scholarly journals Clinical value of self-assessment risk of osteoporosis in Chinese

Open Medicine ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Mei Zhang ◽  
Hui-Ling Liu ◽  
Xuan Wang ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Dan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Height Loss ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medium Risk

AbstractBackgroundEarly detection of high-risk population for osteoporosis is the key to preventing this disease. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study a continuous sample of 270 women and 89 men (age: 20–90 years) was divided into four groups by age (≤ 55 or > 55 years) and sex. Participants completed the IOF test. Low-, medium-, and high-risk grades were defined by an OSTA index of greater than -1, -1 to -4, and less than -4, respectively. Results: Most participants were categorized in the low-risk group (240 people, 66.9%), followed by the medium-risk (102 people, 28.4%) and high-risk groups (17 people, 4.7%). Compared to women, men in both age groups had significantly higher OSTA index and greater numbers of positive answers on the IOF test. 64.3% individuals were susceptible to osteoporosis risk (≥1 positive answers on the IOF test). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that family history of fragility fracture (OR: 0.503, 95% CI: 0.26–0.97), height loss exceeding 3 cm (OR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.55–4.05), and earlier menopause (OR: 0.434, 95% CI: 0.19–0.97) were associated with higher risk grades. Conclusions: Combined use of the OSTA and IOF test is a simple and effective method for assessing the risk of osteoporosis.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B and C prevalence among the high risk groups of Pakistani population. A cross sectional study

2012 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Rauf Memon ◽  
Kashif Shafique ◽  
Ashraf Memon ◽  
Agha Umer Draz ◽  
Mohammad Uzair Abdul Rauf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pakistani Population

scholarly journals Systematic screening of pulmonary tuberculosis among HIV high risk groups in two districts of Chhattisgarh: a feasibility study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 3864
Author(s):  
Ashish Kumar Sinha ◽  
Sumeet Tripathi ◽  
Kshitij Khaparde ◽  
Avinash Chaturvedi ◽  
Swapnil Vasant Shinkar
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Compliance Rate ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Screening Strategy ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Systematic Screening ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Hidden Population

Background: HIV is an important risk factor for the development of tuberculosis. People living with HIV are 21-34 times more likely to develop TB than their uninfected counterparts. Efficient approach for detecting more cases along with shortened duration of infectivity involves a systematic screening of pulmonary TB in settings where high risk groups are concentrated even before the diagnosis HIV infection. Lack of proper screening strategy for HRGs might result in their exclusion from timely intervention which may prove lethal without treatment.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in two districts of Chhattisgarh during September-December 2019.Training cum sensitization sessions were conducted for peer educators, outreach workers, counselors and project managers prior to the survey and were trained for systematic screening of pulmonary TB, sputum collection and transportation to GeneXpert®MTB/RIF lab and other relevant data collection for pulmonary TB diagnosis.Results: A total of 3963 HRGs were intended to be included in the study, 3418 were screened with 86.2% compliance rate. Out of all HRGs screened (3418), 81 (2.4%) were found presumptive pulmonary TB, of them 2 (0.05%) were microbiologically confirmed, 5 cases were found with incomplete treatment (all were IDUs). Prevalence of tobacco use, alcohol use, diabetes and hypertension were observed in 5.3% and 7.2%, 1.2% and 1.1 respectively.Conclusions: Although yield for pulmonary TB in this study was not much, the study has demonstrated that active case finding for accessing such a hidden population through existing manpower can assure better acceptability and feasibility in resource poor settings. 

scholarly journals Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Multiple Sclerosis: The Hidden Part of the Iceberg

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 4066
Author(s):  
Nicola Capasso ◽  
Raffaele Palladino ◽  
Emma Montella ◽  
Francesca Pennino ◽  
Roberta Lanzillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Population ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square Test

Background. We compared the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM in multiple sclerosis (MS), low-risk, and high-risk populations and explored possible clinical correlates. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, we recruited MS patients, low-risk (university staff from non-clinical departments), and high-risk individuals (healthcare staff from COVID-19 wards) from 11 May to 15 June 2020. We used lateral flow immunoassay to detect SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM. We used t-test, Fisher’s exact test, chi square test, or McNemar’s test, as appropriate, to evaluate between-group differences. Results. We recruited 310 MS patients (42.3 ± 12.4 years; females 67.1%), 862 low-risk individuals (42.9 ± 13.3 years; females 47.8%), and 235 high-risk individuals (39.4 ± 10.9 years; females 54.5%). The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM in MS patients (n = 9, 2.9%) was significantly lower than in the high-risk population (n = 25, 10.6%) (p < 0.001), and similar to the low-risk population (n = 11, 1.3%) (p = 0.057); these results were also confirmed after random matching by age and sex (1:1:1). No significant differences were found in demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory features. Among MS patients positive to SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM (n = 9), only two patients retrospectively reported mild and short-lasting COVID-19 symptoms. Conclusions. MS patients have similar risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection to the general population, and can be asymptomatic from COVID-19, also if using treatments with systemic immunosuppression.

scholarly journals Cross-sectional study of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Rwandan high-risk groups: unexpected findings on prevalence and its determinants

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. e054039
Author(s):  
Justine Umutesi ◽  
Carolina Klett-Tammen ◽  
Sabin Nsanzimana ◽  
G Krause ◽  
J J Ott
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chronic Hbv Infection ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv

ObjectivesUsing secondary data from 208 079 Rwandans, we determined the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among high-risk groups and its demographic, geographical and health-related determinants.DesignIn this cross-sectional study, we obtained and analysed data from a national hepatitis B vaccination and screening campaign conducted in Rwanda in 2017. We performed logistic regression to examine associations between chronic HBV infection and related factors such as risk status and geographical characteristics.SettingIndividuals were sampled nationally in all 30 districts across 4 provinces and the city of Kigali and all prisons in Rwanda.ParticipantsThe study involves 208 079 individuals at high risk including prisoners and other high-risk groups (oHRG).Main outcomeThe primary outcome for our study was hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) prevalence.FindingsFrom 208 079 adults participants, 206 517 (99.2%) had valid HBsAg results, 4.3% of 64 944 prisoners and 4.0% of 140 985 oHRG were HBV positive. The prevalence was higher in Northern Province 5.1%, (95% CI 4.8 to 5.4). In multivariate analysis, the odds of infection decreased with increasing age, and hepatitis C antibody positivity reduced the odds for chronic HBV (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.66 and OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.89 among oHRG and prisoners, respectively). In addition, being female was associated with lower odds of HBV (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.74 and OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.98 among oHRG and prisoners, respectively).ConclusionWe found that individuals below 55 years of age and individuals who belong to high-risk groups (ie, sex workers, injection drug users, men who have sex with men, etc) have a higher probability of chronic HBV infection. Infection with chronic hepatitis C virus was not correlated with chronic HBV infection in our study population. Potential explanations include differential routes of transmission, specific immunological and pathophysiological factors or different effects of health prevention and control programmes.

scholarly journals Determinants of Associated Events Following AZD1222 (Covishield) Vaccination in a High-Risk Population in Nepal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kapil Madi Poudel ◽  
Neha Shah ◽  
Manab Prakash ◽  
Santosh Kumar Deo ◽  
Sunita Bhandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Frontline Workers ◽  
Reduce Mortality Rate

Abstract Background: Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and helps reduce mortality rate and economic costs associated with the pandemic. Despite these advantages, misinformation and rumors on vaccine safety and efficacy can lead to increased hesitation or fear towards vaccination. This study reports the incidence of adverse events following Covishield vaccination, their associated factors, medication used for their management, and attitudes about vaccine safety. Methods: A randomised cross-sectional study was conducted from the sample of Covishield-vaccinated individuals from a secondary hospital, two primary health centres, and 36 health posts in eastern Nepal. Individuals (n = 602) were randomly sampled from a population (N = 1013) who had received the first dose of Covishield, namely frontline workers and other high-risk populations. The second-round follow-up had 516 participants. Association of incidence and severity of post-vaccination events with socio-demographic variables, comorbidity status, and medication use were estimated. Results: Among the 79.9% of participants who reported adverse events after receiving the first dose, two-thirds of complaints were mild (67.4%, 95% CI 63.2–71.6) with the most common complaint being pain at the injection site (86.5%). Paracetamol or its combination were used in majority cases (95.2%). After the second dose, only 31.2% (95% CI 27.2–35.2) reported adverse events, the overwhelming majority of which were mild (95.7%) and required a lower frequency of medication (7.4% vs. 25.9%). Adverse Event following immunization were significantly associated with being 18–30 years old (χ2 = 16.9, df = 3, p < 0.001) and female gender (χ2 = 5.2, df = 1, p < 0.05). Prior to the first dose, 86.0% of participants (95% CI 83.3–88.8%) perceived the vaccine to be safe, and 96.0% recommended the vaccine post-vaccination, while 96.8% were interested in receiving the second dose.Conclusions: Overall, vaccination associated events were mild and majority were managed with paracetamol or its combination. Effective counselling about adverse events before vaccination should be prioritised to reduce hesitation and fear.

Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Jakarta, Indonesia: a cross-sectional study

Sexual Health ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Wresti Indriatmi ◽  
Rizky Lendl Prayogo ◽  
Hanny Nilasari ◽  
Lis Surachmiati Suseno
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Population ◽  
Factors Associated

Background Neisseria gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to various antimicrobials. At least 10 countries have reported treatment failures with extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Periodic surveillance is essential to determine local treatment guidelines. This study was conducted to determine the resistance of N. gonorrhoeae to penicillin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, cefixime and ceftriaxone among the high-risk population for acquiring STIs in Jakarta and to identify factors associated with resistance. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jakarta, Indonesia, from September to November 2018. In all, 98 high-risk males and females who fulfilled the study criteria were included. Specimens were collected from urethral or endocervical swabs, put into Amies transport medium and then transported to the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Universitas Indonesia for culture and identification. Proven gonococcal isolates were examined for susceptibility to various antimicrobials using the disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. Results: Of the 98 specimens, 35 were confirmed to be N. gonorrhoeae. The proportion of N. gonorrhoeae specimens resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, cefixime and ceftriaxone among the high-risk population was 97.1%, 97.1%, 34.3%, 0% and 0% respectively. The possible factors associated with resistance could only be analysed for levofloxacin. Age, sexual orientation and a history of orogenital sexual activity during the past month were not associated with N. gonorrhoeae resistance to levofloxacin. Conclusion: This study detected no resistance of N. gonorrhoeae to cefixime and ceftriaxone. Further studies with larger samples are needed to obtain more representative results of N. gonorrhoeae resistance and the possible factors associated with resistance.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis among High-Risk Individuals in Morocco

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mohamed El Azhari ◽  
Mathieu Picardeau ◽  
Imad Cherkaoui ◽  
Mohamed Anouar Sadat ◽  
Houda Moumni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Human Blood Samples

Background. Leptospirosis is an anthropozoonotic reemerging neglected infectious disease underreported in most developing countries. A cross-sectional study was performed between 17 and 23 February 2014 to estimate the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among high-risk populations in Casablanca (Morocco). Methods. A total of 490 human serum samples (97.6% males) were collected in 3 high-risk occupational sites including the biggest meat slaughterhouse (n = 208), a poultry market (n = 121), and the fish market (n = 161). A total of 125 human blood samples were also collected from the general population and used in this study as a control group. To detect the presence of anti-Leptospira, sera were screened with in-house IgG and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive samples were tested by Microscopic Agglutination Technique (MAT) using a panel of 24 serovar cultures and cut point of 1 : 25. Results. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis among the control group was 10.4% (13/125). A high seropositivity among the overall seroprevalence of 24.1% (118/490) was observed in the high-risk groups of which 7.3% (36/490), 13.7% (67/490), and 3.1% (15/490) were for anti-Leptospira IgM, IgG, and both IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. Most of the positive individuals were occupationally involved in poultry (37.2%), followed by the market fish (26.1%) and the meat slaughterhouse (14.9%) workers. Among all ELISA-positive serum samples, 20.3% (n = 24) had positive MAT responses, of which the Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 7) is the most common infecting serogroup followed by Javanica (4), Australis (2), and Sejroe, Mini, and Panama (one in each). In the remaining 8 MAT-positive sera, MAT showed equal titers against more than one serogroup. Conclusion. Individuals engaged in risk activities are often exposed to leptospiral infection. Therefore, control and prevention policies toward these populations are necessary.

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