Social Learning Theory, Cigarette Taxes and Adolescent Smoking Behavior

2012 ◽  
Vol 232 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mir M. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Adolescent Smoking ◽  
School Level ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Cigarette Taxes ◽  
Family Effects ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Definition Of

SummaryIn this paper we evaluate the effectiveness of cigarette taxes as a mechanism to reduce smoking rates among adolescents. In our model, we categorize individuals by their smoking frequencies and intensities instead of relying on the widely used dichotomous measure of smoking. Using data of a nationally representative sample of adolescents, we use an endogenity corrected model with school-level fixed effects to obtain our estimates. Moving beyond the conventional definition of smoking to a definition that recognizes the complex nature of addiction by categorizing smoking into various stages and also by controlling for peer and family effects together, we learn that adolescents are not necessarily the most responsive to taxes. Influence from peers and family plays a more significant role in influencing adolescent smoking.

Job satisfaction among secondary teachers in Korea

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukkyung You ◽  
Ann Y. Kim ◽  
Sun Ah Lim
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Principal Leadership ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Teacher Job Satisfaction ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
School Level ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Sense Of Efficacy ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data

This study applied multilevel modeling to examine how individual characteristics, such as gender and teaching experience, and contextual characteristics, such as principal leadership and perceived colleague support, influenced Korean secondary school teachers’ sense of job satisfaction. Previous research identified teachers with high job satisfaction to have positive influences on their students, making it important to understand teacher job satisfaction not only for teachers but also for students. Using data from a nationally representative sample of 2908 teachers from 150 middle schools, the results indicated that (1) among teachers’ individual characteristics, teacher efficacy had significant effects on teacher job satisfaction, and (2) among institutional, school-level characteristics, perceptions of academic climate, support from colleagues, and supportive principal leadership had significant impacts on teacher job satisfaction. The findings of this study provide reason for individual teachers to reflect on their sense of efficacy and the influence it can have on their professional practice. The study also suggests ways to create better education policies on the basis of its empirical data.

scholarly journals Effects of the peer metagenomic environment on smoking behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (33) ◽  
pp. 16302-16307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramina Sotoudeh ◽  
Kathleen Mullan Harris ◽  
Dalton Conley
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
School Level ◽  
High Genetic Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Individual

Recent scholarship suggests that the genomes of those around us affect our own phenotypes. Much of the empirical evidence for such “metagenomic” effects comes from animal studies, where the socio-genetic environment can be easily manipulated. Among humans, it is more difficult to identify such effects given the nonrandom distribution of genes and environments. Here we leverage the as-if-random distribution of grade-mates’ genomes conditional on school-level variation in a nationally representative sample. Specifically, we evaluate whether one’s peers’ genetic propensity to smoke affects one’s own smoking behavior net of one’s own genotype. Results show that peer genetic propensity to smoke has a substantial effect on an individual’s smoking outcome. This is true not only when the peer group includes direct friends, and therefore where the individual plays an active role in shaping the metagenomic context but also when the peer group includes all grade-mates and thus in cases where the individual does not select the metagenomic environment. We explore these effects further and show that a small minority with high genetic risk to smoke (‘bad apples’) can greatly affect the smoking behavior of an entire grade. The methodology used in this paper offers a potential solution to many of the challenges inherent in estimating peer effects in nonexperimental settings and can be utilized to study a wide range of outcomes with a genetic basis. On a policy level, our results suggest that efforts to reduce adolescent smoking should take into account metagenomic effects, especially bad apples, within social networks.

scholarly journals School-Based Tobacco Control and Smoking in Adolescents: Evidence from Multilevel Analyses

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3422
Author(s):  
Seong Yeon Kim ◽  
Myungwha Jang ◽  
Seunghyun Yoo ◽  
Jung JeKarl ◽  
Joo Youn Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Adolescent Smoking ◽  
School Level ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
School Based ◽  
The Impact

Since 2015, universal comprehensive school-based tobacco control programs have been provided in all primary and secondary schools in Korea. This study explored the association of school-level tobacco control with adolescent smoking, and the interactions to investigate whether gender moderates the impact of school tobacco control programs and school-level norms. Both school- and individual-level data were drawn from the 2015 School-Based Tobacco Prevention Program Survey. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed using data from 4631 students (ages 10–18 years) who were nested in 62 secondary schools in Seoul, Korea. Students who participated in more prevention programs were less likely to smoke (OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.30–0.74). The effect of the programs was significantly moderated by gender. For boys, exposure to a greater number of programs decreased the risk of smoking (OR = 0.32, 95% CI 0.18–0.57) but not for girls. At the school level, the school norm regarding tobacco control regulations was negatively associated with smoking (OR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.11–0.76), and its effect was significant for girls only (OR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.17–0.76). This study highlights how the school environment is associated with adolescent smoking behavior, and the effects of programs and norms are different by gender. The findings suggest the need to develop strategies to enhance school-based tobacco control programs and the school norm considering gender differences.

When Knowing is Caring: Examining the Relationship Between Diversity Exposure and PSM

2020 ◽  
pp. 0734371X2096665
Author(s):  
Stephen Holt ◽  
Heasun Choi
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
School Level ◽  
Contact Theory ◽  
Socioeconomic Background ◽  
Intergroup Contact Theory ◽  
12Th Grade ◽  
Institutional Forces ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Relationship

While public service motivation (PSM) provides an important theory for understanding the motivations that underpin public sector worker behavior, theoretical connections to the institutional forces that produce and shape PSM remains underexamined. Given other-orientated motives that define part of PSM, exposure to peers from a variety of social backgrounds presents an input that may shape PSM earlier in life. Drawing on insights from intergroup contact theory, we use a nationally representative dataset of high school sophomores to examine the effect of school-level diversity along demographic and socioeconomic dimensions on students’ PSM-related values. Specifically, we use a fixed-effects approach to isolate the contribution of 10th grade exposure to students of a different race or socioeconomic background on 12th grade measures of PSM-related values. We find attending schools with a balanced mix of different-race students has a large and statistically significant impact on students’ PSM-related values by the end of secondary school.

scholarly journals From Partisan Media to Misperception: Affective Polarization as Mediator

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 490-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Kelly Garrett ◽  
Jacob A Long ◽  
Min Seon Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Major Party ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Presidential Candidates ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Conservative Media ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

Abstract This article provides evidence that affective polarization is an important mechanism linking conservative media use to political misperceptions. Partisan media’s potential to polarize is well documented, and there are numerous ways in which hostility toward political opponents might promote the endorsement of inaccurate beliefs. We test this mediated model using data collected via nationally representative surveys conducted during two recent U.S. presidential elections. Fixed effects regression models using three-wave panel data collected in 2012 provide evidence that conservative media exposure contributes to more polarized feelings toward major-party presidential candidates, and this growing favorability gap is associated with misperceptions critical of the Democrats. Further, these effects are more pronounced among Republicans than among Democrats. Cross-sectional analyses using data collected in 2016 provide additional evidence of the mediated relationship. The theoretical and real-world significance of these results are discussed.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Association between Student Weight Status and School Meal Participation: Evidence from the School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Sarah Bardin ◽  
Alice Ann Gola
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
School Nutrition ◽  
School Level ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cost Study ◽  
School Meal ◽  
School Breakfast Program ◽  
Using Data

Childhood obesity remains a pressing public health concern. Children consume a substantial amount of their caloric intake while in school, making the passage of the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act (HHFKA) in 2010 and the subsequent improvements to the school meal standards a key policy change. Using data from the School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study, this paper seeks to re-examine the association between students’ (N = 1963) weight status and participation in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and School Breakfast Program (SBP) since the implementation of these policy changes to determine whether, and how, this relationship has changed. After controlling for a wide array of student characteristics and school-level fixed effects, findings from the multivariate regression analyses indicate that usual participation in the school meal programs has no clear association with students’ weight status, which contradicts findings from earlier studies conducted prior to the passage of the HHFKA. These findings are discussed in relation to changes in the demographic composition of usual NSLP participants over time.

scholarly journals Earnings and Schooling: an Overview of Economic Research Based on the Australian Twin Register

1996 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Miller ◽  
C. Mulvey ◽  
N. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Returns To Schooling ◽  
Family Effects ◽  
Environment Effects ◽  
Return To Schooling ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Instrumental Variables Approach

AbstractThis paper reviews four economic studies of aspects of earnings and schooling conducted by the authors using data from the Australian Twin Register. First, estimates of the economic returns to schooling made using fixed effects and selection effects regression models incorporating an instrumental variables approach to correct for measurement error in self-reported schooling levels are examined. The finding is that up to 30 per cent of the estimated return to schooling may be due to family effects and the remainder to pure educational effects. Second, comparisons are made between the economic model of Ashenfelter and Krueger (1994) and that of DeFries and Fulker (1985) and the results obtained from each are shown to be similar. Third, gender differences in returns to schooling are estimated and family effects are found to be a more important influence in the case of males. Fourth, the influence of family effects on educational attainments is considered and it is found that around one-half of educational attainment is accounted for by genetic inheritance and up to another quarter due to shared environment effects.

scholarly journals Arrested by Skin Color: Evidence from Siblings and a Nationally Representative Sample

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 237802311773792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Kizer
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Family Approach ◽  
Color Differences ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data

Racial disparities in the criminal justice system are striking, but social scientists know little about skin color inequalities within this system. Research demonstrates that racial minorities with darker skin are more disadvantaged than their lighter skinned counterparts. However, scholars often analyze individuals across families without considering that skin color differences also exist within families. I improve on prior studies with an underused, within-family approach using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. I first examine the relationship between skin color and being arrested among a male nationally representative sample. Furthermore, to account for mutual unobserved and observed family characteristics, I use sibling fixed effects models to consider whether skin color disparities in arrest outcomes occur between brothers. Even when analyzing family members, I find that having darker skin remains a significant predictor for being arrested.

scholarly journals Implicit theories of smoking and association with current smoking status

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1234-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chan L Thai ◽  
Kisha I Coa ◽  
Annette R Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Theories ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Incremental Belief ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Entity Belief ◽  
National Trends

Implicit theories of smoking refer to people’s beliefs about whether smoking behavior is something that is changeable (incremental belief) or fixed (entity belief). This study examines implicit theories of smoking and its association with smoking behavior in a nationally representative sample of US adults using data from the Health Information National Trends Survey. The current results show that implicit theories of smoking are associated with smoking. Among former smokers, 90 percent endorsed an incremental belief about smoking compared to 70 percent of current smokers. Our study provides initial evidence for the role of implicit theories of smoking as a psychological factor associated with smoking behavior.

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