scholarly journals Newborns at risk of Covid-19 ― lessons from the last year

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malika D. Shah ◽  
Ola Didrik Saugstad
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
World Health ◽  
Premature Delivery ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Cord Clamping ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract After more than 1 year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a great deal of knowledge on how this virus affects pregnant women, the fetus and the newborn has accumulated. The gap between different guidelines how to handle newborn infants during this pandemic has been minimized, and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)’s recommendations are now more in accordance with those of the World Health Organization (WHO). In this article we summarize present knowledge regarding transmission from mother to the fetus/newborn. Although both vertical and horizontal transmission are rare, SARS-CoV-2 positivity is associated with an increased risk of premature delivery and higher neonatal mortality and morbidity. Mode of delivery and cord clamping routines should not be affected by the mother’s SARS-CoV-2 status. Skin to skin contact, rooming in and breastfeeding are recommended with necessary hygiene precautions. Antibodies of infected or vaccinated women seem to cross both the placenta and into breast milk and likely provide protection for the newborn.

scholarly journals Perinatal care in the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of Brazilian guidelines and protocols

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Natália Sevilha Stofel ◽  
Daiany Christinelli ◽  
Rebeca Cardoso de Souza Silva ◽  
Natália Rejane Salim ◽  
Ana Carolina Sartorato Beleza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Care ◽  
World Health ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Cord Clamping ◽  
Umbilical Cord Clamping ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Flow Detection ◽  
Skin To Skin ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract Objectives: to analyze protocols and direct Brazilian women to prevent perinatal seizures during the CO VID-19 pandemic, based on the positive perinatal experience. Methods: exploratory analysis of document analysis. In the first phase, from April 11 to May 14, in order to search for words with keywords, 402 documents were found. The second phase consisted of reading the set of selected documents and dividing them into categories. The analysis was carried out in light of the guidelines for a positive perinatal experience of the World Health Organization. Results: as well as directing flow detection phase protocols to mice that show or do not receive COVID-19 symptoms and are being updated with new evidence of systemic evidence. It appears that there are several guidelines for prenatal, partial and puerperium, divergences in some documents for example umbilical cord clamping, skin-to-skin contact, newborn bath. Conclusions: analyze the permissible conclusions that most recommendations are in line with preconceived notions of positive perinatal experience, but is necessary to adaptation to the Brazilian context.

Antidiabetics: Structural Diversity of Molecules with a Common Aim

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 2140-2165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena B. Popovic-Djordjevic ◽  
Ivana I. Jevtic ◽  
Tatjana P. Stanojkovic
Keyword(s):  
Structural Diversity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase Iv Inhibitors ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) is an endocrine disease of global proportions which is currently affecting 1 in 12 adults in the world, with still increasing prevalence. World Health Organization (WHO) declared this worldwide health problem, as an epidemic disease, to be the only non-infectious disease with such categorization. People with DMT2 are at increased risk of various complications and have shorter life expectancy. The main classes of oral antidiabetic drugs accessible today for DMT2 vary in their chemical composition, modes of action, safety profiles and tolerability. Methods: A systematic search of peer-reviewed scientific literature and public databases has been conducted. We included the most recent relevant research papers and data in respect to the focus of the present review. The quality of retrieved papers was assessed using standard tools. Results: The review highlights the chemical structural diversity of the molecules that have the common target-DMT2. So-called traditional antidiabetics as well as the newest and the least explored drugs include polypeptides and amino acid derivatives (insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, amylin), sulfonylurea derivatives, benzylthiazolidine- 2,4-diones (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ agonists/glitazones), condensed guanido core (metformin) and sugar-like molecules (α-glucosidase and sodium/ glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors). Conclusion: As diabetes becomes a more common disease, interest in new pharmacological targets is on the rise.

scholarly journals The impact of coronavirus outbreak on breastfeeding guidelines among Brazilian hospitals and maternity services: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walusa Assad Gonçalves-Ferri ◽  
◽  
Fábia Martins Pereira-Cellini ◽  
Kelly Coca ◽  
Davi Casale Aragon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Breastfeeding Support ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maternity Services ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The World Health Organization recognizes exclusive breastfeeding a safe source of nutrition available for children in most humanitarian emergencies, as in the current pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite the Brazilian national guideline protecting breastfeeding practices, there are many concerns about protecting infants from their infected mothers. This study aimed to analyze how the Brazilian hospitals and maternity services promote and support mothers suspected or diagnosed with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional and multicenter study which collected data from 24 Brazilian hospitals and maternity services between March and July 2020. Representatives of the institutions completed a questionnaire based on acts to promote and support breastfeeding, the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, and Brazil’s federal law recommendations. Results The results showed that in delivery rooms, 98.5% of the services prohibited immediate and uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact between mothers and their infants and did not support mothers to initiate breastfeeding in the first hour. On the postnatal ward, 98.5% of the services allowed breastfeeding while implementing respiratory hygiene practices to prevent transmission of COVID-19. Companions for mothers were forbidden in 83.3% of the hospitals. Hospital discharge was mostly between 24 and 28 h (79.1%); discharge guidelines were not individualized. Additionally, a lack of support was noticed from the home environment’s health community network (83.3%). Hospital and home breast pumping were allowed (87.5%), but breast milk donation was not accepted (95.8%). There was a lack of guidance regarding the use of infant comforting strategies. Guidelines specific for vulnerable populations were not covered in the material evaluated. Conclusions In Brazil, hospitals have not followed recommendations to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding during the COVID-19 outbreak. The disagreement between international guidelines has been a major issue. The absence of recommendations on breastfeeding support during the pandemic led to difficulties in developing standards among hospitals in different regions of Brazil and other countries worldwide. The scientific community needs to discuss how to improve maternal and infant care services to protect breastfeeding in the current pandemic.

scholarly journals Covid-19 and Acute Kidney Injury: Recent Updates

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salman Tahir Shafi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
World Health ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

In January 2020, the pathogen was identified and named by the World Health Organization as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). The consequent SARS-CoV-2-related disease was defined as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As data emerged about characteristics of the disease, it was found to be associated with increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). We explore the recent literature and reports emerging from the epicenters of the pandemic to help our viewers understand the nature of AKI among these patients. 

Clinical analyses of 383 cases with maternal cardiac diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emine Aydin ◽  
Ozgur Ozyuncu ◽  
Dila Kasapoglu ◽  
Gokcen Orgul ◽  
Necla Ozer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
World Health ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Cardiac Diseases ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Eisenmenger’S Syndrome ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Aim: To evaluate the pregnancy outcomes of women with heart disease. Materials and methods: In this retrospective study, 383 pregnant women with cardiac diseases were examined. The cases were classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The distribution of the cases according to class, congenital heart diseases, mean birthweight, mean gestational week at delivery, type of delivery [cesarean section (CS) or vaginal delivery], and cardivascular events (during pregnancy and puerperium) were evaluated. Results: Of the 383 patients, 25 were in Class I; 39, Class II; 255, Class II or III; 31, Class III; and 33, Class IV cardiac diseases. The neonatal birth weights were significantly lower in Class III than in Classes II, and II or III. The preterm delivery rate was higher in Class III than in the other classes. Delivery was performed by CS due to cardiac indications in the high-risk classes, however, only obstetric indications were considered in the low-risk classes. Only one case of maternal death occurred during the postpartum period, in a patient with Eisenmenger’s syndrome. Discussion: Cardiovascular diseases are an important cause of mortality and morbidity in pregnancy. The adverse impact of cardiovascular disorders on pregnancy outcomes should be the main concern during the management of these women.

Increment in Phototherapy After Adopting Delayed Cord Clamping Practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 097321792110607
Author(s):  
Chinmay Chetan ◽  
Nishant Banait ◽  
Vikramaditya Athelli ◽  
Bhvya Gupta ◽  
Prince Pareek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
World Health ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Delayed Cord Clamping ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Cord Clamping ◽  
Early Cord Clamping ◽  
Baseline Characteristics ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Larger Sample

Introduction: World Health Organization (WHO) in 2014 recommended delayed cord clamping (DCC) in all babies who cry immediately after birth. Despite many benefits, there are concerns of increased rate of phototherapy in babies receiving DCC. This study was done to determine the increment in the rate of phototherapy required in infants managed with DCC vs infants managed with early cord clamping (ECC). Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Pune, India. All the infants born between January 2018 and July 2018, for whom ECC was done, were compared with infants who were born between January 2019 and July 2019, after DCC policy was adopted. All the infants with birth weight ≥2 kg and gestation ≥35 weeks, who were with their mother, were included. Baseline characteristics were compared for both the groups. American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for treatment of neonatal jaundice were used to determine the need for phototherapy. Number of infants in both the groups who required phototherapy were compared. Results: The ECC group had 565 infants while DCC group had 731 infants. There was no difference in the baseline characteristics of the 2 groups. Jaundice requiring phototherapy was noted in 31% of infants in the ECC group, compared to 45% in infants in the DCC group (relative risk: 1.47 [1.27-1.71] [ P < .001]). Conclusion: In this study, DCC increased the need for phototherapy by 47% in late preterm and term infants. Randomized control trials with larger sample size are required to confirm this finding.

A global perspective on suicides and suicide attempts

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Elise Paul
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
World Health ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
World Mental Health Survey ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Ongoing Monitoring

Specific populations at risk for suicide differ considerably according to region, country, sex, age, and the most common suicide methods used, highlighting the need for ongoing systematic surveillance to inform prevention efforts. The magnitude of the problem is not limited to suicide deaths. It is estimated that for every suicide, there are 20 more persons who have made an attempt. Individuals who have made a suicide attempt are at increased risk for dying by suicide. This chapter explores differences in the suicide and suicide attempt rates in the general population on different continents, by examining data from the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Estimates and the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Differences across contexts in suicidal behaviours and the need for ongoing monitoring are emphasized.

Epidemiology and burden

Depression ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Raymond W. Lam
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Illness ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Impairment ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Years Lived With Disability

Depression is a common condition with a lifetime prevalence of about 15%. People with depression experience significant impairment in psychosocial functioning, particularly in those with a recurrent or chronic course. Depression is now the leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide. Depression is also associated with increased risk of developing a medical illness and an increased risk of overall mortality, even when deaths from suicide are excluded. The economic costs of depression are staggering, largely owing to indirect costs associated with occupational impairment leading to work absence and reduced productivity. Depression remains undertreated, particularly in lower- and middle-income countries, but the World Health Organization has estimated that scaling up of depression treatment returns US$5 for every US$1 spent.

Evaluation of the use of a Healthy Weight Discussion Tool by a health visiting team

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 272-278
Author(s):  
Tess Hickson
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Universal Service ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
World Health ◽  
Service Improvement ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Group Evaluation ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Uk

A quarter of children in the UK are entering primary school either overweight or obese ( NHS Digital, 2017 ). These children have an increased risk of serious health consequences during their childhood years, which often continues into adulthood ( World Health Organization (WHO, 2017 ). A Healthy Weight Discussion Tool was created and introduced into a health visiting service to assist staff to identify and manage children presenting with excess weight. Three teams trialled its use, but uptake of this tool was low. A focus group evaluation was therefore carried out to examine the experience of staff using the tool. Although the tool was effective when implemented as intended, certain factors prevented its use in practice. These findings need to be addressed and the use of the tool re-evaluated to ascertain whether this service improvement will enhance the management of children with excess weight within the Universal service.

Immunogenicity and Safety of the Measles Vaccine in HIV-Infected Children: An Updated Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicky J Mehtani ◽  
Lori Rosman ◽  
William J Moss
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
World Health ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Reported Data

Abstract Children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at increased risk of measles morbidity and mortality. We searched abstracts from the PubMed, Embase, and Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information databases for articles published from the earliest date available through September 26, 2017. The primary outcome of interest was serological responses to measles vaccine, stratified by HIV infection status. A total of 2,858 potentially eligible articles were identified, and the final review included 12 studies published between 1992 and 2013, 9 of which reported data on vaccine safety. The studies we included represented 3,573 children, of whom at least 335 were infected with HIV, 788 were HIV-exposed but not infected, and 1,478 were unexposed to HIV. Four of the 12 studies found statistically significant reductions in seropositivity among HIV-infected children compared with HIV-uninfected children within 4 months of vaccination (prevalence ratio range, 0.44–0.70), and forest plots provided visual trends of decreasing immunity over time among HIV-infected children in 2 additional studies. No vaccine-related deaths or serious adverse events were reported. This updated review demonstrated limitations of the existing published literature but supported evidence of reduced immunogenicity of measles vaccine among HIV-infected children, supporting the World Health Organization recommendation to revaccinate HIV-infected children against measles following immune reconstitution with combination antiretroviral therapy.

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