scholarly journals Carbon stocks in tree biomass and soils of German forests

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Wellbrock ◽  
Erik Grüneberg ◽  
Thomas Riedel ◽  
Heino Polley
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Mineral Soils

AbstractClose to one third of Germany is forested. Forests are able to store significant quantities of carbon (C) in the biomass and in the soil. Coordinated by the Thünen Institute, the German National Forest Inventory (NFI) and the National Forest Soil Inventory (NFSI) have generated data to estimate the carbon storage capacity of forests. The second NFI started in 2002 and had been repeated in 2012. The reporting time for the NFSI was 1990 to 2006. Living forest biomass, deadwood, litter and soils up to a depth of 90 cm have stored 2500 t of carbon within the reporting time. Over all 224 t C ha-1in aboveground and belowground biomass, deadwood and soil are stored in forests. Specifically, 46% stored in above-ground and below-ground biomass, 1% in dead wood and 53% in the organic layer together with soil up to 90 cm. Carbon stocks in mineral soils up to 30 cm mineral soil increase about 0.4 t C ha-1yr-1stocks between the inventories while the carbon pool in the organic layers declined slightly. In the living biomass carbon stocks increased about 1.0 t C ha-1yr-1. In Germany, approximately 58 mill. tonnes of CO2were sequestered in 2012 (NIR 2017).

scholarly journals Assessing the Carbon Storage of Soil and Litter from National Forest Inventory Data in South Korea

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1318
Author(s):  
Sunjeoung Lee ◽  
Seunghyun Lee ◽  
Joonghoon Shin ◽  
Jongsu Yim ◽  
Jinteak Kang
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Litter Layer ◽  
Forest Models ◽  
Random Forest Models ◽  
Soil Carbon Stocks

Research Highlights: The estimation of soil and litter carbon stocks by the Land Use, Land-Use Changes, and Forestry (LULUCF) sectors has the potential to improve reports on national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories. Background and Objectives: Forests are carbon sinks in the LULUCF sectors and therefore can be a comparatively cost-effective means and method of GHG mitigation. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to assess soil at 0–30 cm and litter carbon stocks using the National Forest Inventory (NFI) data and random forest (RF) models, mapping their carbon stocks. The three main types of forest in South Kora were studied, namely, coniferous, deciduous, and mixed. Results: The litter carbon stocks (t C ha−1) were 4.63 ± 0.18 for coniferous, 3.98 ± 0.15 for mixed, and 3.28 ± 0.13 for deciduous. The soil carbon stocks (t C ha−1) were 44.11 ± 1.54 for deciduous, 35.75 ± 1.60 for mixed, and 33.96 ± 1.62 for coniferous. Coniferous forests had higher litter carbon stocks while deciduous forests contained higher soil carbon stocks. The carbon storage in the soil and litter layer increased as the forest grew older; however, a significant difference was found in several age classes. For mapping the soil and litter carbon stocks, we used four random forest models, namely RF1 to RF4, and the best performing model was RF2 (root mean square error (RMSE) (t C ha−1) = 1.67 in soil carbon stocks, 1.49 in soil and litter carbon stocks). Our study indicated that elevation, accessibility class, slope, diameter at breast height, height, and growing stock are important predictors of carbon stock. Soil and litter carbon stock maps were produced using the RF2 models. Almost all prediction values were appropriated to soil and litter carbon stocks. Conclusions: Estimating and mapping the carbon stocks in the soil and litter layer using the NFI data and random forest models could be used in future national GHG inventory reports. Additionally, the data and models can estimate all carbon pools to achieve an accurate and complete national GHG inventory report.

scholarly journals Comparing Reported Forest Biomass Gains and Losses in European and Global Datasets

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Lucas Sinclair ◽  
Paul Rougieux
Keyword(s):  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Support Policy ◽  
European Forest ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
European Union Member States ◽  
Python Package

Net CO2 emissions and sequestration from European forests are the result of removal and growth of flora. To arrive at aggregated measurements of these processes at a country’s level, local observations of increments and harvest rates are up-scaled to national forest areas. Each country releases these statistics through their individual National Forest Inventory using their particular definitions and methodologies. In addition, five international processes deal with the harmonization and comparability of such forest datasets in Europe, namely the IPCC, SOEF, FAOSTAT, HPFFRE, FRA (definitions follow in the article). In this study, we retrieved living biomass dynamics from each of these sources for 27 European Union member states. To demonstrate the reproducibility of our method, we release an open source python package that allows for automated data retrieval and analysis, as new data becomes available. The comparison of the published values shows discrepancies in the magnitude of forest biomass changes for several countries. In some cases, the direction of these changes also differs between sources. The scarcity of the data provided, along with the low spatial resolution, forbids the creation or calibration of a pan-European forest dynamics model, which could ultimately be used to simulate future scenarios and support policy decisions. To attain these goals, an improvement in forest data availability and harmonization is needed.

Model-assisted estimation of biomass in a LiDAR sample survey in Hedmark County, NorwayThis article is one of a selection of papers from Extending Forest Inventory and Monitoring over Space and Time.

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy G. Gregoire ◽  
Göran Ståhl ◽  
Erik Næsset ◽  
Terje Gobakken ◽  
Ross Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Stage Design ◽  
Variance Estimators ◽  
Inventory And Monitoring ◽  
Selection Of

Inasmuch as LiDAR is becoming an increasingly prominent tool for forest inventory, it is timely to develop a framework to understand the statistical properties of LiDAR-based estimates. A model-assisted approach to estimation and inference when using LiDAR as a tool to inventory aboveground forest biomass is presented. An empirical example is also presented, yet the article’s focus is largely methodological. The sampling plan in the example is viewed as a two-stage design, with slightly different primary sampling units between the profiling and scanning laser surveys. A regression estimator is presented that uses biomass data from the Norwegian National Forest Inventory as the response variable and laser-derived variables as covariates. A major thrust of this article is the presentation of the variance of the estimators of total biomass and biomass per hectare as well as variance estimators.

scholarly journals Simulation of the long-term carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Dutch forest soils under Scots pine

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.-J. Groenenberg ◽  
W. de Vries ◽  
H. Kros
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Transformation Rate ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Scots Pine Stands

Abstract. Dynamics of C and N in forest soils in the Nutrient Cycling and Soil Acidification Model (NUCSAM) are described by the transformation and decomposition of three organic matter compartments, litter, fermented material and humic material. These three compartments are allocated to the morphological distinguishable L, F and H horizons of the organic layer. Changes in the pools of these organic compartments are described with first order equations for decomposition and transformation. Rate constants for decomposition and transformation were derived by calibrating the model to measured organic matter pools in organic layers of a chrono-sequence of five first succession Scots pine stands between 15 and 120 years old. Simulated pools of organic matter in the organic layers were in agreement with measured pools in the five pine stands, except for the first thirty years of the H-horizon. During this period, an increase in organic matter in the H horizon was simulated while no H horizons were observed in the field. The simulated total pool of organic matter in the organic layer agreed well with values from a field inventory in 20 other Scots pine stands, but the simulated distribution over the three horizons differed from the field measurements which varied among sites. For the Scots pine stands the model was able to simulate the organic matter accumulation in the top 40-cm of the mineral soil; derived almost completely from fine root turnover. The accumulated pool of nitrogen in the organic layer was in agreement with measured pools for the oldest Scots pine stand but was too high for the younger stands. Especially, the accumulation of N in the F-horizon was too fast, presumably due to an overestimated retention of nitrogen.

scholarly journals A new approach to simulate peat accumulation, degradation and stability in a global land surface scheme (JULES vn5.8_accumulate_soil)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Chadburn ◽  
Eleanor J. Burke ◽  
Angela V. Gallego-Sala ◽  
Noah D. Smith ◽  
M. Syndonia Bret-Harte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Land Surface Scheme ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Surface Scheme

Abstract. Peatlands have often been neglected in Earth System Models (ESMs). Where they are included, they are usually represented via a separate, prescribed grid cell fraction that is given the physical characteristics of a peat (highly organic) soil. However, in reality soils vary on a spectrum between purely mineral soil (no organic material), and purely organic soil, typically with an organic layer of variable thickness overlying mineral soil below. They are also dynamic, with organic layer thickness and its properties changing over time. Neither the spectrum of soil types nor their dynamic nature can be captured by current ESMs. Here we present a new version of an ESM land surface scheme (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator, JULES) where soil organic matter accumulation - and thus peatland formation, degradation and stability – is integrated in the vertically-resolved soil carbon scheme. We also introduce the capacity to track soil carbon age as a function of depth in JULES, and compare this to measured peat age-depth profiles. This scheme simulates dynamic feedbacks between the soil organic material and its thermal and hydraulic characteristics. We show that draining the peatlands can lead to significant carbon loss along with soil compaction and changes in peat properties. However, negative feedbacks can lead to the potential for peatlands to rewet themselves following drainage. These ecohydrological feedbacks can also lead to peatlands maintaining themselves in climates where peat formation would not otherwise initiate in the model, i.e. displaying some degree of resilience. The new model produces similar results to the original model for mineral soils, and realistic profiles of soil organic carbon for peatlands. In particular the best performing configurations had root mean squared error (RMSE) in carbon density for peat sites of 7.7–16.7 kgC m−3 depending on climate zone, when compared against typical peat profiles based on 216 sites from a global dataset of peat cores. This error is considerably smaller than the soil carbon itself (around 30–60 kgC m−3) and reduced by 35–80 % compared with standard JULES. The RMSE at mineral soil sites is also smaller in JULES-Peat than JULES itself (reduced by ~30–50 %). Thus JULES-Peat can be used as a complete scheme that simulates both organic and mineral soils. It does not require any additional input data and introduces minimal additional variables to the model. This provides a new approach for improving the simulation of organic and peatland soils, and associated carbon-cycle feedbacks in ESMs, which other land surface models could follow.

Molybdenum at German Norway spruce sites: contents and mobility

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1034-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike Lang ◽  
Martin Kaupenjohann
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Nitrogen Turnover ◽  
Acid Forest Soils ◽  
Mineral Soils

Molybdenum plays an important role in the nitrogen turnover of ecosystems. However, very little is known about Mo availability in forest soils. We measured the oxalate-extractable Mo concentrations of acid forest soils, the Mo, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate fluxes from the organic forest floor into the mineral soil using resin tubes and the Mo concentrations of the tree needles at 28 different Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) sites in southern Germany. The supply of oxalate-extractable Mo varied from 51 to 3400 g·ha-1, with the lowest values occurring in sandstone-derived soils (370 ± 212 g·ha-1; mean ± SD). Molybdenum concentrations of current-year needles were in the range of 5 to 48 ng·g-1. The Mo needle concentrations and oxalate-extractable Mo of soils did not correlate. However, Mo fluxes (6-60 g·ha-1·a-1) from the organic forest floor into the mineral soils were correlated to needle concentrations and to the NO3 fluxes. We conclude that Mo turnover within forest ecosystems is governed by Mo plant availability of mineral soils as well as by plant Mo uptake. In addition, Mo cycling strongly affects Mo distribution within soil profiles and Mo fluxes out of the organic layer.

Major and trace element concentrations in surface organic layers, mineral soil, and white oak xylem downwind from a coal-fired power plant

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1603-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Long ◽  
D. D. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Ash Deposition ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Mineral Soils

White oak (Quercusalba L.) xylem tissues, associated mineral soils (0 to 25 cm), and surface organic layers (O2 horizon) were sampled downwind from a 623 MW coal-fired power plant to determine whether major or trace element concentration patterns were affected by changes in emission stack heights during a 32-year operating period. Four sites with Hazleton (Typic Dystrochrept) soils located at 0.25, 1.2, 2.0, and 10.3 km downwind from the power plant were sampled. In surface O2 layers, Fe and Co concentrations varied inversely with distance from the power plant. Inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy was used to determine concentrations (ppm) of P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, B, Na, Sr, Ba, Cu, Al, Si, Cr, Ni, Co, Pb, and Cd in xylem tissues during four separate time periods: one preoperation and three periods concurrent with power plant operation. Only Sr concentrations showed a consistent pattern of greatest accumulation in the xylem during periods when emission stacks were lowest, and at sites closest to the power plant. Potentially toxic elements were not detected at elevated levels in xylem tissues; however, xylem Sr may be a sensitive bioindicator of historical fly-ash deposition.

scholarly journals Impact of forest biomass for energy harvesting on soil compaction – Irish case study

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 526-533
Author(s):  
J. Pohořalý ◽  
R. Klvač ◽  
T. Kent ◽  
M. Kleibl ◽  
E. Coates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Logging Residue ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Irish Case

An assessment of soil compaction caused by machinery used in stump and/or logging residue extraction for energy on soils typical of Ireland. We determined unaffected soil conditions and to find the compaction grade after timber harvesting and bundling activities, and to compare those results with stands where timber harvesting was followed by stump extraction for energy. The investigation was carried out in Ireland on three different locations which had a slightly different proportion of stones in their soils. Two of the soils were purely mineral soils, and the third was a mineral soil affected by anthropogenic activities. To ensure comparable results as much as possible, the moisture content of the soil on wet basis was investigated. Each location was purposely treated. Therefore, on each location plots were identified as follows: plots unaffected by operation (reference area), plots after timber harvesting, plots after timber harvesting and bundling operation, and plots after timber harvesting and stump extraction operation. According to the experimental design 40 repetitions on each of the three different treatments were set. The results showed that the compaction of soil occurred on plots after timber harvesting, but there was not a significant difference between compaction grades with and without logging residue bundling operation. However, once the site was extracted of stumps, the soil became too loose and no significant difference was found compared to unaffected soil.  

scholarly journals Recovery of carbon pools a decade after wildfire in black spruce forests of interior Alaska: effects of soil texture and landscape position

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory P. Houle ◽  
Evan S. Kane ◽  
Eric S. Kasischke ◽  
Carolyn M. Gibson ◽  
Merritt R. Turetsky
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Landscape Position ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Fire Dynamics ◽  
Interior Alaska

We measured organic-layer (OL) recovery and carbon stocks in dead woody debris a decade after wildfire in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) forests of interior Alaska. Previous study at these research plots has shown the strong role that landscape position plays in governing the proportion of OL consumed during fire and revegetation after fire. Here, we show that landscape position likely influences fire dynamics in these stands through changes in mineral soil texture. The content of fine-textured materials in underlying mineral soils was positively related to OL depths measured 1 and 10 years after fire, and there was an interaction between soil texture and elevation in governing OL consumption and OL recovery a decade following fire. OL depths 10 years after fire were 2 cm greater than 1 year after fire, with a range of 19 cm of accumulation to 9 cm of subsidence. Subsidence was inversely related to the percentage of fine textures within the parent material. The most influential factor determining the accumulation of OL carbon stocks a decade following wildfire was the interaction between landscape position and the presence of fine-textured soil. As such, parent material texture interacted with biological processes to govern the recovery of soil organic layers.

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