scholarly journals THE STATE OF INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS IN MACEDONIA AFTER 16 YEARS OF THE OHRID AGREEMENT

SEEU Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agon Demjaha
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Times ◽  
State Relations

Abstract Inter-ethnic relations between Albanians and Macedonians in Macedonia have been rather problematic since the times of former Yugoslavia. After independence, the new constitution of the Republic of Macedonia instead of improving it has further downgraded the position of Albanians and other minorities living in the country. The non-fulfilment of Albanians’ core demands led to an armed conflict in 2001. The Ohrid Agreement has in addition to ending the armed conflict, also provided for a range of legislative and policy measures to improve the position of the Albanians by ensuring equality and minority protection. However, 16 years after the Ohrid Agreement, inter-ethnic relations in Macedonia still remain burdened by prejudice and stereotypes, rather than cooperation and mutual prosperity. The main aim of the paper is to analyse the state of inter-ethnic relations in Macedonia, with special focus on relations between ethnic Macedonians and ethnic Albanians. The paper also offers an analysis of main factors that contribute to inter-ethnic tensions in the country and explores possible scenarios in the future. The most relevant part of the paper analyses the causality between inter-ethnic and interstate relations. The paper claims that similarly to most of the countries in the Western Balkans, inter-ethnic and interstate relations are basically the components of the same equation. The paper concludes that in Macedonia, Kosovo rather than Albania is much more relevant for the causality between inter-ethnic and interstate relations in Macedonia, and it also offers several reasons to support such thesis. Accordingly, the overall inter-ethnic relations between Macedonians and Albanians in Macedonia heavily depend on inter-state relations between Macedonia and Kosovo and vice versa.

scholarly journals Inter-Ethnic Relations in Kosovo

SEEU Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-196
Author(s):  
Agon Demjaha
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
Unilateral Declaration ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
Exclusive Right ◽  
Two Sides

AbstractThe paper aims to analyse the state of inter-ethnic relations in Kosovo between ethnic Albanians and ethnic Serbs, with special focus on the period after unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo in 2008. Inter-ethnic conflict in Kosovo has exclusively been over its territory since both Serbs and Albanians have made claims about history and ethno-demography to justify their alleged exclusive right to this ethnically mixed region. Consequently, inter-ethnic relations between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo have been rather problematic throughout the most of the 20thcentury. During this period Albanians in Kosovo have been subjected to discrimination, intimidation and even mass expulsion by Yugoslav/Serb authorities. In late 1990s, these relations between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo have progressively worsened and finally escalated in an armed warfare in 1999.Immediately after the war, Serbs in Kosovo were occasionally exposed to acts of inter-ethnic and retaliatory violence. Inter-ethnic relations between the two major ethnicities continued to be tense and fragile after independence of Kosovo in 2008. Dramatic changes of ethnic composition structure, atrocities and huge number of refugees due to the war, have left a legacy of deep mistrust and animosities between Albanians and Serbs in the newly created state. Consequently, Serbs in Kosovo have from the beginning refused to recognize Kosovo’s independence and have rigorously refused any governance by Kosovo authorities. Serbian community, especially in the North, claims stronger territorial autonomy, even separatism and unification with Serbia. The paper claims that in Kosovo inter-ethnic and interstate relations are basically the components of the same equation. Therefore, paper concludes that only overall improvement of relations between Kosovo and Serbia could contribute to overall relaxation of inter-ethnic relations between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo. Unfortunately, the latest incidents between Kosovo and Serbia have increased the tensions between the two sides to alarming levels.

scholarly journals Republic of Croatia’s Membership in NATO

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 390-397
Author(s):  
M. Zubovic
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Full Member ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
War For Independence ◽  
The Republic

The article discusses the Euro-Atlantic vector of Croatian foreign policy, primarily the historical path of the state into NATO and the advantages of membership in this alliance. The Republic of Croatia in its history experienced a rather difficult period associated with the Croatian War for Independence, which began in 1991 after the state announced its withdrawal from the SFRY. Since then, one of the main goals of Croatian foreign policy has been joining the Euro-Atlantic structures, which was fulfiled in 2009, when Croatia became a full member of NATO. Based on the experience of the War for Independence, for the Republic of Croatia this membership is an important factor in ensuring the country’s security, and it can also help improve interstate relations in the Balkans and strengthen stability in the region. The work will also outline the operations and missions in which Croatia participates within the NATO framework and contributes to the successful implementation of Euro-Atlantic foreign policy.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF A CULTURE OF INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF MODERNIZATION OF PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE MODERN TURKESTAN REGION)

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Т. Kashkinbayeva ◽  
◽  
S.S. Korganova ◽  
B.А. Gabdulina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
Cultural Experience ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
The Republic

This article is devoted to the analysis of the factors contributing to the formation of the culture of interethnic relations in the conditions of modernization of public consciousness. To reveal the topic, the statistical data of Turkestan region on ethnic composition were used, the role and importance of the Assembly of people of Kazakhstan and ethno-cultural associations in strengthening interethnic harmony in the region were considered. At the end of the conclusions and suggestions. This article is devoted to the study of the role of ethno-cultural associations of Shymkent and Turkestan region in strengthening interethnic harmony. Ethno-cultural contacts and interethnic communications are shown, which are designed to explain the mechanism of development and functioning of modern ethnic processes, forms of translation and preservation of their ethno-cultural experience. The conclusion that the history and national traditions must be taken into account in the Ethnopolitics of the state is substantiated. Ethno-cultural associations and houses of Friendship should conduct coordinated work in the field of culture, language, traditions, implementing the national policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan

scholarly journals Administrative and Territorial Organization of the State as a Tool of Ethnic Politics:The Example of the Republic of Croatia

Politeja ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (5 (68)) ◽  
pp. 239-258
Author(s):  
Mirella Korzeniewska-Wiszniewska
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
The State ◽  
Territorial Conflict ◽  
Government Administration ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Ethnic Policy

The article focuses on the issue of Croatia’s ethnic policy towards minorities at the level of administrative and territorial organization. It attempts to answer the question whether and to what extent the ethnic and territorial conflict in the 1990s influenced the processes of transformation of the administrative and territorial organization of the state. The Croatian state, given as an example, at the time of declaring its independence in 1991 had to face the threat of territorial disintegration from the Serb minority living in its territory. The Italian minority was also suspected of such tendencies, but it soon turned out that these suspicions were groundless. The Serbian community could, however, threaten the unification of the state, which initially happened as a result of an armed conflict. After its end, fears did not diminish, especially in the face of the changes in territorial borders that took place until the end of the first decade of the 21st century. The threat could be reduced using one of the tools, which was the local government administration and the shape of its territorial units. The Author analyses this issue basing on the projects of Croatian experts dealing with the issues of administrative and territorial organization of the last three decades and at various stages of Croatian statehood, data on demographic changes and laws regulating the functioning of local and regional local governments as well as regulations concerning the position of national minorities in the state.

scholarly journals Impact of the Demographic Policy on Birth Rates in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-511
Author(s):  
Asiya F. Validova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
The State ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Demographic Policy

Introduction. The solution to the problem of ensuring demographic growth is one of the most pressing issues of the state policy. In 2007, Russia’s demographic policy was supplemented by new measures to stimulate the birth rate. The objective of this paper is to analyze the effectiveness of the demographic policy programs aimed at supporting families and natality using the case studies of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan. Materials and Methods. To identify the impact of measures to stimulate the birth rate, the method of regression analysis was used; time series based on age-specific birth rates for each age group were presented. Results. The data obtained showed that the steady trend of increasing the total fertility rate in Russia and Tatarstan since 2007 was almost completely related to the meas- ures under consideration, whereas the number of births was affected by many other factors. According to the results of the study, the impact of measures to increase the birth rate in the Republic of Tatarstan is slightly higher than in Russia as a whole. Discussion and Conclusions. State support measures reduce the costs associated with the birth of a child and can encourage women to have children, which con- firms the hypothesis of the positive impact of the state fertility policy. For a more accurate assessment of the effectiveness of the demographic policy measures, it is advisable to take into account the changing social and economic conditions of life in a region, as well as the consequences of the earlier or present-day demographic policy measures. The results of the study are of practical importance and may be used in the development of demographic policies in the country and in the region.

scholarly journals Main Directions Of The Program For Restoring The Economy Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (12) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Ulashev Kh. A. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Macroeconomic Policy ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
The State ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Republic

This article examines the state of economic reforms in Uzbekistan, priority areas of macroeconomic policy, measures to restore and continue structural changes in sectors of the economy.

scholarly journals Renegation in the Russian Orthodox Church: Undermining Foundations or Purification? To the Question of Church-State Relations in the 1960es

2014 ◽  
pp. 114-119
Author(s):  
Dmitry I. Sazonov
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
The Public ◽  
Church State Relations ◽  
The Times ◽  
State Relations ◽  
The Church

Addresses the times of the Khrushchev thaw as a period of the Russian Orthodox Church persecution. The public rejections of faith by some priests or Renegation were among its instruments. Their “revelations of religion” were used for propaganda of atheist worldview by the Communist Party representatives. However, the Renegation has not undermined the Church foundations; the author argues that it has only expelled Vicars of Bray and disappeared as a phenomenon when new relationship between the State and the Church was established

YOUTH POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERNIZATION OF SOCIETY: FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
A. Dzhunusova ◽  
◽  
B. Biulegenovа ◽  
K. Zhanpeisova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Youth Policy ◽  
Organizational System ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Cultural Structure

Youth is a key factor in social change. Young people are catalysts that define the political, economic, social and cultural structure of modern society. The article focuses on the need for youth policy as a special focus of the state on the basis of the role and place of youth in society. The issues of the formation and implementation of the state youth policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan. State youth policy has been concluded as a political, socio-economic, legal and organizational system that the state implements and supports young people.

Russian Protectionism: Problems of Institutional Heritage

2012 ◽  
pp. 96-114
Author(s):  
L. Tsedilin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
The State ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
State Monopoly ◽  
The Times ◽  
Soviet Experience

The article analyzes the pre-revolutionary and the Soviet experience of the protectionist policies. Special attention is paid to the external economic policy during the times of NEP (New Economic Policy), socialist industrialization and the years of 1970-1980s. The results of the state monopoly on foreign trade and currency transactions in the Soviet Union are summarized; the economic integration in the frames of Comecon is assessed.

Self-Determination and Territorial Integrity: Southern Cameroons and the Republic of Cameroun

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-653
Author(s):  
Valerie Muguoh Chiatoh
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Third World ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Present Issue ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Relationship

African states and institutions believe that the principle of territorial integrity is applicable to sub-state groups and limits their right to self-determination, contrary to international law. The Anglophone Problem in Cameroon has been an ever-present issue of social, political and economic debates in the country, albeit most times in undertones. This changed as the problem metamorphosed into an otherwise preventable devastating armed conflict with external self-determination having become very popular among the Anglophone People. This situation brings to light the drawbacks of irregular decolonisation, third world colonialism and especially the relationship between self-determination and territorial integrity in Africa.

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