scholarly journals Hermann Staudinger – Organic chemist and pioneer of macromolecules

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hess ◽  
Martin A. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Staudinger Reaction ◽  
Polymer Science ◽  
Organic Chemist

Abstract To commemorate the centenary of the birth of modern polymer science, a review of the life and accomplishments of Hermann Staudinger is given within the framework of the first half of the twentieth century. Staudinger is remembered for his discovery of ketenes and the Staudinger reaction, but his greatest contribution to chemistry was in developing the concept of macromolecules, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1953.

Futuro pasado. la evolución del concepto Poesía en Octavio Paz

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Alí Calderón Farfán ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner ◽  
Octavio Paz ◽  
Marcel Duchamp ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Time Semantics ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Aesthetic Ideas ◽  
Horizon Of Expectations

Future Past. The Evolution of the Concept of Poetry in Octavio Paz. Octavio Paz (1914) is a poet writing in Spanish whose aesthetic ideas have built a vision of relevant poetry for at least three traditions: poetry in French, English and, of course, Spanish. This study will analyze, from the metalinguistic perspective proposed by Reinhart Koselleck, how the concept of “poetry” evolved in the thought of the Mexican Nobel Prize winner. Framed by his tradition, by his space of experience, Octavio Paz wrote works that have been instrumental in understanding and valuing poetry in the twentieth century. From “Poesía de soledad y poesía de communion” (1943) to La otra voz, Poesía y fin de siglo (1990), Paz synthesized the aesthetic ideas of his time in El arco y la lira (1956), rethought the lyrical exercise in “Los signos de rotación” (1956), modified his poetic in the prologue to Poesía en movimiento and made his position explicit in Los hijos del limo and his thoughts on Lévi-Strauss and Marcel Duchamp. By focusing on these texts, as well as on a corpus of conferences, interviews, correspondence and even poetry recitals, this study explores the evolution of poetic thought and the horizon of expectations that the work of the last Spanish-speaking poet who received the Nobel Prize opens for us. Keywords: Octavio Paz, style, poetics, post-utopian time, semantics of concepts

Tagore, Rabindranath (1886–1941)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Minor
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Rabindranath Tagore ◽  
Active Life

In the flurry of intellectual activity in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore became one of the best-known playwrights, poets, novelists, educators and philosophers, winning the Nobel Prize for literature in 1913. His thought drew on the English Romantics as well as Sanskrit and Bengali writers and movements. Tagore was not a systematic philosopher. He termed his position ‘a poet’s religion’ which valued imagination above reason. He moved between the personal warmth of human relationships to a theistic Divine and belief in an Absolute as a unifying principle. He advocated a thoughtful but active life, criticizing asceticism and ritualism.

Benavente, Jacinto (1866–1954)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iulia Sprinceana
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Miguel De Unamuno ◽  
Impulsive Action ◽  
Ruben Dario ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Ramon Del Valle Inclan ◽  
Jacinto Benavente

Jacinto Benavente y Martínez was a Spanish dramatist of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Author of more than 170 plays, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1922. His selection was controversial as many argued that the Generación del 98 and modernist writers such as Miguel de Unamuno, Ramón del Valle-Inclán, and Rubén Darío had greater merits. Nevertheless, Benavente had a significant and revitalizing influence on Spanish drama, ushering in a shift from melodramatic verse to prose comedy and favoring subtle dialogue over the impulsive action typical of the dramas of José de Echegaray.

India's Physics and Chemistry Nobel Prize nominators and nominees in colonial and international context

2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajinder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Third World ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
International Context ◽  
Nobel Prizes

In India the development of modern science is closely related to its colonial background, a subject well documented by historians. So far as the prestigious Nobel Prizes are concerned, little has been mentioned in the colonial context. This article shows that in the first half of the twentieth century only a few Indian physicists and chemists were either nominees or nominators. Some of them were Fellows of the Royal Society. A comparison of Indian Nobel Prize nominators and nominees with other so-called Third World countries and colonies suggests some interesting results, for example the similarities of development of physics and chemistry in the colonized and ruling countries. The present article also suggests that the election of the Fellows of the Royal Society from India, in the fields of physics and chemistry, reveals a pattern comparable with that of Nobel Prize nominations and nominees.

Matters of principle for Jérôme Ferrari: Science and conscience, ethics and aesthetics in the life of Werner Heisenberg

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-280
Author(s):  
Nathan Bracher
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Nuclear Research ◽  
First Century ◽  
Werner Heisenberg ◽  
Twenty First Century

This article analyses Jérôme Ferrari’s novel Le Principe, reflecting on the life and research of Werner Heisenberg, whose famous uncertainty principle is thus explored as a paradigm of a whole series of epistemological, existential and ethical quandaries. Juxtaposing the author/narrator’s personal vicissitudes with the ambivalent trajectory of the Nobel Prize-winning physicist who, without being a Nazi, carried out nuclear research under Hitler’s authority, Ferrari’s text proves to be emblematic not only of the tragic legacy of the twentieth century, but also of twenty-first-century narratives seeking existential significance, intellectual lucidity and aesthetic fulfilment in a world seemingly dominated by unprincipled finance and runaway technology.

Brueghel’s Two Monkeys – a Tiny Painting by Bruegel, a Very Short Poem by Szymborska and the Biggest Problems of Mankind

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Piotr Kołodziej
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner ◽  
Great Power ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
Pieter Bruegel ◽  
Pieter Bruegel The Elder ◽  
Poetic Response

Abstract There is a great power in works of art. Art provides knowledge about human experience, which is not available in another way. Art gives answers to the most important and eternal questions about humanity, even though these answers are never final. Sometimes it happens that works of some artists encourage or provoke a reaction of other artists. Thanks to this in history of culture - across borders of time and space - there lasts a continuous dialogue, a continuous reflection on the essence of human existence.This text shows a fragment of such a dialogue, in which the interlocutors are a sixteenth-century painter Pieter Bruegel the Elder and a twentieth-century poet and Nobel Prize winner Wislawa Szymborska. Szymborska, proposing a masterful interpretation of a tiny painting by Bruegel, poses dramatic questions about human freedom, formulates a poetic response and forces a recipient to reflect on the most important topics.This text also brings up a question of a word - picture relationship, a problem of translation of visual signs to verbal signs, as well as a problem of translation of poetry from one language to another.

Rolland, Romain (1866–1944)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Coustille-Cossou
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Art History ◽  
Letter Writer

Writer, professor, musicologist, biographer, essayist, novelist, playwright, great letter writer and diarist, mystic in search of a pacified world and of a heroic heart, Romain Rolland profoundly marked the first half of the twentieth century. While he initially wrote for the theatre, his first success would come from the ten-volume novel Jean-Christophe, published between 1904 and 1912. Through the life of a young and enthusiastic German musician with a French first name, he depicted, in great detail, two rival societies under the threat of war. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1915. A talented piano player in his youth, Romain Rolland entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1886, defended a dissertation on the Origins of Modern Lyrical Drama [Les origines du théâtrelyrique moderne], and went on to teach art history and musicology at the Sorbonne. In Rome, he met Malwida von Meyensburg (a former friend of Nietzsche and Wagner) who accelerated his debut in literature. While he initially wrote for the theatre, his first success would come from the ten-volume novel Jean-Christophe, published between 1904 and 1912. Through the life of a young and enthusiastic German musician with a French first name, he depicted, in great detail, two rival societies under the threat of war.

scholarly journals Who is who in cardiovascular research? What a review of Nobel Prize nominations reveals about scientific trends

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Drobietz ◽  
Adrian Loerbroks ◽  
Nils Hansson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Nobel Laureate ◽  
Cardiovascular Research ◽  
Nobel Committee ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Paediatric Cardiologist ◽  
Willem Einthoven ◽  
Heart Malformation

Abstract Background Since 1901, at least 15 scholars who contributed to cardiovascular research have reveiced a Nobel prize in physiology or medicine. Methods Using the Nobel nomination database (nobelprize.org), which contains 5950 nominations in the accessible period from 1901 to 1953 in physiology or medicine, we listed all international nominees who contributed to cardiovascular research. We subsequently collected nomination letters and jury reports of the prime candidates from the archive of the Nobel Committee in Sweden to identify shortlisted candidates. Results The five most frequently nominated researchers with cardiovascular connections from 1901 to 1953 were, in descending order, the surgeon René Leriche (1879–1955) (FR) with a total of 79 nominations, the physiologist and 1924 Nobel laureate Willem Einthoven (1860–1927) (NL) (31 nominations), the surgeon Alfred Blalock (1899–1964) (US) (29 nominations), the pharmacologist and 1936 Nobel laureate Otto Loewi (1873–1961) (DE, AT, US) (27 nominations) and the paediatric cardiologist Helen Taussig (1898–1986) (US) (24 nominations). The research of these scholars merely hints at the width of topics brought up by nominators ranging from the physiological and pathological basics to the diagnosis and (surgical) interventions of diseases such as heart malformation or hypertension. Conclusion We argue that an analysis of Nobel Prize nominations can reconstruct important scientific trends within cardiovascular research during the first half of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Wild European dewberry, Rubus caesius L. (fam. Rosaceae), in Sweden: from traditional regional consumption to exotic dessert at the Nobel Prize banquet

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingvar Svanberg ◽  
Sabira Ståhlberg
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Regional Identity ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Food Culture ◽  
Sea Islands ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Seasonal Workers ◽  
Regional Language ◽  
The Baltic

AbstractEuropean dewberry, Rubus caesius L. (fam. Rosaceae), played an insignificant role as local food in Sweden before the twentieth century. It is known as salmbär ‘Solomon berries’ in the severely endangered regional language Gutnish, spoken in the Baltic Sea islands Gotland and Fårö. From a largely ignored food product with limited regional use, European dewberry has made a quick culinary journey to the top. Today dewberry jam is popular throughout Sweden, and it is usually served during festive occasions with a local Gotland specialty, oven-baked saffron pancake. This dish symbolizes the food culture of the island, and the demand for dewberries has increased together with the development of local tourism, the search for exciting heritage food, and the regional identity building efforts. Berries are harvested by foreign seasonal workers for commercial purposes, and dewberry jam is now also available in specialized shops in mainland Sweden. Inspired by the New Nordic Cuisine movement in the 2000s, several chefs, especially from fine dining restaurants, have created innovative dishes with dewberry jam; it was even served at the Nobel Prize banquet in December 2014. This article discusses the change of status and ascent of a locally used berry to a fashionable dessert in Sweden.

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