Synthesis and characterization of fat-liquor from waste tallow

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Preethi D. Angeline ◽  
Rames C. Panda ◽  
Ramanujam Saravanathamizhan
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Distinct Advantage ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Flow Sheet ◽  
Process Flow Sheet ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract The fat-liquoring is an important step in leather making before dying to improve the glossiness, appearance, physical and chemical qualities of the leather. Synthetic sulphonated or sulphited oils are generally used to fill fibrous leather & to give it soft, elastic and loose characteristics. Natural fat-liquors (vegetable and animal-based) and synthetic fat-liquors are the two types of emulsions. The emulsion’s charge can be anionic, cationic, or nonionic. In this study, fat-liquor has been made from a bio-waste, namely tallow, which is obtained from a slaughterhouse as a byproduct of the animal hides and skin processing for leather. Triglycerides, a combination of oleic, stearic, and palmitic fatty acids, and glycerol make up the majority of this animal fat. Fat-liquor is made through a series of three reactions, namely, amidation, esterification, and sulphitation. Amidation helps to increase the hydroxyl groups. To react with fat, alkanol amine with a wide emulsifying characteristic isutilised. Anhydrides derived from di-carboxylic acids were then esterified with amidated fat in the next phase. By altering the process recipe, the stability of the emulsion product has been examined, and required raw materials are optimized. Finally, aqueous hydrolyzed sodium metabisulphite is used to sulphite the product, yielding bisulphite and hydroxide ions. The saponification and acid values are computed. The end product has a distinct advantage (anti-foaming & fire-retardant) over traditional fat-liquoring techniques. Material balance is performed once the process flow sheet was created. The process has been scaled up with the help of a preliminary reactor design. The degree of fat-liquoring and the process’ performance are revealed by FTIR spectrum. NMR was used to determine the final product’s structure.

Preparation and characterization of a fly ash and cement-based foam composite

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1758-1763
Author(s):  
Liang Zhao ◽  
Qian Huang ◽  
Qunhu Xue ◽  
Shuang Yao ◽  
Xiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Rosin Soap ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
Reinforcing Agent ◽  
Foam Composite ◽  
The Stability

Industrial waste fly ash and ordinary Portland cement (PO42.5) were used as the main raw materials, Ca(OH)2 as the alkali activator, modified rosin soap as the foaming agent, and glass fiber as the reinforcing agent. A physical foaming technology was chosen to fabricate a fly ash and cement-based foam composite. The effects of water-to-binder (W/B) ratio and glass fiber addition on the performance of the foam composite were studied. The structure formation and reinforcement mechanism of the foam composite were discussed, and the optimal formulation was determined, which provides a new technical approach to utilize fly ash and improve the strength and reliability of foam cement products. The results show that different water-to-binder ratios directly affect the stability of the pores during the foaming process, and the glass fiber has a protective effect on the foam. When the W/B ratio is 0.5, meanwhile the addition of glass fiber is 1.5%, the fly ash and cement-based foam composite can achieve better physical performance: the dry density is 368 kg/m3, the water absorption rate is 39.12%, and the 28-day compressive strength is increased by 86.31% (reaching 3.47 MPa) compared to that of the sample without a glass fiber.

scholarly journals Development of recyclable Fibre Metal Laminates (FML), their mechanical characterization and FE modelling, aiming at structural application in aeronautics

2021 ◽  
Vol 349 ◽  
pp. 01010
Author(s):  
Stefano Bassi ◽  
Matteo Scafe ◽  
Enrico Leoni ◽  
Claudio Mingazzini ◽  
Narayan Jatinder Bhatia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Characterization ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Fe Modelling ◽  
Composite Sandwich ◽  
Fibre Metal ◽  
Material Solution ◽  
Fire Characteristics

This study concerns with the optimisation of a fibre-reinforced composite material ply book and application to an aeronautical component. The presented material solution is a recyclable FML (Fibre Metal Laminate). Recyclable and structural PMCs (Polymeric Matrix Composites) developed up-to now in ENEA had to be improved to satisfy the high-demanding fire characteristics requirements in aeronautics, particularly for the case considered in ongoing project FireMat (www.firemat.it), namely a turbine-bonnet production. FireMat project objective is the combination of weight reduction and fire resistance, maximizing the use C2C recyclable, secondary and biomass derived raw materials. Aluminium layers were introduced inside the lamination, to act as oxygen barriers and improve fire-retardancy. FML were obtained starting from a fire-retardant biobased resin, which was associated with aeronautical grade basalt-derived mineral fabric, processed in the form of a prepreg and then coupled with aluminium foils. FE modelling was based on performed mechanical characterization of the single layers and inter- layer adhesive strength of the ply stack: a composite sandwich structure (including aluminium honeycomb) was optimised.

scholarly journals Lignin-based polyurethane and epoxy adhesives: a short review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (107) ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
D.J. dos Santos ◽  
L.B. Tavares ◽  
J.R. Gouveia ◽  
G.F. Batalha
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Thermomechanical Properties ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Phenolic Resins ◽  
Polyurethane Adhesives

Purpose: of this paper was to review and summarize significant papers related to the development and characterization of lignin-containing adhesives: polyurethane and epoxy types. In the last decades, several efforts have been dedicated on the development of renewable raw materials for polymer synthesis, mainly due to petroleum depletion and sustainability. In this context, lignin emerged as a potential candidate to substitute fossilbased raw materials in adhesive synthesis and formulations. Design/methodology/approach: Recent and other relevant papers were reviewed, aiming to identify the main advantages and limitations involved in lignin incorporation into epoxy and polyurethane adhesives formulations. First, effects of unmodified lignin addition were presented. Afterwards, the main lignin chemical modification methods were presented and discussed, based on thermomechanical results. Findings: Incorporation of unmodified lignin usually is limited to 30 %wt., otherwise mechanical properties are drastically affected as consequence of poor lignin solubility and excessive brittleness. Lignin chemical modification can be used to increase the reactivity of hydroxyl groups and/or add new moieties in its molecular structure, improving solubility and thermomechanical properties of cured adhesives. Practical implications: In the last years, some industrial plants started to operate and produce technical grade lignin at industrial scale, with reproducible properties and controlled molecular structure. Therefore, increasing efforts have been dedicated from researchers and chemists to develop lignin-based technologies, in which this work can directly contribute with. Originality/value: As consequence of the high content of phenol groups in its molecular structure, lignin was mostly applied on the development of phenolic resins applied as wood adhesives. For the first time in the literature, this work summarizes the advances related to synthesis and characterization of polyurethane and epoxy, applied as adhesives. Results can support the development and application of biobased, as well as contribute to the revalorization of this valuable and readily available biomass.

scholarly journals Characterization of Bacterial Isolates in Vermicompost Produced from a Mixture of Cow dung, Straw, Neem leaf and Vegetable Wastes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyotismita Satpathy ◽  
Mirkashim H. Saha ◽  
Aditya S. Mishra ◽  
Sujit K. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Vegetable Wastes ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Physical And Chemical

ABSTRACTVermicomposting is a non-thermophilic biological oxidation process of composting where certain species of earthworm are used to enhance the process of conversion of organic waste to compost. Earthworm helps in influencing the growth of certain microbial species, and also improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The microbial population present in vermicompost play an important role in increasing the productivity of crop as well as maintain the structural stability of the soil. Different types of bacteria found in vermicompost and is depends on the environmental condition and the raw materials used in vermicomposting. Owing to this, a study was carried out to identify the bacteria exist in vermicompost produced from cow dungs, straw, neem leafs and vegetable wastes. The phenotypic studies such as colony morphology, microscopic studies, and biochemical characterization have identified eight bacterial species namely Actinomyces israelli, Azotobacter, Micrococus luteus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtillis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter in the vermicompost. All these bacteria were present in the gut of Eesenia Foetida and found beneficial for the soil and crop plants.

scholarly journals Formulating O/W Emulsions with Plant-Based Actives: A Stability Challenge for an Effective Product

Cosmetics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Semenzato ◽  
Alessia Costantini ◽  
Marisa Meloni ◽  
Giada Maramaldi ◽  
Martino Meneghin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Effective Product ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Poor Absorption ◽  
Injured Skin ◽  
Selection Of

Quality, safety, and efficacy concerns added to instability, poor absorption, and the dispersion of actives are common problems while formulating plant-based cosmetics. Furthermore, a correct balance between the stability of the emulsion, the sensory profile, and the high efficacy has to be considered to formulate an effective product. In this paper, we demonstrate that rheology is a methodological tool that can be used while designing a new product. In particular, we developed an O/W emulsion which is easy to spread on irritated skin, and that can soothe the redness and discomfort caused by the exposure to both physical and chemical irritating agents. The green active mixture consists of three natural raw materials: Bosexil®, Zanthalene®, and Xilogel®. Each ingredient has a well-demonstrated efficacy in terms of soothing, anti-itching, and moisturizing properties respectively. Starting from the selection of a new green emulsifying system, through the analysis of the rheological properties, we obtained a stable and easy-to-apply o/w emulsion. The efficacy of the optimized product was assessed in vitro on intact and injured skin using the SkinEthic™ Reconstituted Human Epidermis (RHE) as a biological model.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Sodium Alginate Extracted from Turbinaria sp. and Sargassum sp.

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinta Kusumawati ◽  
Jamal Basmal ◽  
Bagus Sediadi Bandol Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Brown Seaweed ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Characterization of sodium alginate extracted from two species of brown seaweed (Turbinaria sp. and Sargassum sp.) has been conducted. The aim of the study was to evaluate physical and chemical properties of the two different types of sodium alginates produced from this extraction process. Extraction was conducted in alkaline solution followed by acid treatment with the following steps: sortation of seaweed, washing, alkaline extraction, bleaching, alginic acid and sodium alginate conversion, dehydration using isopropyl alcohol (IPA), drying, chopping and grinding. Each extraction was conducted in duplicate using approximately 1 kg of the raw materials. The physical and chemical properties of the final products (sodium alginate powders) were analyzed. The results of the analysis were as follows: the yield of alginate powder from Turbinaria sp. was 14.77% having water content of 13.48%; whiteness degree of 23.77%; and viscosity of 133.67 cPs while the yield of sodium alginate powder extracted from Sargassum sp. was 24.56% with water content of 12.69%; whiteness degree of 43.80%; and viscosity of 217.50 cPs. Both alginate powders had better physical characteristics compared to commercial grade alginate which had water content of 16.07%, whiteness degree of 29.37%, and viscosity of 102.67cPs.

Synthesis and Characterization of Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide

2012 ◽  
Vol 454 ◽  
pp. 101-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Zhong Yin ◽  
Qi Tan ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Xiao Li Li
Keyword(s):  
Layered Double Hydroxide ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Wet Milling ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Double Hydroxide ◽  
Partical Size

Mg-Al layered double hydroxide was synthesized by the method of mechanochemistry /crystallization at the dry milling time of 6 h, wet milling time of 2 h, milling speed of 250 r/min, and ball to powder weight ratio of 50 to 1 using brucite, Al(OH)3 and Na2CO3 as the raw materials. Characterizations of the materials were achieved by XRD, TEM, FT-IR and TG-DSC. The results showed that well crystallized Mg-Al LDH with average partical size of 40 nm were synthesized under this condition. Mg-Al LDH was formed with CO32- freely intercalated between the hydroxide host layers. The material generally decomposed via two distinct stages. The first stage at 229.5 °C was attributed to the loss of interlayer water, and the second stage at 407.8°C was due to the loss of hydroxyl groups from the brucite-like layer, as well as of the carbonate irons.

Characterization of defects in tabular silver halide grains

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1046-1047
Author(s):  
C. Goessens ◽  
D. Schryvers ◽  
J. Van Landuyt ◽  
A. Verbeeck ◽  
R. De Keyzer
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Silver Halide ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Free Region ◽  
Central Defect ◽  
Crystallographic Defects ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Two Sides

Silver halide grains (AgX, X=Cl,Br,I) are commonly recognized as important entities in photographic applications. Depending on the preparation specifications one can grow cubic, octahedral, tabular a.o. morphologies, each with its own physical and chemical characteristics. In the present study crystallographic defects introduced by the mixing of 5-20% iodide in a growing AgBr tabular grain are investigated. X-ray diffractometry reveals the existence of a homogeneous Ag(Br1-xIx) region, expected to be formed around the AgBr kernel. In fig. 1 a two-beam BF image, taken at T≈100 K to diminish radiation damage, of a triangular tabular grain is presented, clearly showing defect contrast fringes along four of the six directions; the remaining two sides show similar contrast under relevant diffraction conditions. The width of the central defect free region corresponds with the pure AgBr kernel grown before the mixing with I. The thickness of a given grain lies between 0.15 and 0.3 μm: as indicated in fig. 2 triangular (resp. hexagonal) grains exhibit an uneven (resp. even) number of twin interfaces (i.e., between + and - twin variants) parallel with the (111) surfaces. The thickness of the grains and the existence of the twin variants was confirmed from CTEM images of perpendicular cuts.

TEM characterization of Au/Polysilicon interactions

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 650-651
Author(s):  
N. David Theodore ◽  
Leslie H. Allen ◽  
C. Barry Carter ◽  
James W. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Single Crystal Silicon ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Electrical Contacts ◽  
Silicon Substrates ◽  
Crystal Silicon ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Polysilicon Films ◽  
The Stability

Metal/polysilicon investigations contribute to an understanding of issues relevant to the stability of electrical contacts in semiconductor devices. These investigations also contribute to an understanding of Si lateral solid-phase epitactic growth. Metals such as Au, Al and Ag form eutectics with Si. reactions in these metal/polysilicon systems lead to the formation of large-grain silicon. Of these systems, the Al/polysilicon system has been most extensively studied. In this study, the behavior upon thermal annealing of Au/polysilicon bilayers is investigated using cross-section transmission electron microscopy (XTEM). The unique feature of this system is that silicon grain-growth occurs at particularly low temperatures ∽300°C).Gold/polysilicon bilayers were fabricated on thermally oxidized single-crystal silicon substrates. Lowpressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) at 620°C was used to obtain 100 to 400 nm polysilicon films. The surface of the polysilicon was cleaned with a buffered hydrofluoric acid solution. Gold was then thermally evaporated onto the samples.

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