scholarly journals Impact of forest biomass for energy harvesting on soil compaction – Irish case study

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 526-533
Author(s):  
J. Pohořalý ◽  
R. Klvač ◽  
T. Kent ◽  
M. Kleibl ◽  
E. Coates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Logging Residue ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Irish Case

An assessment of soil compaction caused by machinery used in stump and/or logging residue extraction for energy on soils typical of Ireland. We determined unaffected soil conditions and to find the compaction grade after timber harvesting and bundling activities, and to compare those results with stands where timber harvesting was followed by stump extraction for energy. The investigation was carried out in Ireland on three different locations which had a slightly different proportion of stones in their soils. Two of the soils were purely mineral soils, and the third was a mineral soil affected by anthropogenic activities. To ensure comparable results as much as possible, the moisture content of the soil on wet basis was investigated. Each location was purposely treated. Therefore, on each location plots were identified as follows: plots unaffected by operation (reference area), plots after timber harvesting, plots after timber harvesting and bundling operation, and plots after timber harvesting and stump extraction operation. According to the experimental design 40 repetitions on each of the three different treatments were set. The results showed that the compaction of soil occurred on plots after timber harvesting, but there was not a significant difference between compaction grades with and without logging residue bundling operation. However, once the site was extracted of stumps, the soil became too loose and no significant difference was found compared to unaffected soil.  

scholarly journals Permafrost Thaw with Thermokarst Wetland-Lake and Societal-Health Risks: Dependence on Local Soil Conditions under Large-Scale Warming

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Olof Selroos ◽  
Hua Cheng ◽  
Patrik Vidstrand ◽  
Georgia Destouni
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Lake Ecosystems ◽  
Surface Warming ◽  
Permafrost Thaw ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Local Soil Conditions ◽  
Mineral Soils

A key question for the evolution of thermokarst wetlands and lakes in Arctic and sub-Arctic permafrost regions is how large-scale warming interacts with local landscape conditions in driving permafrost thaw and its spatial variability. To answer this question, which also relates to risks for ecology, society, and health, we perform systematic model simulations of various soil-permafrost cases combined with different surface-warming trends. Results show that both the prevalence and the thaw of permafrost depended strongly on local soil conditions and varied greatly with these for the same temperature conditions at the surface. Greater ice contents and depth extents, but also greater subsurface volumes thawing at depth under warming, are found for peat soils than other studied soil/rock formations. As such, more thaw-driven regime shifts in wetland/lake ecosystems, and associated releases of previously frozen carbon and pathogens, may be expected under the same surface warming for peatlands than other soil conditions. Such risks may also increase in fast permafrost thaw in mineral soils, with only small thaw-protection effects indicated in the present simulations for possible desertification enhancement of mineral soil covers.

scholarly journals Effect of Heavy Machine Traffic on Soil CO2 Concentration and Efflux in a Pinus koraiensis Thinning Stand

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1497
Author(s):  
Ikhyun Kim ◽  
Sang-Kyun Han ◽  
Mauricio Acuna ◽  
Heesung Woo ◽  
Jae-Heun Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
The Impact

Mechanized timber harvesting is cost efficient and highly productive. However, mechanized harvesting operations are often associated with several environmental problems, including soil compaction and disturbance. Soil compaction impedes air circulation between the soil and atmosphere, which in turn results in increased concentrations of CO2 within soil pores. In this study, we investigated the impact of forest machine traffic on soil conditions to determine soil CO2 efflux (Fc), and soil CO2 concentrations (Sc). Field measurements included soil bulk density (BD), soil temperature (ST), soil water content (SWC), Fc, and Sc over a 3-year period at a specific thinning operation site (Hwacheon-gun) in the Gangwon Province of Korea. To assess the soil impacts associated with machine traffic, we established four machine-treatment plots (MT) characterized by different geographical and traffic conditions. The results revealed that BD, Sc, and SWC increased significantly on the disturbed track areas (p < 0.05). Furthermore, reduced soil Fc values were measured on the soil-compacted (machine disturbed) tracks in comparison with undisturbed (control) areas. Variations in BD, SWC, and Sc were significantly different among the four MT plots. Additionally, in comparison with undisturbed areas, lower Fc and higher Sc values were obtained in compacted areas with high soil temperatures.

scholarly journals Management Implications of Using Brush Mats for Soil Protection on Machine Operating Trails during Mechanized Cut-to-Length Forest Operations

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Labelle ◽  
Dirk Jaeger
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Forest Operations ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Bioenergy Generation

Mechanized cut-to-length forest operations often rely on the use of brush mats created from harvesting debris (tree limbs, tops, and foliage) to reduce soil disturbances as a result of in-stand machine traffic. These brush mats, placed directly on the forest floor within machine operating trails, distribute loads of timber harvesting and extraction machinery to a greater area, thereby reducing peak pressures exerted to the ground and rutting for maintaining technical trafficability of operating trails. Forest biomass has also been promoted as a source of green and renewable energy, to reduce carbon emissions from energy production. However, to maintain sufficient quality of biomass for bioenergy operations (high heating value and low ash content), brush needs to be free of contaminants such as mineral soil. This constraint eliminates the possibility of the dual use of brush, first as a soil protective layer on machine operating trails and afterwards for bioenergy generation. Leaving machine operating trails uncovered will cause machine loads to be fully and directly applied to the soil, thus increasing the likelihood of severe soil disturbance, tree growth impediment and reducing trail trafficability. The main objective of this study was to quantify the effect of varying machine operating trail spacing and width on the amount of brush required for soil protection. This was achieved by creating five model forest stands (four mature and one immature), commonly found in New Brunswick, Canada, and using their characteristics as input in the Biomass Opportunity and Supply Model (BiOS) from FPInnovations. BiOS provided several key biomass related outputs allowing the determination of the amount of biomass available for soil protection, which was the main focus of this research. The simulation results showed that regardless of trail area tested, all four mature forest stands were able to support uniform distribution of 20 kg m−2 brush mats (green mass) throughout their entire trail network during clear-cut operations but not during partial harvests. From the three factors assessed (brush amount, trail width, and trail spacing), trail width had the highest effect on the required brush amount for trail protection, which in turn has a direct impact on the amount of brush that could be used for bioenergy generation.

Soil water leachate from two forested catchments on the Precambrian Shield, Ontario

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1353-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce D. LaZerte ◽  
Lem Scott
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Solubility Curve ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Precambrian Shield ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mineral Soils

A predominantly coniferous catchment on the Precambrian Shield had significantly more acid, base-poor, and Al-rich soil solutions than a predominantly deciduous catchment. Eight-year median depth profiles of the forest floor solutions revealed that ceramic tension lysimeters collected significantly higher levels of Al and Si, lower amounts of NO3−, and equal amounts of dissolved organic carbon than plastic zero-tension lysimeters. There was no significant difference between lysimeter types in the deeper mineral soils. NO3−, NH4+, K+, organic C, organic Al, Fe, and to a lesser extent Ca2+ and Mg2+ were more abundant in forest floor solutions than in the mineral soils. Inorganic Al, F−, Na+, and SO42− were more abundant in the mineral horizons, and Cl− was uniform throughout the profile. Calculations based on the Na profile and the weathering of plagioclase feldspars suggested that secondary Al and Si minerals were accumulating in the mineral soil. Long-term median inorganic Al concentrations followed the microcrystalline gibbsite solubility curve (−log(Al3+) = −9.2 + 3.0(pH); R2 = 0.97), and F− was closely correlated (R2 = 0.7). NO3−, NH4+, and K+ in the forest floor exhibited the strongest seasonal patterns, with peaks during the winter–spring snowmelt and late summer. Their levels increased severalfold in response to summer drought, but there was little response in the lower horizons. Apparently because of a decline in SO42− and possibly Ca2+ deposition, there was a long-term decline in Ca2+ and SO42− in the stream draining the PCl mineral horizons (approximately −2.1 ± 0.4 μequiv.•L−1•year−1), and a similar Ca2+ decline in the mineral soil solutions themselves. However, there was no change in pH or inorganic Al levels.

scholarly journals 624 Nitrate and Iron Reductase Activities in Vaccinium Species

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 505A-505
Author(s):  
Umpika Poonnachit ◽  
Rebecca L. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Iron Availability ◽  
High Ph ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Iron Reductase ◽  
Nr Activity

Vaccinium corymbosum, one of the cultivated blueberry species, is not well-adapted to mineral soils, which are generally marked by high pH, the predominance of NO3-N over NH4-N, and limited iron availability. A wild species, V. arboreum, grows naturally on mineral soils, and thus may be better adapted than V. corymbosum. This adaptation may be related to the ability of V. arboreum to assimilate NO3 and/or iron more efficiently than V. corymbosum. Both species were grown in a hydroponic solution containing 5.0 mM N as (NH4)2SO4 or NaNO3, and buffered to pH 5.5. Nitrate reductase (NR) and iron reductase (FeR) activities were measured. NR activity was higher in V. arboreum compared with V. corymbosum when grown with N03-N, while no difference between species was observed when grown under NH4-N. Activity of FeR was higher in V. arboreum compared with V. corymbosum, and higher under NO3-N compared with NH4-N. After 5 months in hydroponics, Fe was removed from one-half of the solutions. The activity of NRA in both species was higher under Fe-sufficient compared with Fe-limited conditions, but in both cases, activity was higher in V. arboreum compared with V. corymbosum. FeR activity continued to be higher in V. arboreum compared with V. corymbosum, and under NO3 compared with NH4-N. Activity decreased in both species under limited Fe conditions, and there were no interactions between species and Fe. These data indicate that V. arboreum possesses higher NR and FeR activities than V. corymbosum, under both Fe-sufficient and Fe-limited conditions. This may play a role in the better adaptability of V arboreum to mineral soil conditions.

scholarly journals Carbon stocks in tree biomass and soils of German forests

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Wellbrock ◽  
Erik Grüneberg ◽  
Thomas Riedel ◽  
Heino Polley
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Mineral Soils

AbstractClose to one third of Germany is forested. Forests are able to store significant quantities of carbon (C) in the biomass and in the soil. Coordinated by the Thünen Institute, the German National Forest Inventory (NFI) and the National Forest Soil Inventory (NFSI) have generated data to estimate the carbon storage capacity of forests. The second NFI started in 2002 and had been repeated in 2012. The reporting time for the NFSI was 1990 to 2006. Living forest biomass, deadwood, litter and soils up to a depth of 90 cm have stored 2500 t of carbon within the reporting time. Over all 224 t C ha-1in aboveground and belowground biomass, deadwood and soil are stored in forests. Specifically, 46% stored in above-ground and below-ground biomass, 1% in dead wood and 53% in the organic layer together with soil up to 90 cm. Carbon stocks in mineral soils up to 30 cm mineral soil increase about 0.4 t C ha-1yr-1stocks between the inventories while the carbon pool in the organic layers declined slightly. In the living biomass carbon stocks increased about 1.0 t C ha-1yr-1. In Germany, approximately 58 mill. tonnes of CO2were sequestered in 2012 (NIR 2017).

scholarly journals Logging Mats and Logging Residue as Ground Protection during Forwarder Traffic along Till Hillslopes

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Ring ◽  
Mikael Andersson ◽  
Linnea Hansson ◽  
Gunnar Jansson ◽  
Lars Högbom
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Ground Conditions ◽  
Logging Residue ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Forest soils in Northern Europe are generally trafficked by forest machinery on several occasions during a forest rotation. This may create ruts (wheel tracks), which could increase sediment transport to nearby surface water, reduce recreational value, and affect tree growth. It is therefore important to reduce soil disturbance during off-road forest transportation. In this study, rut depth was measured following forwarder traffic on study plots located along four harvested till hillslopes in Northern Sweden with drier soil conditions uphill and wet conditions downhill. The treatments included driving 1) using no ground protection, 2) on logging residue (on average, 38–50 kg m–2) and 3) on logging mats measuring 5×1×0.2 m. The hillslopes contain areas with a high content of boulders, stones, and gravel as well as areas with a significant content of silt. Six passes with a laden forwarder with four bogie tracks were performed. On the plots with ground protection, the application of logging residue and the application and removal of logging mats necessitated additional passes. Rut depth was measured using two methods: 1) as the difference in elevation between the interpolated original soil surface and the surface of the rut using GNSS positioning (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), and 2) manually with a folding rule from an aluminium profile, placed across the rut, to the bottom of the rut. The two methods generally gave similar results. Driving without ground protection in the upper part of the hillslopes generated ruts with depths &lt;0.2 m. Here, the rut depth was probably modified by the high content of boulders and stones in the upper soil and drier soil conditions. In the lower part of the hillslopes, the mean rut depth ranged from 0.21 to 0.34 m. With a few exceptions, driving on logging residue or logging mats prevented exposure of mineral soil along the entire hillslope. Soil disturbance can thus be reduced by acknowledging the onsite variability in ground conditions and considering the need for ground protection when planning forest operations.

scholarly journals Impact of Forest Operation on Soil Compaction – San Rossore Case Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1133-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Kleibl ◽  
Radomír Klvač ◽  
Josef Pohořalý
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
National Park ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Metal Rings ◽  
Forest Operation ◽  
Biomass For Energy

The paper presents the assessment of compaction grade caused by machinery used in forest biomass for energy harvesting. The main aim was to determinate unaffected soil conditions, the compaction grade exactly after harvesting activities, the return of soil after couple of years and compaction grade in stands, which were not harvested but affected by skidding and seed collection activities. Therefore four different compaction grades were evaluated. To ensure as much as possible uniform soil conditions also soil samples were evaluated. Soil samples were collected using Kopecky physical metal rings and followed characteristics of soil were determined i.e. moisture content, bulk density and porosity, respectively. In San Rossore national park 24 plots were identified of which 8 were harvested in 2011 year (H2011), 8 were harvested in 2005 year (H2005), 7 were not harvested but were affected by other activities (NH) and 1 was unaffected (U). On each plot 50 repetition of measurement were carried out. The results display both: significantly different compaction grade of soil and return of the soil towards the original conditions after 6 years.

scholarly journals The Effect of Harvesting Activities on Soil Compaction, Root Damage, and Suckering in Colorado Aspen

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne D. Shepperd
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Saturated Soils ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Root Damage

Abstract Logging activities cause significant compaction on skid trails in commercial aspen harvest areas. Bulk density increases have persisted up to 12 yr following harvest. Compaction of the upper 0.2 m of an undisturbed mineral soil profile increased with each succeeding pass of a tractor where later passes contributed less to the total compaction effect. Compaction effects were similar under wet soil conditions. High organic matter content in the upper mineral soil profile may have decreased the magnitude of compaction effects. Root damage can occur without apparent disruption of the soil profile, especially to fine roots and those in saturated soils. West. J. Appl. For. 8(2):62-66.

scholarly journals Comparison of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Spores Abundance Under Sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & Grimes) Planted on Deep Peat and Mineral Soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Tri Wira Yuwati ◽  
Wanda Septiana Putri ◽  
Badruzsaufari
Keyword(s):  
Peat Soil ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Common Species ◽  
T Test ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Industrial Material ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mineral Soils

Mycorrhizae are known as soil fungi because of their habitat in the rooting area (rhizosphere). Nearly 97% of terrestrial plant species interact or symbiotic with mycorrhizae. Symbiosis is formed in the form of an exchange between nutrients and carbohydrates and helps plants absorb P. elements. In Kalimantan, sengon often used as industrial material because it is fast-growing species and widely cultivated by the community. Sengon is a common species planted in mineral soils; however, due to the rising demand of sengon timber, it has been planted on peatlands. This study aims to compare the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal spores and identify the morphology of arbuscular mycorrhizal spores associated with Sengon planted on peatlands and mineral soils. This study used a wet sieving method and root staining from the modification of Vierherling et al. 1996 and calculation of root mycorrhizal colonization with gridline techniques. The research used the normality test of data distribution and the T test (Independent sample T test) to determine trends and comparison of differences in the abundance of FMA spores. The study results showed a significant difference in the abundance of AMF in the form of colonization by calculating the percentage of AMF colonization in the sengon root in mineral soils and peatlands of 23.56% 41.67%, respectively. The spore density on mineral soils and peatlands were  18.05 / 50gr and 1.09 / 50gr, respectively. Identification results showed that there were four genera found in peat soil locations, namely the genus Glomus, Gigaspora, Scutellospora, and Acaulospora, while in the mineral soil were found three generas namely genus Glomus, Scutellospora, and Acaulospora. Out of the four generas, the most abundant in both soil types was Glomus.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document