to examine the cognitive profile of body dysmorphic disorder in a large sample across eight cognitive domains, and to explore whether cognitive subgroups might be identified within body dysmorphic disorder. Method: Cognitive domains of inhibition/flexibility, working memory, speed of processing, reasoning and problem-solving, visual and verbal learning, attention/vigilance and social cognition were assessed and compared between 65 body dysmorphic disorder patients and 70 healthy controls. Then, hierarchical clustering analysis was conducted on the body dysmorphic disorder group’s cognitive data. Results: Group-average comparisons demonstrated significantly poorer cognitive functioning in body dysmorphic disorder than healthy controls in all domains except for attention/vigilance and social cognition. Cluster analysis identified two divergent cognitive subgroups within our body dysmorphic disorder cohort characterised by (1) broadly intact cognitive function with mild selective impairments (72.3%), and (2) broadly impaired cognitive function (27.7%). However, the clusters did not significantly differ on clinical parameters or most sociodemographic characteristics. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate considerable cognitive heterogeneity among persons with body dysmorphic disorder, rather than uniform deficits. Poor performances in the broadly impaired subgroup may have driven group-level differences. However, our findings also suggest a dissociation between cognitive functioning and clinical characteristics in body dysmorphic disorder that has implications for current aetiological models. Additional research is needed to clarify why some people with body dysmorphic disorder demonstrate cognitive deficits while others do not.

scholarly journals Cognitive decline affects diabetic women

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 272-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Perzyński ◽  
Iwona Chmiel-Perzyńska
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Auditory Verbal Learning ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Learning Test ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractIntroduction: DM provokes peripheral complications and changes in central nervous system. Central changes in the course of diabetes mellitus (DM) include changes in brain tissue structure, electrophysiological abnormalities but also disturbances in neurotransmission leading to cognitive decline.Aim of the study: The aim of our study was to asses cognitive functioning of patients suffering from DM1 for at least 5 years but without any diagnosed complications.Materials and methods: Cognitive functions were assessed in 59 patients (35 men) with Trail Making Test A (TMT A) and B (TMT B), Maze Test (MT), Stroop Test (SCWT) and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). Mental disorders were excluded with Beck’s Depression Inventory (BT), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and psychiatric examination.Results: We stated that women, compared with men, presented worsening of executive functions, speed and motor control. Cognitive decline depended on number of episodes of at least moderate hypoglycemia and duration of disease. HbA1c below 8% resulted in better memory, speed and motor control. Cognitive decline was more escalated in the patients with atherogenic lipid profile.Conclusions: It seems that even apparent lack of complications is not unambiguous with lack of cognitive decline and women seem to be more susceptible. DM1 affects young individuals, whose cognitive functions are in the course of the development, so it is important to find the underlying mechanisms and the areas of disturbed cognitive functioning and further investigations are needed.

Cognitive functions in tardive dyskinesia

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion E. Wolf ◽  
Joseph J. Ryan ◽  
Aron D. Mosnaim
Keyword(s):  
Tardive Dyskinesia ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Auditory Verbal Learning Test ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Auditory Verbal Learning ◽  
Learning Test

SynopsisCognitive functions of psychiatric patients with and without tardive dyskinesia were evaluated using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Memory Scale and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Schizophrenic patients with and without tardive dyskinesia did not differ in their performance on the administered psychological tests. However, affective disorder patients with tardive dyskinesia showed significantly more impairment on the Wechsler Memory Scale and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test than affective disorder patients without tardive dyskinesia. These findings suggest that affective disorder patients who develop tardive dyskinesia may have some predisposing brain damage or that tardive dyskinesia in these patients represents both a motor and a dementing disorder.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document