scholarly journals Assessment of Nicotine Exposure From Active Human Cigarette Smoking Time

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
Xavier Cahours ◽  
Rémi Julien ◽  
Thomas Verron ◽  
Stéphane Colard
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Nicotine Exposure ◽  
Burning Time ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Smoking Intensity ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Behaviour Study ◽  
Nicotine Yield

Summary The burning of a cigarette is a series of consecutive sequences of both passive and active burnings when a smoking cycle is applied to the cigarette. A previous study, using a smoking machine, showed that cigarette nicotine yields are dependent linearly on the difference between the time of smouldering (passive burning) and the time of smoking (active burning). It is predicted that the smoker’s nicotine yield increases when the intensity of smoking increases, i.e., when the time to smoke a cigarette (smoking time) decreases. Note that observations made on machines might not be comparable to human behaviours. The aim of this study was to determine whether nicotine mouth-level exposure could be predicted through measurement of human smoking time. A smoking behaviour study was conducted to compare human smoking nicotine yields obtained from both filter tip analysis and the cigarette burning time model. Results showed that smokers’ exposure to the smoke depends essentially on the speed at which the cigarette is smoked. An increase in human smoking intensity, resulting in a decrease in smoking time, generates an increase in smoke exposure, whatever the puff number, puff duration, puff volume and filter ventilation (open or blocked). The association of a machine smoking yield with a corresponding smoking time, and the time taken by a consumer to smoke the cigarette would provide information on the exposure to smoke constituents in a simple and effective manner.

scholarly journals Effects of Cigarette Smoking Intensity on the Mucociliary Clearance of Active Smokers

Respiration ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafaella Fagundes Xavier ◽  
Dionei Ramos ◽  
Juliana Tiyaki Ito ◽  
Fernanda Maria Machado Rodrigues ◽  
Giovana Navarro Bertolini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Smoking Intensity

scholarly journals Relationship between physical activity and smoking behavior among college students

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Monoj Maiti ◽  
◽  
Gour Chandra Samanta ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
College Students ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Education Status ◽  
Young Students

Poor diet, alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking constitute a major public health concern for West Bengal, India. These behaviours are increased among day by day among students which are problematic particularly in their concentration and physical fitness. It is well documented that cigarette smoking has negative impacts on body health, as well as social health, economy, culture, etc. So, the purpose of this study was to examine smoking behaviour and physical activity (PA) in Purba Medinipur, India and to examine cigarette smoking among young students based on education status. 50 young students (35 male, 15 female & aged 18-21 years old) from various colleges who are started cigarette smoking (minimum 2-3 cigarette / day) for 1-2 years continuously were selected. The study period was from July, 2015 to June 2016. Standardized questionnaires were supplied. The tests were used to record anthropometric data, health-related information, smoking behaviour, dietary habits and PA status. Smoking causes both immediate and long-standing effects on exercise and physical activity. Smokers also have less endurance, poorer physical performance, increased rates of injury and complications. As the college students are suffers with addiction of nicotine as well as smoking so their physical activity is reduced significantly.

Knowledge and Determinants of Health Consequences of Cigarette Smoking Among Vietnamese Adults, 2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
An Thi Minh Dao ◽  
Huong Thi Thu Nguyen ◽  
Giang Bao Kim ◽  
Hai Thi Phan ◽  
Huy Van Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Sampling Frame ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Specific Health

Background. Vietnam was one of 16 countries that implemented the second round of the GATS (Global Adult Tobacco Survey) in 2015. Aims. To assess knowledge and determinants of health consequences of different types of cigarette smoking among Vietnamese adults. Methods. A cross-sectional study among adults aged 15 years combined with using 15% of the master sample from the national sampling frame of the population and housing census was conducted. Multilevel analysis using Poisson regression was undertaken. Results. Knowledge on the health consequences of cigarette smoking has not significantly improved in the GATS-2015. Adults believe that active smoking had more of an impact on health than secondhand smoking and 24.5% and 43% of them answered that smoking light and e-cigarettes, respectively, causes less harm than regular cigarettes, and 17.3% and 18.1% of adults are not aware of the difference between them, respectively. Conclusion. Household and community’s role had little impact in the adult knowledge of smoking health consequences. It is necessary to disseminate information on the “other tobacco product” and to improve public knowledge on specific health consequences, to enhance household and community’s role in conveying health education messages to individuals.

Impacts of Canada’s minimum age for tobacco sales (MATS) laws on youth smoking behaviour, 2000–2014

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (e2) ◽  
pp. e105-e111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Clarence Callaghan ◽  
Marcos Sanches ◽  
Jodi Gatley ◽  
James K Cunningham ◽  
Michael Oliver Chaiton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Youth Smoking ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Smoking Intensity ◽  
Tobacco Sales ◽  
Minimum Age

BackgroundRecently, the US Institute of Medicine has proposed that raising the minimum age for tobacco purchasing/sales to 21 years would likely lead to reductions in smoking behavior among young people. Surprisingly few studies, however, have assessed the potential impacts of minimum-age tobacco restrictions on youth smoking.ObjectiveTo estimate the impacts of Canadian minimum age for tobacco sales (MATS) laws on youth smoking behaviour.DesignA regression-discontinuity design, using seven merged cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey, 2000–2014.ParticipantsSurvey respondents aged 14–22 years (n=98 320).ExposureCurrent Canadian MATS laws are 18 years in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Quebec, the Yukon and Northwest Territories, and 19 years of age in the rest of the country.Main outcomesCurrent, occasional and daily smoking status; smoking frequency and intensity; and average monthly cigarette consumption.ResultsIn comparison to age groups slightly younger than the MATS, those just older had significant and abrupt increases immediately after the MATS in the prevalence of current smokers (absolute increase: 2.71%; 95% CI 0.70% to 4.80%; P=0.009) and daily smokers (absolute increase: 2.43%; 95% CI 0.74% to 4.12%; P=0.005). Average past-month cigarette consumption within age groups increased immediately following the MATS by 18% (95% CI 3% to 39%; P=0.02). There was no evidence of significant increases in smoking intensity for daily or occasional smokers after release from MATS restrictions.ConclusionThe study provides relevant evidence supporting the effectiveness of Canadian MATS laws for limiting smoking among tobacco-restricted youth.

Programmable Micropatterning of Polymer Nanofibers

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bongsu Kim ◽  
Yi Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Electrostatic Force ◽  
Electrospun Nanofibers ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Polymer Nanofibers ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
The Difference ◽  
On Chip

This paper reports programmable micropatterning of electrospun nanofibrous materials using a collector chip that consists of an array of independently controllable microelectrodes. The microelectrodes on the collecting chip are prepared by standard photolithography. By programming the local electrical field using excited and floating electrodes, the collector chip allows patterning of microstructures with controllable characteristics. The difference of electrostatic force between the excited and the floating electrodes increases the patterning contrast of electrospun nanofibers. The arbitrary geometries are successfully patterned on the array of 6 × 6 electrodes by independently programmable control of the voltage of each electrode. The experimental result also shows that it is possible to control the porosity and alignment of fibers. This method provides a simple yet highly reliable approach for creating combined micro/nanostructures of polymer nanofibers in a cost effective manner, which has great potential in functional tissue engineering, filtration, and chemical sensing. The work is also expected to foster the use of nanofibers in microdevices for on-chip biochemical analysis, and controlled infiltration and proliferation. The resulting nanofibers with controllable porosity are especially useful for the construction of tissue engineering scaffolds with morphological and functional similarity with natural tissues.

Application and Statistical Health Analysis of Predictive Nursing in Orthopedic Nursing

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1547-1552
Author(s):  
Fuqin Bao ◽  
Dapeng Wang ◽  
Hongyan Zhao ◽  
Bo Xu
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nursing Interventions ◽  
Observation Group ◽  
Nursing Satisfaction ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Orthopedic Care ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nursing Guidelines ◽  
And Control

Objective: To investigate the application of predictive nursing guidelines in orthopedic care based on medical imaging and health statistics. Methods: 140 patients were divided into two groups: observation and control. The patients in the control group received routine nursing. The patients in the observation group received the guidance of predictive nursing on the basis of routine nursing. The nursing effects of the two groups were observed. Results: After the implementation of nursing interventions, the complication rate was 4.3% in the observation group and 20.0% in the control group. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The satisfaction rate was 97.1%, and the nursing satisfaction of the control group was 90.0%. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Discussion: Through observation of patient satisfaction and treatment, especially in orthopedics, patients are differentiated according to different diseases, and predictive care can effectively prevent complications. Conclusion: Predictive care provides preventive measures by comprehensively understanding and comprehensively assessing the patient's condition and developing care measures in a timely and effective manner.

scholarly journals Prevalence of cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients compared to other hospital admitted psychiatric patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1417-1417
Author(s):  
A. Kheradmand ◽  
H. Ziaaddini ◽  
M. Vahabi
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The Difference

Introduction & aimsEstimate the prevalence of cigarette smoking and some of the related factors among schizophrenic and other hospitalized psychiatric patients.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study on 120 patients hospitalized in Shahid Beheshti hospital in Kerman in 2005. Patients were equally devided in two groups of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Sampling was based on statistical census and data were collected using a questionnaire including 27 questions on demographic data, psychiatric disorder, smoking cigarettes and other substances, and Fagerstrom test. Data were analyzed by Chi-square and ANOVA tests using SPSS software.ResultsPrevalence and severity of cigarette smoking was 71.6% and 6.47% among schizophrenic and 51.6% and 6.40% among other psychiatric patients, respectively and the difference was not significant. History of withdrawal was 25.6% and 58.1% in the schizophrenia and other disorders respectively and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). Addiction to other substances was 51.6% in schizophrenic and 45% in the other patients and the most prevalent substances in both groups were opium and alcohol. The severity of smoking cigarettes was 6.9 along with other drug abuses and 5.1 in cases with just smoking based on Fagerstrom test and the difference was significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe prevalence of cigarette smoking in both schizophrenia and other psychiatric patients is higher than normal population, but there is no significant difference between these two groups. Schizophrenic patients need persistent supportive and supervising programs for cigarette smoking abuse treatment because of their cognitive, motivate and social problems.

scholarly journals Cigarette-Smoking Intensity and Interferon-Gamma Release Assay Conversion among Persons Who Inject Drugs: A Cohort Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanghyuk S. Shin ◽  
Manuel Gallardo ◽  
Remedios Lozada ◽  
Daniela Abramovitz ◽  
Jose Luis Burgos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Interferon Gamma Release Assay ◽  
Persons Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Smoking Intensity ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Release Assay ◽  
Risk Ratios

We analyzed data from a longitudinal cohort study of persons who inject drugs (PWID) in Tijuana, Mexico, to explore whether cigarette smoking increases the risk of interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) conversion. PWID were recruited using respondent driven sampling (RDS). QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) assay conversion was defined as interferon-gamma concentrations <0.35 IU/mL at baseline and ≥0.7 IU/mL at 18 months. We used multivariable Poisson regression adjusted for RDS weights to estimate risk ratios (RRs). Of 129 eligible participants, 125 (96.9%) smoked at least one cigarette during followup with a median of 11 cigarettes smoked daily, and 52 (40.3%) had QFT conversion. In bivariate analysis, QFT conversion was not associated with the number of cigarettes smoked daily (P=0.716). Controlling for age, gender, education, and alcohol use, the RRs of QFT conversion for smoking 6–10, 11–15, and ≥16 cigarettes daily compared to smoking 0–5 cigarettes daily were 0.9 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.5–1.6), 0.5 (95% CI, 0.3–1.2), and 0.7 (95% CI, 0.3–1.6), respectively. Although this study did not find an association between self-reported smoking intensity and QFT conversion, it was not powered sufficiently to negate such an association. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to fully explore this relationship.

scholarly journals Smoking Intensity and Associated Factors among Male Smokers in Ethiopia: Further Analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Simegnew Handebo ◽  
Setognal Birara ◽  
Ayenew Kassie ◽  
Adane Nigusie ◽  
Wallelign Aleminew
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Smoking Intensity ◽  
Drunk Alcohol ◽  
Selection Of

Background. Smoking invariably has health, social, economic, and environmental consequences in Ethiopia. Reducing and quitting cigarette smoking improves individual health and increases available household funds for food, education, and better economic productivity. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing cigarette smoking intensity and associated factors among male smokers in Ethiopia. Methods. The data were extracted from the 2016 national cross-sectional Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Our study used data from the standardized and adapted men’s questionnaire. The study included a total of 391 (weighted) smokers who at least smoked one manufactured cigarette per day. The data were collected using a two-stage cluster design which includes selection of enumeration areas and then selection of households. The number of manufactured cigarettes smokers smoked per day was used to measure smoking intensity. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the study findings. Bivariable and multivariable truncated negative binomial Poisson regression models were employed to determine smoking intensity. Results. The finding showed that on average men smoked weighted nine cigarettes per day. One in every five of the smokers (21.2%) smoked 10 cigarettes per day. Smokers living in rural areas (IRR=0.43, 95% CI: 0.244, 0.756), currently married (IRR=0.64, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.91), formerly married (IRR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.96), richer men (IRR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.90), and richest men (IRR=0.49, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.87) were associated with lower smoking intensity. Smokers in the Somali (IRR=2.80, 95% CI: 1.29, 6.11), Harari (IRR=3.46, 95% CI: 1.14, 10.51), and Dire Dawa (IRR=3.09, 95% CI: 1.23, 7.80) regions; older age (IRR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.31, 2.40); affiliated with Protestant religion (IRR=1.81, 95% CI: 1.12, 2.92); poorer men (IRR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.27); watched television (IRR=1.18, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.35); drunk alcohol (IRR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.82); and completed primary (IRR=1.15, 95% CI: 1.01, 0.317) and higher education (IRR=2.96, 95% CI: 1.88, 4.67) were positively associated with smoking intensity. Conclusion. Male smokers in Ethiopia smoked intensively with an average of nine manufactured cigarettes per day. Tobacco control interventions should target the following: Eastern Ethiopia regions, older aged, affiliated with Protestant religion, poorer men, watched television, drunk alcohol, and primary and higher educational level.

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