The diverse biological functions of glutathione S-transferase omega in Drosophila

Pteridines ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoung Kim ◽  
Jeongbin Yim
Keyword(s):  
Valuable Insight ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Cell Defense ◽  
Color Mutant ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractGlutathione S-transferase omega (GSTO) genes in eukaryotic organisms encode proteins that are important for cell defense. However, the physiological roles of GSTOs have not been fully elucidated yet. Recently, genetic and molecular studies with Drosophila demonstrated that CG6781 is the structural gene of the eye color mutant sepia and that CG6673 is a novel genetic suppressor of the parkin mutant. These results provide valuable insight into the diverse functions of GSTOs in vivo. In this review, we briefly introduce recent studies and summarize the novel biological functions of GSTOs in Drosophila.

scholarly journals Real-time analysis of T cell receptors in naive cells in vitro and in vivo reveals flexibility in synapse and signaling dynamics

2010 ◽  
Vol 207 (12) ◽  
pp. 2733-2749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel S. Friedman ◽  
Peter Beemiller ◽  
Caitlin M. Sorensen ◽  
Jordan Jacobelli ◽  
Matthew F. Krummel
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Real Time ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
Insight Into

The real-time dynamics of the T cell receptor (TCR) reflect antigen detection and T cell signaling, providing valuable insight into the evolving events of the immune response. Despite considerable advances in studying TCR dynamics in simplified systems in vitro, live imaging of subcellular signaling complexes expressed at physiological densities in intact tissues has been challenging. In this study, we generated a transgenic mouse with a TCR fused to green fluorescent protein to provide insight into the early signaling events of the immune response. To enable imaging of TCR dynamics in naive T cells in the lymph node, we enhanced signal detection of the fluorescent TCR fusion protein and used volumetric masking with a second fluorophore to mark the T cells expressing the fluorescent TCR. These in vivo analyses and parallel experiments in vitro show minimal and transient incorporation of TCRs into a stable central supramolecular activating cluster (cSMAC) structure but strong evidence for rapid, antigen-dependent TCR internalization that was not contingent on T cell motility arrest or cSMAC formation. Short-lived antigen-independent TCR clustering was also occasionally observed. These in vivo observations demonstrate that varied TCR trafficking and cell arrest dynamics occur during early T cell activation.

scholarly journals The novel ciliogenesis regulator DYRK2 governs Hedgehog signaling during mouse embryogenesis

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saishu Yoshida ◽  
Katsuhiko Aoki ◽  
Ken Fujiwara ◽  
Takashi Nakakura ◽  
Akira Kawamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hedgehog Signaling ◽  
Primary Cilia ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Mammalian Development ◽  
Hh Signaling ◽  
Functional Analyses ◽  
First Time ◽  
Insight Into

Mammalian Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays key roles in embryogenesis and uniquely requires primary cilia. Functional analyses of several ciliogenesis-related genes led to the discovery of the developmental diseases known as ciliopathies. Hence, identification of mammalian factors that regulate ciliogenesis can provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of embryogenesis and ciliopathy. Here, we demonstrate that DYRK2 acts as a novel mammalian ciliogenesis-related protein kinase. Loss of Dyrk2 in mice causes suppression of Hh signaling and results in skeletal abnormalities during in vivo embryogenesis. Deletion of Dyrk2 induces abnormal ciliary morphology and trafficking of Hh pathway components. Mechanistically, transcriptome analyses demonstrate down-regulation of Aurka and other disassembly genes following Dyrk2 deletion. Taken together, the present study demonstrates for the first time that DYRK2 controls ciliogenesis and is necessary for Hh signaling during mammalian development.

scholarly journals 2-Chloroalkoxy-Substituted Pentafluorinated Bistolanes as Novel Light-Emitting Liquid Crystals

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeyuki Yamada ◽  
Kazuya Miyano ◽  
Tomohiro Agou ◽  
Toshio Kubota ◽  
Tsutomu Konno
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Liquid Crystals ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Chiral Nematic ◽  
Blue Phase ◽  
Insight Into

In this study, we designed and synthesized novel pentafluorinated bistolane derivatives with 2-chloropentyl or 2-chlorohexyl flexible units as novel light-emitting liquid crystals (LELCs). By measuring the phase-transition behaviors, all derivatives were found to display liquid-crystalline (LC) phases during both heating and cooling processes. Among the novel bistolanes, the S- and R-configured derivatives exhibited a chiral nematic (N*) phase with a typical Grandjean optical texture. Interestingly, the chiral derivatives also exhibited a blue phase with a typical platelet texture in a narrow temperature range (2–4 °C). Photophysical measurements revealed that the 2-chloroalkoxy-substituted pentafluorinated bistolanes exhibited intense photoluminescence (PL) both in solution and in crystalline phases. The PL characteristics, especially the maximum PL wavelength, were found to switch sensitively during the heating and cooling cycles depending on the molecular aggregates through the crystal (Cr) ⇄ N* phase transition. The 2-chloroalkoxy flexible units induced dynamic changes in the LC and PL properties, providing valuable insight into the potential of various LELCs as PL sensing materials.

scholarly journals Updating Phospholipase A2 Biology

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Murakami ◽  
Hiroyasu Sato ◽  
Yoshitaka Taketomi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Phospholipase A2 ◽  
Lipid Mediators ◽  
Surface Barrier ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Membrane Remodeling ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Biochemical Basis ◽  
Current State

The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily contains more than 50 enzymes in mammals that are subdivided into several distinct families on a structural and biochemical basis. In principle, PLA2 has the capacity to hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to release fatty acids and lysophospholipids, yet several enzymes in this superfamily catalyze other reactions rather than or in addition to the PLA2 reaction. PLA2 enzymes play crucial roles in not only the production of lipid mediators, but also membrane remodeling, bioenergetics, and body surface barrier, thereby participating in a number of biological events. Accordingly, disturbance of PLA2-regulated lipid metabolism is often associated with various diseases. This review updates the current state of understanding of the classification, enzymatic properties, and biological functions of various enzymes belonging to the PLA2 superfamily, focusing particularly on the novel roles of PLA2s in vivo.

scholarly journals Glomerular-Specific Gene Excision In Vivo

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 788-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Eremina ◽  
Mark Andrew Wong ◽  
Shiying Cui ◽  
Lois Schwartz ◽  
Susan E. Quaggin
Keyword(s):  
Es Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Filtration Barrier ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Gene Excision ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT. Podocytes (glomerular visceral epithelial cells) are highly specialized cells that are found in the renal glomerulus and make up a major portion of the filtration barrier between the blood and urinary spaces. Recently, the identification of a number of genes responsible for both autosomal dominant and recessive forms of human nephrotic syndrome has provided insight into a number of molecules responsible for unique features of the podocyte such as the slit diaphragms. Despite these major advances in our understanding of podocyte biology, the function of many genes expressed in the podocyte remains unknown. Targeted gene disruption using homologous recombination in murine embryonic stem cells (ES cells) is a powerful tool to determine the biologic function of genes in vivo. However, resulting embryonic lethal or pleiotropic phenotypes often preclude the analysis of genes in specific renal cell types. To overcome this problem, a glomerular-specific Cre-recombinase transgenic murine line under the control of the Nphs1 (nephrin) promoter (Neph-Cre) was generated. This article reports successful Cre-mediated excision of a ‘floxed’ transgene specifically in podocytes in vivo. This murine founder line represents a powerful new tool for the manipulation of the expression of genes in podocytes and will provide valuable insight into podocyte biology in the whole animal.

scholarly journals Cellular sensing of micron-scale curvature: a frontier in understanding the microenvironment

Open Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 190155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K. Assoian ◽  
Nathan D. Bade ◽  
Caroline V. Cameron ◽  
Kathleen J. Stebe
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Glass Plastic ◽  
Cell Behaviour ◽  
Flat Surfaces ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

The vast majority of cell biological studies examine function and molecular mechanisms using cells on flat surfaces: glass, plastic and more recently elastomeric polymers. While these studies have provided a wealth of valuable insight, they fail to consider that most biologically occurring surfaces are curved, with a radius of curvature roughly corresponding to the length scale of cells themselves. Here, we review recent studies showing that cells detect and respond to these curvature cues by adjusting and re-orienting their cell bodies, actin fibres and nuclei as well as by changing their transcriptional programme. Modelling substratum curvature has the potential to provide fundamental new insight into cell behaviour and function in vivo .

scholarly journals From Uniaxial Testing of Isolated Layers to a Tri-Layered Arterial Wall: A Novel Constitutive Modelling Framework

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Giudici ◽  
Ashraf W. Khir ◽  
Jason M. Szafron ◽  
Bart Spronck
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Wall ◽  
Strain Energy Function ◽  
Wall Stress ◽  
Constitutive Modelling ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Modelling Framework ◽  
Uniaxial Testing ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractMechanical testing and constitutive modelling of isolated arterial layers yields insight into the individual layers’ mechanical properties, but per se fails to recapitulate the in vivo loading state, neglecting layer-specific residual stresses. The aim of this study was to develop a testing/modelling framework that integrates layer-specific uniaxial testing data into a three-layered model of the arterial wall, thereby enabling study of layer-specific mechanics under realistic (patho)physiological conditions. Circumferentially and axially oriented strips of pig thoracic aortas (n = 10) were tested uniaxially. Individual arterial layers were then isolated from the wall, tested, and their mechanical behaviour modelled using a hyperelastic strain energy function. Subsequently, the three layers were computationally assembled into a single flat-walled sample, deformed into a cylindrical vessel, and subjected to physiological tension-inflation. At the in vivo axial stretch of 1.10 ± 0.03, average circumferential wall stress was 75 ± 9 kPa at 100 mmHg, which almost doubled to 138 ± 15 kPa at 160 mmHg. A ~ 200% stiffening of the adventitia over the 60 mmHg pressure increase shifted layer-specific load-bearing from the media (65 ± 10% → 61 ± 14%) to the adventitia (28 ± 9% → 32 ± 14%). Our approach provides valuable insight into the (patho)physiological mechanical roles of individual arterial layers at different loading states, and can be implemented conveniently using simple, inexpensive and widely available uniaxial testing equipment.

scholarly journals “Remember... Whose girl you are”: Dynamics of domination in Sarah Waters’s Affinity (1999)

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Heiberg Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Feminist Fiction ◽  
Psychoanalytic Perspective ◽  
Intersubjective Theory ◽  
Insight Into

<p>This paper discusses, from a psychoanalytic perspective, Sarah Waters’s novel <em>Affinity</em> (1999)<em> </em>which has played a crucial role in the consolidation of the neo-Victorian genre and, indeed, has become a touchstone for contemporary feminist fiction. Through Jessica Benjamin’s intersubjective theory it analyses Waters’s extraordinary re-presentation of women’s same-sex relationships, with particular focus on the dynamics of domination and submission which characterises the female couples in the novel. Benjamin's approach to the problem of domination gives valuable insight into the psychological structures of erotic hierarchy and, in turn, opens up for new ways to understand erotic desire and power dynamics between men and women, or between people of the same sex.  In addition, an exploration of <em>Affinity</em> from an intersubjective perspective casts light onto how the novel transgresses both Victorian boundaries and those that persist in contemporary culture.</p>

scholarly journals Omega Class Glutathione S-Transferase: Antioxidant Enzyme in Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngjo Kim ◽  
Sun Joo Cha ◽  
Hyun-Jun Choi ◽  
Kiyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Mitochondrial Atp Synthase ◽  
Multifunctional Enzymes

The omega class glutathione S-transferases (GSTOs) are multifunctional enzymes involved in cellular defense and have distinct structural and functional characteristics, which differ from those of other GSTs. Previous studies provided evidence for the neuroprotective effects of GSTOs. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning the neuroprotective functions of GSTOs have not been fully elucidated. Recently, our genetic and molecular studies using theDrosophilasystem have suggested that GstO1 has a protective function against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity by regulating the MAPK signaling pathway, and GstO2 is required for the activation of mitochondrial ATP synthase in theDrosophilaneurodegenerative disease model. The comprehensive understanding of various neuroprotection mechanisms ofDrosophilaGstOs from our studies provides valuable insight into the neuroprotective functions of GstOsin vivo. In this review, we briefly introduce recent studies and summarize the novel biological functions and mechanisms underpinning neuroprotective effects of GstOs inDrosophila.

Study of the resistor material of an automotive spark plug by use of the charge-up effect along with elemental mapping in an electron microprobe

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 742-743
Author(s):  
D. R. Liu ◽  
S. S. Shinozaki ◽  
J. S. Park ◽  
B. N. Juterbock
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Coated Sample ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Elemental Mapping ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Carbon Coated ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
Electron Imaging ◽  
Insight Into

The electric and thermal properties of the resistor material in an automotive spark plug should be stable during its service lifetime. Containing many elements and many phases, this material has a very complex microstructure. Elemental mapping with an electron microprobe can reveal the distribution of all relevant elements throughout the sample. In this work, it is demonstrated that the charge-up effect, which would distort an electron image and, therefore, is normally to be avoided in an electron imaging work, could be used to advantage to reveal conductive and resistive zones in a sample. Its combination with elemental mapping can provide valuable insight into the underlying conductivity mechanism of the resistor.This work was performed in a CAMECA SX-50 microprobe. The spark plug used in the present report was a commercial product taken from the shelf. It was sectioned to expose the cross section of the resistor. The resistor was known not to contain the precious metal Au as checked on the carbon coated sample. The sample was then stripped of carbon coating and re-coated with Au.

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