scholarly journals Inter-Ethnic Relations in Kosovo

SEEU Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-196
Author(s):  
Agon Demjaha
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
Unilateral Declaration ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
Exclusive Right ◽  
Two Sides

AbstractThe paper aims to analyse the state of inter-ethnic relations in Kosovo between ethnic Albanians and ethnic Serbs, with special focus on the period after unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo in 2008. Inter-ethnic conflict in Kosovo has exclusively been over its territory since both Serbs and Albanians have made claims about history and ethno-demography to justify their alleged exclusive right to this ethnically mixed region. Consequently, inter-ethnic relations between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo have been rather problematic throughout the most of the 20thcentury. During this period Albanians in Kosovo have been subjected to discrimination, intimidation and even mass expulsion by Yugoslav/Serb authorities. In late 1990s, these relations between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo have progressively worsened and finally escalated in an armed warfare in 1999.Immediately after the war, Serbs in Kosovo were occasionally exposed to acts of inter-ethnic and retaliatory violence. Inter-ethnic relations between the two major ethnicities continued to be tense and fragile after independence of Kosovo in 2008. Dramatic changes of ethnic composition structure, atrocities and huge number of refugees due to the war, have left a legacy of deep mistrust and animosities between Albanians and Serbs in the newly created state. Consequently, Serbs in Kosovo have from the beginning refused to recognize Kosovo’s independence and have rigorously refused any governance by Kosovo authorities. Serbian community, especially in the North, claims stronger territorial autonomy, even separatism and unification with Serbia. The paper claims that in Kosovo inter-ethnic and interstate relations are basically the components of the same equation. Therefore, paper concludes that only overall improvement of relations between Kosovo and Serbia could contribute to overall relaxation of inter-ethnic relations between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo. Unfortunately, the latest incidents between Kosovo and Serbia have increased the tensions between the two sides to alarming levels.

scholarly journals THE STATE OF INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS IN MACEDONIA AFTER 16 YEARS OF THE OHRID AGREEMENT

SEEU Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agon Demjaha
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Times ◽  
State Relations

Abstract Inter-ethnic relations between Albanians and Macedonians in Macedonia have been rather problematic since the times of former Yugoslavia. After independence, the new constitution of the Republic of Macedonia instead of improving it has further downgraded the position of Albanians and other minorities living in the country. The non-fulfilment of Albanians’ core demands led to an armed conflict in 2001. The Ohrid Agreement has in addition to ending the armed conflict, also provided for a range of legislative and policy measures to improve the position of the Albanians by ensuring equality and minority protection. However, 16 years after the Ohrid Agreement, inter-ethnic relations in Macedonia still remain burdened by prejudice and stereotypes, rather than cooperation and mutual prosperity. The main aim of the paper is to analyse the state of inter-ethnic relations in Macedonia, with special focus on relations between ethnic Macedonians and ethnic Albanians. The paper also offers an analysis of main factors that contribute to inter-ethnic tensions in the country and explores possible scenarios in the future. The most relevant part of the paper analyses the causality between inter-ethnic and interstate relations. The paper claims that similarly to most of the countries in the Western Balkans, inter-ethnic and interstate relations are basically the components of the same equation. The paper concludes that in Macedonia, Kosovo rather than Albania is much more relevant for the causality between inter-ethnic and interstate relations in Macedonia, and it also offers several reasons to support such thesis. Accordingly, the overall inter-ethnic relations between Macedonians and Albanians in Macedonia heavily depend on inter-state relations between Macedonia and Kosovo and vice versa.

Origins and Evolution of the North American Stable Peace

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Haglund
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
North American ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
American Experience ◽  
Back Seat ◽  
The North ◽  
Security Communities ◽  
Primary Focus

Interstate relations among the North American countries have been irenic for so long that the continent is often assumed to have little if anything to contribute to scholarly debates on peaceful change. In good measure, this can be attributed to the way in which discussions of peaceful change often become intertwined with a different kind of inquiry among international relations scholars, one focused upon the origins and denotative characteristics of “pluralistic security communities.” Given that it is generally (though not necessarily accurately) considered that such security communities first arose in Western Europe, it is not difficult to understand why the North American regional-security story so regularly takes an analytical back seat to what is considered to be the far more interesting European one. This article challenges the idea that there is little to learn from the North American experience, inter alia by stressing three leading theoretical clusters within which can be situated the scholarly corpus of works attempting to assess the causes of peaceful change on the continent. Although the primary focus is on the Canada–US relationship, the article includes a brief discussion of where Mexico might be said to fit in the regional-security order.

scholarly journals Redundancy in metrics describing the composition, structure, and functioning of the North Sea demersal fish community

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon P. R. Greenstreet ◽  
Helen M. Fraser ◽  
Stuart I. Rogers ◽  
Verena M. Trenkel ◽  
Stephen D. Simpson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Fish Community ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Demersal Fish ◽  
Community Size ◽  
The North ◽  
Management Objectives ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
And Function

Abstract Greenstreet, S. P. R., Fraser, H. M., Rogers, S. I., Trenkel, V. M., Simpson, S. D., and Pinnegar, J. K. 2012. Redundancy in metrics describing the composition, structure, and functioning of the North Sea demersal fish community. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 8–22. Broader ecosystem management objectives for North Sea demersal fish currently focus on restoring community size structure. However, most policy drivers explicitly concentrate on restoring and conserving biodiversity, and it has not yet been established that simply restoring demersal fish size composition will be sufficient to reverse declines in biodiversity and ensure a generally healthy community. If different aspects of community composition, structure, and function vary independently, then to monitor all aspects of community general health will require application of a suite of metrics. This assumes low redundancy among the metrics used in any such suite and implies that addressing biodiversity issues specifically will require explicit management objectives for particular biodiversity metrics. This issue of metric redundancy is addressed, and 15 metrics covering five main attributes of community composition, structure, and function are applied to groundfish survey data. Factor analysis suggested a new interpretation of the metric information and indicated that a minimum suite of seven metrics was necessary to ensure that all changes in the general health of the North Sea demersal fish community were monitored properly. Covariance among size-based and species-diversity metrics was low, implying that restoration of community size structure would not necessarily reverse declines in species diversity.

PARTY POLITICS AND INTRA-ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN THE NKAMBE CENTRAL SUBDIVISION OF CAMEROON IN THE 2013 LEGISLATIVE ELECTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-213
Author(s):  
Ransom Tanyu Ngenge
Keyword(s):  
Party Politics ◽  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
West Region ◽  
Good Number ◽  
Western Democracies ◽  
Legislative Election

Political deception is inherently ‘conflictual’ not only in the Western Democracies but also and even more so in Africa. Conflicts of political nature have often resulted from national and local elections in Africa and Cameroon. Prominently, such conflicts sometimes take an ethnic twist with far-reaching consequences. From this background, this article investigates into the forms and nature of intra-ethnic conflicts in the Nkambe Central Subdivision of Cameroon during the 2013 legislative election. With a combination of interviews and personal observations, including a good number of secondary/tertiary source-material, the article which is analyzed in thematic synthesis reveals that during the 2013 legislative election in the Nkambe Central Subdivision of the North West region of Cameroon, conflicts of clan-based, family and age-set nature emanated with far-reaching consequences on ethnic relations and development.

Sustainable Development in a Global Context: A Success or a Nuisance?

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed El-Kamel Bakari
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Global Context ◽  
The North ◽  
Similar Vein ◽  
The One

AbstractThis article argues that the evolution of, and challenges to, sustainable development cannot be understood completely outside its contemporary global context, consisting mainly of three interconnected spheres, i.e., the global governance system, the North-South debate, and global trade liberalization. As the boundaries of these three spheres get more and more blurred in a context of an intensifying globalization, the project of sustainable development is very often faced with obstacles that set back its evolution and might very well bring it to a halt. Above all, sustainable development is now caught in the crossfire between the push for exponential economic growth, on the one hand, and a compelling need to reverse catastrophic ecological threats and social exigencies, on the other. More often than not, the current structure and scope of global governance constitutes more of a hindrance than a help to the emerging paradigm of sustainable development. Accordingly, this article seeks to pinpoint the different challenges to the implementation of sustainable development in the field of global governance and to discuss to what extent these challenges are inherent in the structure and scope of this system. In a similar vein, this article examines and discusses the challenges to sustainability within two other highly interrelated spheres, namely global trade and the North-South politics. With this end in view, a special focus is placed throughout this paper on the interconnectedness of, and overlap between, these three global spheres and the determinant role played by the major actors therein.

scholarly journals The ethnic composition of the population of Prinevye area and the Southern Ladoga area at the end of the XV century

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-72
Author(s):  
Boris I. Chibisov
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
North West ◽  
Introduction History ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
North Western ◽  
Descriptive Method

Introduction. History of the North-West area of Novgorod land at the end of the XV century attracted the attention of researchers mainly in the socio-economic aspect. This is due to the fact that Novgorod scribal books are dated by the end of the XV century. From the standpoint of socio-economic history their value is not in doubt, but from an ethno-historical point their onomastic content is underestimated. Materials and methods. The main source of research was the scribe book of the Vodskaya Pyatina 1499/1500. The descriptive method of research is to identify and record the Baltic-Finnish oikonyms (names of rural settlements) and anthroponyms mentioned in the scribe books. Baltic-Finnish anthroponyms are identified on the basis of an analysis of formal indicators of borrowing the anthroponyms. Results and Discussion. There are several areas where the Baltic-Finnish oikonymy and anthroponymy were concentrated, namely Korboselsky graveyard in the northern Prinevye, Lopsky and Terebuzhsky graveyards in the southern Ladoga, as well as Dudorovsky and Izhora graveyards south of the Neva. Archaeological sources record a significant presence of the Izhora antiquities. The presence of Karelians is noted in the northern Prievye and southern Ladoga. Slavic onomastic materials are recorded throughout Orekhovsky and Ladoga counties, but to mostly in the cities of Oreshka, Ladoga and their nearest areas. Conclusion. By the end of the XV century the north-western graveyards of Novgorod land were inhabited by representatives of various ethnic groups: Slavs, Vodians, Izhora and Karelians, as evidenced by the data of anthroponyms and toponyms of the scribe’s books and confirmed by archaeological sources.

The Council

2020 ◽  
pp. 117-149
Author(s):  
Vivien A. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Member State ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
European Council ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Many ◽  
Mutual Accountability ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Input Legitimacy

Chapter 5 discusses the pathway to legitimacy of the European Council (and the Council), with a special focus on Germany’s predominance through “one size fits one” rules. The chapter begins with an analysis of the Council’s particular sources of power and grounds for throughput legitimacy in Eurozone governance. It questions member-state leaders’ assumptions about their representativeness (input legitimacy), then asks if they meet the requirements of deliberative mutual accountability (throughput legitimacy) or even whether Germany fits the criteria expected of a benevolent hegemon. Next the chapter discusses the Janus-faced public perceptions of Council crisis governance. These are divided between views of the Council as an unaccountable (German) dictatorship or as a mutually accountable deliberative body (in the shadow of Germany). This part first presents the Council as an unaccountable dictatorship by detailing the ways in which Germany was predominant on its own and/or in tandem with a weaker France. It then counters with a discussion of the Council as a mutually accountable deliberative body, by charting not only the many instances in which member states agreed with German preferences but also where Germany acquiesced to those of other member states. The chapter ends with an examination of the actions of the Council (in particular the Eurogroup of Finance Ministers) and the Troika (IMF, Commission, and ECB) with regard to the program countries. This can be seen as two sides of the same coin: harsh dictatorship (especially the third Greek bailout) or deliberative authoritarianism (eg, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus and Greece in the second bailout).

Variability of the Meridional Overturning in the North Atlantic from the 50-Year GECCO State Estimation

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1913-1930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Köhl ◽  
Detlef Stammer
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Western Boundary ◽  
Consistent Estimate ◽  
The North ◽  
Meridional Overturning ◽  
The North Atlantic

Abstract The German partner of the consortium for Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (GECCO) provided a dynamically consistent estimate of the time-varying ocean circulation over the 50-yr period 1952–2001. The GECCO synthesis combines most of the data available during the entire estimation period with the ECCO–Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ocean circulation model using its adjoint. This GECCO estimate is analyzed here for the period 1962–2001 with respect to decadal and longer-term changes of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) of the North Atlantic. A special focus is on the maximum MOC values at 25°N. Over this period, the dynamically self-consistent synthesis stays within the error bars of H. L. Bryden et al., but reveals a general increase of the MOC strength. The variability on decadal and longer time scales is decomposed into contributions from different processes. Changes in the model’s MOC strength are strongly influenced by the southward communication of density anomalies along the western boundary originating from the subpolar North Atlantic, which are related to changes in the Denmark Strait overflow but are only marginally influenced by water mass formation in the Labrador Sea. The influence of density anomalies propagating along the southern edge of the subtropical gyre associated with baroclinically unstable Rossby waves is found to be equally important. Wind-driven processes such as local Ekman transport explain a smaller fraction of the variability on those long time scales.

Le controle du socle dans l'évolution de la sedimentation en Manche occidentale apres le Paléozoïque

1975 ◽  
Vol 279 (1288) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Transverse Direction ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cenozoic Sediments ◽  
Two Sides

The estimates of the thickness of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments found in the western Channel show that the deposition of these sediments was controlled by two independent processes. (1) In the longitudinal direction, the displacement of maximum sedimentation, from east to west is entirely dependent on the opening of the North Atlantic. (2) In a transverse direction, it is probable that the difference of subsidence between the two sides of the Aurigny—Ouessant fault originated from the fracturing of the original Atlantic rift in the Western Approaches. Transverse compressions and extensions have disturbed the continual depression of the Channel towards the west.

Part II Commentaries to Typical Sofa Rules, 31 Territorial Applicability

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burkhardt Frank
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
General Rule ◽  
North Atlantic Region ◽  
Atlantic Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
Unilateral Declaration ◽  
The North Atlantic

This chapter deals with territorial applicability of status-of-forces agreements (SOFAs). The territorial applicability of the UN Model SOFA is limited to the area of operation. NATO SOFA applies only in ‘the metropolitan territory’ of any Party which may, however, extend its applicability by unilateral declaration to ‘any of the territories for whose international relations it is responsible in the North Atlantic Treaty area’. While the territorial applicability of the UN Model SOFA does not raise any particular problems, the limitation of the territorial applicability of NATO SOFA appears to be more complex. Yet it does not create impediments to the solution of legal problems resulting from the Alliance’s enlargement and its operations. It can be summarized that as a general rule NATO SOFA applies on the territories of the Parties of the North Atlantic Treaty and to NATO operations in the North Atlantic region north of the Tropic of Cancer.

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