scholarly journals Simulation of the effects of forest roads on stormflow generation using GIS and 2D vadose zone hydrological model

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Orfánus ◽  
Marián Jenčo ◽  
Juraj Bebej ◽  
Martin Benko
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Infiltration Excess

Abstract There was a destructive flood on Gidra river on June induced by 104-mm rainfall during 3 h on 7 June 2011. The total flood discharge was estimated to be 531,000 m3. The upper part of the Gidra river catchment is forested by more than 95%, but the forest floor has been disrupted to a large extent by intensive logging activities in the basin. Forest road density is up to 10 km/km2 in the catchment. The field inspections in the catchments revealed that approximately 25% of forest roads have been deepened down to the less permeable subsoil directly during their construction or by subsequent traffic and soil erosion. Forest roads affect runoff generation via two mechanisms: (1) generation of infiltration-excess runoff on road surfaces and (2) capturing of hillslope surface and subsurface water by road incisions. Infiltration-excess water runoff from all compacted surfaces was estimated to be about 54,000 m3 by simply multiplying the compacted area by the difference between the precipitation and infiltration. More challenging was to quantify the transformation of hillslope water to the road-surface runoff. We have suggested the methodological approach that combines the GIS analyses of the terrain with mathematical simulations of the subsurface water exfiltration from hillslopes to the road surfaces using HYDRUS 2D model. Simulations based on the variability of slope inclinations and slope lengths within catchment revealed that drainage of the upward hillslopes by forest roads and deeper logging lines increased the forest road runoff by another 6,000-15,000 m3 of water.

scholarly journals Impact of Forest Roads on Hydrological Processes

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1201
Author(s):  
Aristeidis Kastridis
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Road Networks ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Impact

The current review summarizes the knowledge generated by the recently published studies of the last twenty years, in the field of forest road networks, concerning the impact of forest road construction on hydrological processes. The currently applied methodology techniques/practices are discussed, the findings are highlighted and effective mitigation measures to mitigate the impact of forest roads are proposed. Critical for the minimization of the impact of forest roads on overland flow is the significant decrease in road surface runoff and overland flow velocity. The decrease in runoff energy reduces the detachment of soil particles and transportation in streams. The disturbances of forest roads in logging areas should be limited to decrease soil erosion. Additionally, aiming to minimize sediment transportation into the streams, it is very important to reduce the connectivity between the forest roads (or skid trails) and streams. The positive role of vegetation and organic matter on the road prism, naturally/technically established riparian buffers along the streams, and the use of appropriate bioengineering designs for each area significantly decrease the runoff generation and sedimentation. From a construction point of view, the decrease in short and long-term forest road-related impact could be achieved by reducing the depth of excavations and the use of soil compaction limiting technology during forest works. The road network design should be more efficient, avoiding hydrologically active zero-order basins. Techniques that minimize the length and connectivity among skid trails, unpaved roads and streams are highly crucial. Broad-based dips, immediate revegetation and outsloping of the road base are considered good road construction practices. Research should be focused on the hydrologic behavior of forest road networks and on the impact at the watershed scale, the degree of connectivity, utilizing plenty of qualitative field data, especially during intense rainfall events, which has been proven to exacerbate the runoff and sediment generation and transportation into the stream networks.

scholarly journals SEDIMENTOS PROVENIENTES DE ESTRADAS DE USO FLORESTAL EM CONDIÇÃO DE RELEVO ONDULADO A FORTEMENTE ONDULADO

FLORESTA ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Maria Camargo Corrêa ◽  
Renato Antônio Dedecek ◽  
Gláucio Roloff
Keyword(s):  
Forest Certification ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
The Road ◽  
Conservation Measure ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
One Year ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Soil Losses

Avaliaram-se, por um ano, as perdas de solos por enxurrada, em trechos de estradas secundárias e aceiros e a contribuição das áreas adjacentes, para estimar as perdas de solo em função da precipitação acumulada. Três tratamentos foram estabelecidos: num deles adotou-se medida de conservação, com implantação de barreiras de contenção de enxurrada a cada 50 m associadas a valas para deposição de sedimentos, adentrando nos talhões; os outros tratamentos compreendem trechos de estrada sem conservação e aceiros. Constataram-se os seguintes valores de perda de solo: 5,2 t.km-1 para o tratamento sem conservação, 4,1 t.km-1 em estradas com conservação e 1,4 t.km-1 em aceiros, totalizando 10,7 t.km-1 de perdas de solo acumulado no período. As medidas de conservação adotadas pela empresa reduziram as perdas de solo em 11,9% nas Unidades de Manejo Florestal Ruthes e Leonel, em Itaiópolis (SC). A densidade de estradas apresentou-se dentro do limite máximo recomendado para efeito de certificação florestal (59,92 m.ha-1). Associado às condições de perfil longitudinal, sistema de drenagem e revestimento do leito estradal, aponta-se a necessidade de melhor dimensionamento das medidas de conservação e manutenção mais frequente. O controle da precipitação apresentou-se estatisticamente confiável na estimativa de perda de solo por erosão nas estradas avaliadas. Palavra chave: Erosão hídrica; estrada florestal; perdas de solo; Pinus sp.   Abstract Sediments proceeding from forest roads in wavy to strong waved relief conditions. For one year were evaluated, the soil losses by runoff proceeding to parts of fire breaks and secondary roads with it’s respectively contribution areas, for estimative equations for soil losses in function of the accumulated precipitation. Tree treatments were established: roads with conservation measure, using water bars for control the runoff equidistant in 50 meters, associated with drain into the stands; roads without conservation and fire breaks. The soil losses as follow: 5,2 t.km-1 for roads without conservation measure, 4.1 t.km-1 in roads with conservation measure and 1,4 t.km-1 in fire breaks, totalizing 10,7 t.km-1 soil losses in the period. The conservation measures adopted had reduced the soil losses in 11,9% in the Forest Management Units Ruthes and Leonel - Itaiopolis / SC. The road density with 59,92 m.ha-1 just about the maximum limit recommended for forest certification. Associated to the longitudinal profile conditions, draining system and covering of the stream bed road, had pointed with respect to the necessity of better sizing of the conservation measures and more frequent maintenance. The control of precipitation was presented confidence statistical information for estimative the soil losses procceding from erosive process in the evaluated forest roads. Keywords: Hydric erosion; forest road; soil loss and Pinus sp.  

scholarly journals The effects of Rubus hyrcanus L. and Philonotis marchica (Hedw.) Brid. on soil loss prevention from cutslopes of a forest road

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Parsakhoo ◽  
M. Lotfalian ◽  
A. Kavian ◽  
S.A. Hosseini ◽  
M. Demir
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Northern Forest ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss ◽  
The City ◽  
Runoff And Sedimentation

The effects of Rubus hyrcanus L. and Philonotis marchica (Hedw.) Bridon on runoff generation and soil loss from cutslopes of forest roads were investigated. The study was conducted at the northern forest of Iran, about 30 km south of the city of Sari. Runoff and sedimentation after each rainfall simulation and chemical and physical soil properties were measured in 14 plots with an area of 0.48 m<sup>2</sup>. The obtained results indicate that the vegetation dominated by Philonotis marchica exhibited the higher runoff coefficient and soil loss, with averages of 27.25% and 92.40&nbsp;g&middot;m<sup>&ndash;2</sup>&middot;h<sup>&ndash;1</sup>(gram per square meter per hour), respectively, in comparison to Rubus hyrcanus. For Philonotis marchica (Hedw.) Brid. the sediment concentration increased quickly at the beginning of rainfall simulations and after 10&ndash;12 min there was a fast decrease in sediment concentration. The peak of sediment concentration was for the Rubus hyrcanus L. in the 13<sup>th</sup>&ndash;15<sup>th</sup> min In conclusion, Rubus hyrcanus L. prevented or decreased the risk of runoff and soil loss from cutslopes of forest roads in our study area. &nbsp;

DESIGNING AN OPTIMAL FOREST ROAD NETWORK BY CONSIDERATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN GIS OPTIMALIŲ MIŠKO KELIŲ TINKLO PROJEKTAVIMAS ĮVERTINUS POVEIKĮ APLINKAI GIS PROGRAMA / ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ OПTИMAЛЬHOЙ CETИ ЛECHЫX ДOPOГ С УЧЕТОМ BOЗДEЙCTBИЯ HA OKPYЖAЮЩYЮ CPEДY, ОЦЕНЕННОГО С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ГИС

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Ataollah Hosseini ◽  
Mohammad Reza Mazrae ◽  
Majid Lotfalian ◽  
Aidin Parsakhoo
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Road Verge ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Planning ◽  
Golestan Province ◽  
Northern Forests ◽  
The Cost

Planning of forest road network is the most important issue for sustainable management of northern forests in Iran. This study represented a technical method of forest road planning by using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) in Vatan forestry plan of Golestan province, Iran. The aim of this study was to find out options for the optimization of skid trail length and for decreasing the negative effects of redundant skid trail length. Results of this study showed that the total length of forest road and the road network density was 36745 m and 8.68 m ha−1, respectively. 54% of the area was covered by these roads. 98.06 km skid trail was planned from road verge into the forest interior. The density of this skidding trail was 23.17 m ha−1. The suggested road network length measured using GIS was 47.23 km. Road density was 10.87 m ha−1, with 79% coverage. Skid trail length was 81.04 km, and skid trail density was 19.15 m ha−1. On the basis of GIS measurements, the skid trails on new road network system had shorter length and more frequency. This causes to decrease the cost of primary transportation. Moreover, in this plan the roads with suitable coverage passed from stable slopes. Santrauka Miško kelių tinklo planavimas – viena svarstomų problemų, siekiant užtikrinti tvarią miškotvarkos sistemą šiaurinėje Irano dalyje esančiuose miškuose. Šiame straipsnyje pristatomas miško kelių planavimo techninis metodas, taikant GIS (geografinės informacinės sistemos) programą ir naudojant Vatan miško, Golestan provincijoje, Irane, planus. Šio tyrimo tikslas – išsiaiškinti galimybes, kaip optimizuoti miško keliukų ilgį ir sumažinti neigiamą poveikį miškui, mažinant perteklinį šių keliukų trasos ilgį. Pirminiai rezultatai parodė, kad bendras esamų kelių ilgis siekia 36 745 km, kelių tinklas aprėpė 54% visos tiriamosios teritorijos, tankis siekė 8,68 m ha−1, o optimalus miško kelių tinklas buvo rengiamas pagal esamą 98,06 km ilgio miško keliukų tinklą, kurio tankis – 23,17 m ha−1. Bendras siūlomo kelių tinklo ilgis siekia 47,23 km, tankumas – 10,87 m ha−1, jis aprėpia 79% teritorijos. Miško keliukų ilgis – 81,04 km, tankumas – 19,15 m·ha−1. Remiantis GIS matavimais, naujo miško keliukų tinklo keliukai buvo trumpesni, tačiau jų tinklas tankesnis. Dėl šios priežasties mažėja pirminės transporto išlaidos ir sukuriama optimali miško keliukų aprėptis, pagerinamas prieinamumas. Резюме Планирование сети лесных дорог является одним из важнейших вопросов при создании упорядоченной системылесохозяйствования в северной части Ирана. В статье представлен технический метод планирования лесохозяйственной деятельности (прокладки дорог) с использованием ГИС и плана леса Ватан в провинции Гулистан Ирана. Целью исследования было выяснить возможности оптимизации длины лесных дорог и уменьшениянегативных последствий их избыточной длины. Результаты исследования показали, что общая протяженность существующих лесных дорог составляет 36 745 км, сеть дорог охватывает 54% всей исследованной территории,ее плотность – 8,68 м га−1. Оптимальная сеть лесных дорог создавалась на основании имеющейся сети лесных дорог, протяженность которой 98,06 км, плотность – 23,17 м гa−1. Протяженность предлагаемой сети дорог составит 47,23 км, плотность – 10,87 м гa−1, она охватит 79% территории. Длина лесных дорог составит 81,04 км, а плотность – 19,15 м·гa−1. На основании измерений, проведенных с использованием ГИС, длина дорог лесной сети стала короче, а сеть более густой. В связи с этим снижаются первичные затраты на транспорт, охват леснымидорогами становится более оптимальным, увеличивается доступность.

scholarly journals The influence of rural road development on forest extent changes over the three time periods: A case study of Chegeni region, Lorestan province

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 313-318
Author(s):  
Motlaq Ayoob Rezaee ◽  
Parsakhoo Aidin ◽  
Adeli Kamran ◽  
Moayeri Mohamad Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Settlement Development ◽  
The Road ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Photo Mosaic

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the development of road quality (surfacing condition and road type) and road quantity (road density and distance to main road) on forest extent changes in a region in Zagros forests of Iran over the three time periods of 1960s, 2000s and 2010s. Ranks of 1 to 5 were assigned to road quality. Forest extent changes were analysed on digital aerial photo mosaic. The Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test the relationship between the road parameters and forest extent changes. Results showed that rural-forest road network has more influence on settlement development. Forest extent was correlated negatively with the road quality. Moreover, there were more disturbances to native forests closer to roads. It was concluded that forest cover decrease was associated with physical parameters including access to roads, cultivation practices, road quality and settlement development.

On the behaviour of low-volume unpaved resource access roads: effects of rehabilitation

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
C T Gnanendran ◽  
C Beaulieu
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Beam Deflection ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Resource Access ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
The Road ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
And Performance

A new resurfacing method has been proposed recently for rehabilitating low-cost unpaved resource access (forest) roads using a mobile crusher. The quality and performance of the road rehabilitated using this new method have been a concern for some forestry companies and a study was initiated to compare it with the traditional resurfacing method where pit-run material is used. Two selected forest roads in New Brunswick, Canada, one resurfaced with the mobile crusher and the other resurfaced with pit-run material from a stationary crusher, were examined to assess the relative merits and deficiencies of the two methods. The particle-size distribution, maximum dry unit weight, and optimum water content for standard Proctor compaction were similar for the resurfacing materials derived from each method. The Benkelman beam deflection data suggest that the resulting roads from the two resurfacing methods were of similar structural capacity but the thickness of the gravel added and the level of compaction applied during resurfacing were different. Moreover, the materials from both methods contained a significant proportion of larger size particles exceeding 25.4 mm (1 in.) and failed to contain the required cohesive (binder) component.Key words: road rehabilitation, road resurfacing, mobile crusher, Benkelman beam, unpaved low volume road, forest road.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Effects of Improving Forest Road Standards on Economic Value of Forest Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah E. Akay ◽  
Hasan Serin ◽  
John Sessions ◽  
Ebru Bilici ◽  
Mehmet Pak
Keyword(s):  
Load Capacity ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
High Load ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
The Road ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Low Load ◽  
High Load Capacity

Forest roads are the key infrastructures that provide access to forest areas for sustainable management, protection, and utilization of forest resources. In order to benefit from the important functions of forest roads, they should be built in with adequate technical road standards. The road network with low technical standards require more frequent major repairs to ensure continues access to forest resources. In addition, only small trucks with low load capacity can move on the low standard roads. Furthermore, the low road standards limit the truck speed that increases vehicle travel time. These negative effects increase the transportation costs which are an important part of the timber production costs in Turkey. Thus, improving the road standards and developing forest transportation planning should be evaluated together in the most appropriate way. Large logging trucks with high load capacity are generally preferred for efficient transportation of wood-based forest products. In Turkey, large logging trucks, however, cannot operate on the most of the forest roads because insufficient technical road standards (road width, curve radius, surface materials, road structures) limit the maneuverability of large logging trucks. In this study, the objective is to determine the effects of improving forest road standards on total net profit of forest products by using the NETWORK 2000 program, a heuristic approach for solving forest transportation problems. Three Forest Enterprise Chiefs (FECs) located in Mustafakemalpaşa Forest Enterprise Directorate (FED) in Bursa Forest Regional Directorate were selected as the study area. The digital data layers for forest road network was generated by using ArcGIS 10.4 software. In the solution process, firstly, the optimum routes that minimize the transportation cost and maximize the total net profit of forest products on existing forest road networks were investigated for a truck type (15 ton) currently used in the region. In the second case, forest transportation was planned for the high load capacity truck (29 ton) moving on the forest roads with improved standards. In the first case, the transportation costs and annual major repair costs were considered in the calculation of the net profit of forest products, while one time cost of road improvement activities (i.e. road improvement construction, road structure installation, road surface construction) and annual maintenance costs were considered along with transportation costs in the second case. In both cases, the costs of other forest operations (i.e. felling, logging, etc.) were not considered since it was assumed that they do not vary with the forest transportation alternatives. As a result of the transportation plan developed for high load capacity truck, the annual transportation cost decreased by 46.85% comparing to the local logging trucks with low load capacity. Using improved road standards, the total road costs computed for the time period of 30 years (i.e. the average expected life cycle of forest roads) were reduced by 4.64%. The total net profit of forest products transported by using a high load capacity truck was 473,340 Euro more than that of using low load capacity truck on the existing forest road network. Thus, improving road standards might result in some additional costs in the road construction stage, but total net profit of forest products increase since transportation costs along with maintenance and repair costs considerably decrease in the long term.

scholarly journals Relationship between forest road length and village development during three decades in Neka-Zalemrood forest

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Hosseini ◽  
M.E. Khalili ◽  
M. Pourmajidian ◽  
A. Fallah ◽  
A. Parsakhoo
Keyword(s):  
Positive Development ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Development Index ◽  
National Population ◽  
The Third ◽  
Total Length ◽  
The Village

Forest roads are built to facilitate the transport of personnel and wood, and so to promote village development. In this study 18 development indices of village in relation to increasing forest road density were evaluated during three decades for the villages of Aryam, Estakhrposht, Hosein Abad, Daram, Sarm and Darzikola in Neka-Zalemrood forest. According to the National Population and Housing Census of Iran (NPHCI), the rank of zero was considered for cases when a village did not have a specific facility and the rank of one was considered for cases when a village had a specific facility and service. The total length of forest roads was measured on maps from the years 1986, 1996 and 2006. Results showed that the total length of built roads at the end of 1986, 1996 and 2006 was 7, 25&nbsp;and 36 km, respectively. Index of development in the village of Estakhrposht and Daram was positive at the end of the second decade whereas the villages of Estakhrposht, Daram, Aryam and Darzikola with ranks of 1.494; 0.053; 0.293 and 0.053 had positive development index in the third decade. The index of development in other villages was still negative at the end of 2006. The villages of Sarm and Daram enjoyed 5 and 7 services and facilities, respectively, in the second decade. So, their development index increased from &ndash;0.3 to 0.06 for Sarm and from &ndash;0.3 to 0.17 for Daram. 7.5 km of forest roads in the village of Estakhrposht were asphalted in the third decade (1996&ndash;2006) and the village of Estakhrposht&nbsp; enjoyed 18 development indices in total. &nbsp;

scholarly journals The Potential Use of the Light Drop-Weight Deflectometer to Control Subgrade Compaction on Forest Roads

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Boston ◽  
Robert Robek ◽  
Jesse Rathom
Keyword(s):  
Road Construction ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Minimum Thickness ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
The Road ◽  
Drop Weight ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Subgrade Strength

Abstract Improving subgrade strength can reduce a road's construction and maintenance costs. Additionally, it may lessen some of the environmental impacts from forest roads. However, most forest roads receive little effort to establish or control compaction because of the perceived increase in construction costs and potential delays in the flow of wood from the area. A light drop-weight deflectometer was tested on two forest roads in western Oregon to determine if this tool could aid with improving forest road construction by improving the quality of the road's subgrade. One road was built on a fine sand-silt soil and the other was constructed on a silt-clay soil. The goal was to correlate the easily collected subgrade values produced from the light drop-weight deflectometer and wet unit weight to the soaked and nonsoaked California bearing ratio (CBR) values for the subgrade, which are common design variables used to determine the minimum thickness of the aggregate surface. The light drop-weight deflectometer showed mixed results with regards to its ability to predict the values from the more expensive CBR laboratory test. The results from site 1, sand-silt soils, showed the potential of the light drop-weight deflectometer to aid in construction control as the values from light drop-weight deflectometer, when combined with the wet unit weight, explained a statistically significant amount of the variability in the soaked and nonsoaked laboratory CBR values. These variables explain approximately 60% of the variation in CBR values. The data from site 2, the silt-clay soils, were not able to significantly predict the subgrade strength variables, and the road will need to continue to use the traditional methods for establishing and controlling compaction.

Predicting Forest Road Surface Erosion and Storm Runoff from High-Elevation Sites

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnny McFero Grace III
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Storm Runoff ◽  
Surface Erosion ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
The Road

Abstract. Forest roads are a concern in management because they represent areas of elevated risks associated with soil erosion and storm runoff connectivity to stream systems. Storm runoff emanating from forest roads and their connectivity to downslope resources can be influenced by a myriad of factors, including storm characteristics, management practices, and the interaction of management practices and successive storm events. Mitigating sediment export and ensuring that storm runoff has negligible impacts on downstream resources requires a more complete understanding of forest road erosion and sediment delivery dynamics. Progress in the area of road and stream connectivity issues hinges on reliable prediction tools to inform broader-scale modeling of watershed-scale effects of forest roads and management practices. In this study, the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model was evaluated based on the results from 156 runoff-generating storm events during a continuous five-year study of nine high-elevation road sections in the Appalachian Mountains. The model adequately predicted sediment yield from the road sections with an overall Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (E) of 0.76, Willmott refined index of agreement (dr) of 0.56, percent error of 5%, and average storm difference (ASD) of 1.2 kg. In contrast, WEPP predictions of storm runoff were not as good, and the poor agreement was attributed to an inability to determine the source area for runoff from some of the larger runoff events. In general, the WEPP model for these high-elevation sites adequately described the sediment yield for the road sections. Keywords: Forest roads, Long-term simulation, Runoff, Sediment, Water Erosion Modeling, WEPP.

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