Human Capital and Economic Growth in OECD Countries Revisited: Initial Stock versus Changes in the Stock of Human Capital Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitar Eftimoski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Omitted Variable Bias ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Variable Bias

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of human capital on economic growth in OECD countries by focusing on two different channels: (1) absorption of superior technologies, and (2) augmentation of factors of production. One recent empirical study found that in isolation each channel appears insignificant, which implies that estimates that emanate by restrictive specifications that account for only a subset of these channels are likely to suffer from an omitted variable bias. Using an augmented specification (with interaction terms between the initial level of real GDP per capita and the average years of schooling), we find that OECD countries that start with a higher stock of human capital grow faster, which implies that human capital influences economic growth through the first channel only. Our results differ from previous studies (that investigated both channels), which either confirmed the simultaneous (positive or neutral) effect from both channels, or found that only the second channel had an isolated positive effect. We use a broad array of measures as proxies for human capital (six measures for educational attainment, and two measures for health status). We also account for the quality of human capital.

scholarly journals Cashless Payments and Economic Growth: Evidence from Selected OECD Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (s1) ◽  
pp. 189-213
Author(s):  
Teck-Lee Wong ◽  
Wee-Yeap Lau ◽  
Tien-Ming Yip
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Debit Card ◽  
Omitted Variable Bias ◽  
Variable Bias ◽  
Card Payment ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between cashless payments and economic growth in selected OECD countries. Using annual data from 2007 to 2016, our results indicate that: Firstly, cashless payment stimulates economic growth in OECD countries. Specifically, the growth-enhancing effect is found in debit card payment while credit card, e-money and cheque payment have no impact on economic growth; Secondly, the positive relationship between economic growth and debit card payment is robust after controlling for the effect of endogeneity, omitted variable bias and outliers. Based on the findings, this study offers some imperative policy recommendations.

scholarly journals The Impact of Human Capital Development on Economic Growth in Ethiopia: Evidence from ARDL Approach to Co-Integration

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kidanemariam Gidey Gebrehiwot
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
School Enrolment ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

The main objective of the study was to investigate the long run and short run impact of human capital on economic growth in Ethiopia (using real GDP per capita, as a proxy for economic growth) over the period 1974/75-2010/2011. The ARDL Approach to Co-integration and Error Correction Model are applied in order to investigate the long-run and short run impact of Human capital on Economic growth. The finding of the Bounds test shows that there is a stable long run relationship between real GDP per capita, education human capital, health human capital, labor force, gross capital formation, government expenditure and official development assistance. The estimated long run model revels that human capital in the form of health (proxied by the ratio of public expenditure on health to real GDP) is the main contributor to real GDP per capita rise followed by education human capital (proxied by secondary school enrolment). Such findings are consistent with the endogenous growth theories which argue that an improvement in human capital (skilled and healthy workers) improves productivity. In the short run, the coefficient of error correction term is -0.7366 suggesting about 73.66 percent annual adjustment towards long run equilibrium. This is another proof for the existence of a stable long run relationship among the variables. The estimated coefficients of the short-run model indicate that education is the main contributor to real GDP per capita change followed by gross capital formation (one period lagged value) and government expenditure (one period lagged value). But, unlike its long run significant impact, health has no significant short run impact on the economy. Even its one period lag has a significant negative impact on the economy. The above results have an important policy implication. The findings of this paper imply that economic performance can be improved significantly when the ratio of public expenditure on health services to GDP increases and when secondary school enrolment improves. Such improvements have a large impact on human productivity which leads to improved national output per capita. Hence policy makers and / or the government should strive to create institutional capacity that increase school enrolment and improved basic health service by strengthening the infrastructure of educational and health institutions that produce quality manpower. In addition to its effort, the government should continue its leadership role in creating  enabling environment that encourage better investment in human capital (education and health) by the private sector.  

Measuring the Impact of Tourism on Economic Growth

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Ivanov ◽  
Craig Webster
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Equilibrium Models ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Models ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents a methodology for measuring the contribution of tourism to an economy's growth, which is tested with data for Cyprus, Greece and Spain. The authors use the growth of real GDP per capita as a measure of economic growth and disaggregate it into economic growth generated by tourism and economic growth generated by other industries. The methodology is compared with other existing methodologies; namely, Tourism Satellite Account, Computable General Equilibrium models and econometric modelling of economic growth.

scholarly journals INNOVATION EFFECT THROUGH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN 35 OECD COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 159-166
Author(s):  
Maman Ali M. Moustapha ◽  
Qian Yu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Development Expenditure

This paper analyzes the effect of research and development (R&D) expenditures on economic growth in the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries over the period 2000-2016. This study conducts an empirical analysis using a multiple regression model. The main findings confirm that an increase in research and development expenditure by 1% would generate an increase of real GDP growth rate to 2.83 %. The implication emerging from this study is that government and institutions need to increase investment in R&D expenditures to fulfill inclusive economic growth perspective.

EXPORT-GROWTH NEXUS WHILE USING THE BLOCK EXOGENEITY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-46
Author(s):  
Zia Ur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Import Trade ◽  
Bound Test

The core objective of the study is to analyze the association between export and eco-nomic growth under the consideration of the time frame 1967 to 2017 for Pakistan economy. The review of literature assists to find out the frequently utilize factors are the real GDP per capita, export, import, trade openness, fiscal development and capi-tal formation possible determinants of the economic growth. However, Export Led Growth (ELG) hypothesis is oftenly employed to elaborate the affiliation between ex-port and the growth. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test approach to cointegration accompanied with the structural break and vector auto regressive (VAR) are employed to analysis the long-term association among real GDP per capita, ex-port, import, trade openness, fiscal development and capital formation. The empirical analysis confirms the cointegration among the factors and the ELG hypothesis holds in Pakistan economy. The Block Exogeneity reveals that export and the capital for-mation have strong influence to stimulate the economic growth. While all the other factors have cumulative influence on the growth. Moreover, the impulse response exposes that if the shock of real GDP per capita, import, trade openness, fiscal devel-opment and the capital formation are given to the export, then response of export would be positive in the coming time frame.

scholarly journals Impact Of Innovative Environment On Economic Growth: An Examination Of State Per Capita GDP And Personal Income

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Oi Lin Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Economic Dynamics ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Innovative Environment ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Capita Personal Income

<p>This study investigates how the overall innovative environment will affect the economic growth of a place, in particular, a state. Using the Innovation Index and its component indexes as a measure of the innovative environment prevailing in the states, it is found that the more innovative a state is, the higher its per capita real GDP and per capita personal income are. These relations are statistically significant. The higher per capita personal income is associated with both the availability of human capital for innovative activities and the presence of the economic dynamics that facilitate those activities. At the same time, the higher per capita real GDP has been brought about by the availability of such human capital only.</p>

scholarly journals Can Panel Data Methodologies Determine the Impact of Climate Change on Economic Growth?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Rosen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Omitted Variable Bias ◽  
The World ◽  
Variable Bias ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

Several major papers have been published over the last ten years claiming to have detected the impact of either annual variations in weather or climate change on the GDPs of most countries in the world using panel data-based statistical methodologies. These papers rely on various multivariate regression equations which include the annual average temperatures for most countries in the world as one or more of the independent variables, where the usual dependent variable is the change in annual GDP for each country from one year to the next year over 30-50 year time periods. Unfortunately, the quantitative estimates derived in these papers are misleading because the equations from which they are calculated are wrong. The major reason the resulting regression equations are wrong is because they do not include any of the appropriate and usual economic factors or variables which are likely to be able to explain changes in GDP/economic growth whether or not climate change has already impacted each country’s economy. These equations, in short, exhibit suffer from “omitted variable bias,” to use statistical terminology.

scholarly journals Human Capital and Economic Growth in the OECD Countries

2004 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Barbara Liberda ◽  
Tomasz Tokarski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Oecd Countries

Population ageing and economic growth in Japan

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (11/12) ◽  
pp. 841-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikiko Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine how population ageing is related to economic growth as measured by real GDP per capita in Japan. This study is to address the following questions: first, how is population composition by age group related to economic change? Second, how is the dependency ratio related to economic change? And finally, what are the predictions for economic growth in the future? This study answers these questions in relation to Japan. Design/methodology/approach – Regression methods were applied to single-country data for the period 1975-2011. Findings – This study finds that an increase in the 70-74 population age group is associated with a decrease in economic growth, while an increase in the 75 and over population age group is associated with an increase in economic growth in Japan. Research limitations/implications – The relationships that were found in this study do not imply causation from demographic change to economic change. Practical implications – One potential way of promoting sustainable economic growth under conditions of population ageing is to devise a comprehensive policy that focuses on demographic factors. Originality/value – This study analyses population ageing and economic growth in Japan using single-country data by applying regression methods.

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