Operationalising relational theory of entrepreneurial ecosystems at city-level in Africa, Asia and the Middle East

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 79-102
Author(s):  
Nadina Iacob ◽  
Nicolas Friederici ◽  
Jan Lachenmayer
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Relational Theory ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Simple Arithmetic ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Ecosystem Theory

Abstract Relational theory has been a key advancement in understanding how entrepreneurial ecosystems work. However, the theory has not yet been operationalised through measurement methodologies. This study proposes an indicator-based framework and composite index methodology which builds on relational ecosystem theory. Starting from the premise that common aggregation methods like the arithmetic mean fail to convey the interdependence of ecosystem components (such as complementarity vs. substitution), this study explores the potential of geometric mean as an alternative approach. Our analysis shows that geometric mean methods render more plausible results than simple arithmetic mean; they operationalise complementarity between components more directly by introducing heftier penalties for imbalances in the ecosystem. Additionally, our methodology identifies the less-explored city-level as the most meaningful unit of analysis of entrepreneurial ecosystems. To test the index, we use a unique set of quantitative data for eleven middle-income cities, namely Accra, Amman, Bangkok, Beirut, Bengaluru, Cairo, Jakarta, Manila, Nairobi, Rabat, and Tunis. As most previously conducted measurements have targeted either mature or country ecosystems, our goal is not limited to methodological advancements in measuring entrepreneurial ecosystems, but it also relates to expanding the current status of research to less explored world regions.

scholarly journals Teaching Business Statistics: Some Useful Relationships

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Philip F. Rice ◽  
Chris Brune
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Simple Arithmetic ◽  
Weighted Arithmetic ◽  
Multiplication Rule ◽  
Business Statistics ◽  
Statistics Course ◽  
Compound Interest ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this paper is to suggest an instructional approach in the introductory business statistics course that utilizes relationships between separately introduced topics. The paper will explore three “useful relationships” that can assist classroom instruction: (1) the relationship between the simple arithmetic mean, the weighted arithmetic mean, and the expected value of a discrete probability distribution; (2) the relationship between the use of the multiplication rule to calculate the joint probability associated with two events, use of tree diagrams, and the use of the binomial and hypergeometric distributions; and (3) the relationship between the geometric mean and the compound interest rate. Each discussion includes detailed examples of calculations to demonstrate the relationships.

scholarly journals Measurement and Mapping of Maternal Health Service Coverage Through a Novel Composite Index: A Sub-National Level Analysis in India

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanvi Kiran ◽  
KP Junaid ◽  
Vineeth Rajagopal ◽  
Madhu Gupta ◽  
Divya Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
National Level ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Maternal Health Service ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Service Coverage

Abstract Background: Expansion of maternal health service coverage is crucial for the survival and wellbeing of both mother and child. To date, limited literature exists on the measurement of maternal health service coverage at the sub-national level in India. The prime objectives of the study were to comprehensively measure the maternal health service coverage by generating a composite index; map India by categorizing it into low, medium and high zones and examine its incremental changes over time. Methods: Utilising a nationally representative time series data of 15 key indicators spread across three domains of antenatal care, intranatal care and postnatal care, we constructed a novel ‘Maternal Health Service Coverage Index’ (MHSI) for 29 states and 5 union territories of India for the base (2017-18) and reference (2019-20) years. Following a rigorous procedure, MHSI scores were generated using both arithmetic mean and geometric mean approach. We categorized India into low, medium and high maternal health coverage zones and further generated geospatial maps to examine the extent and transition of maternal health service coverage from base to reference year.Results: India registered the highest mean percentage coverage (93.66%) for ‘institutional delivery’ and lowest for ‘treatment for obstetric complications’ (9.25%) among all the indicators. Depending on the usage of arithmetic mean and geometric mean approach, the maternal health service coverage index score for India exhibited marginal incremental change (between 0.015- 0.02 index points) in the reference year. West zone exhibited an upward transition in the coverage of maternal health service indicators, while none of the zones recorded a downward movement. States of Mizoram (east zone), Puducherry (south zone) showed a downward transition. Union territories of Dadra & Nagar Haveli (west zone) and Chandigarh (north zone) along with the states of Maharashtra (west zone), Assam, as well as Jharkhand (both from the east & north east zone), showed upward transition.Conclusion: Overall, maternal health service coverage is increasing across India. Our study offers a novel summary measure to comprehensively quantify the coverage of maternal health service, which can momentously help India to identify lagged indicators and low performing regions, thereby warranting the targeted interventions and concentrated programmatic efforts to bolster the maternal health service coverage at the sub-national level.

On Statistics of Log-Ratio of Arithmetic Mean to Geometric Mean for Nakagami-m Fading Power

2012 ◽  
Vol E95-B (2) ◽  
pp. 647-650
Author(s):  
Ning WANG ◽  
Julian CHENG ◽  
Chintha TELLAMBURA
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Log Ratio

Country Rankings of Women's Status: An Alternative Index

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (4III) ◽  
pp. 1025-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmeen Mohiuddln
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Women's Status ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Women’S Status ◽  
Country Rankings ◽  
Population Crisis ◽  
Status Of Women

The purpose of the present paper is to formulate a composite index of the status of women and to rank both developed and developing countries on the basis of that index. This index is presented as an alternative or complement to the current status of women index, published by the Population Crisis Committee (PCC) and used by the World Bank and the United Nations, which focuses on indicators measuring health, education, employment, marriage and childbearing, and social equality. The paper argues that these indicators have a poverty-bias and measure women's status in terms of structural change rather than in terms of their welfare vis-ii-vis men. The PCC index is also based on the implicit assumption that women's status in developing countries ought to be defined in a similar way as in developed countries, thus including primarily only those indicators which are more relevant for developed countries. To remedy these defects, the paper presents an alternative composite index, hereafter labelled the Alternative Composite (AC) index, based on many more indicators reflecting women's issues in both developed and developing countries. The results of the statistical analysis show that the ranking of countries based on the AC index is significantly different from the PCC index.

scholarly journals To Weight or Not to Weight, That Is the Question: The Design of a Composite Indicator of Landscape Fragmentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3208
Author(s):  
Andrea De Montis ◽  
Vittorio Serra ◽  
Giovanna Calia ◽  
Daniele Trogu ◽  
Antonio Ledda
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Expert Judgment ◽  
Landscape Fragmentation ◽  
Composite Indicator ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Composite indicators (CIs), i.e., combinations of many indicators in a unique synthetizing measure, are useful for disentangling multisector phenomena. Prominent questions concern indicators’ weighting, which implies time-consuming activities and should be properly justified. Landscape fragmentation (LF), the subdivision of habitats in smaller and more isolated patches, has been studied through the composite index of landscape fragmentation (CILF). It was originally proposed by us as an unweighted combination of three LF indicators for the study of the phenomenon in Sardinia, Italy. In this paper, we aim at presenting a weighted release of the CILF and at developing the Hamletian question of whether weighting is worthwhile or not. We focus on the sensitivity of the composite to different algorithms combining three weighting patterns (equalization, extraction by principal component analysis, and expert judgment) and three indicators aggregation rules (weighted average mean, weighted geometric mean, and weighted generalized geometric mean). The exercise provides the reader with meaningful results. Higher sensitivity values signal that the effort of weighting leads to more informative composites. Otherwise, high robustness does not mean that weighting was not worthwhile. Weighting per se can be beneficial for more acceptable and viable decisional processes.

scholarly journals Medical Education and Training Within Congenital Cardiology: Current Global Status and Future Directions in A Post COVID-19 World

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Colin J. McMahon ◽  
Justin T. Tretter ◽  
Andrew N. Redington ◽  
Frances Bu’Lock ◽  
Liesl Zühlke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Technology Enhanced Learning ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Critical Reasoning ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Competency Frameworks ◽  
Medical Education And Training ◽  
Global Status

Abstract Despite enormous strides in our field with respect to patient care, there has been surprisingly limited dialogue on how to train and educate the next generation of congenital cardiologists. This paper reviews the current status of training and evolving developments in medical education pertinent to congenital cardiology. The adoption of competency-based medical education has been lauded as a robust framework for contemporary medical education over the last two decades. However, inconsistencies in frameworks across different jurisdictions remain, and bridging gaps between competency frameworks and clinical practice has proved challenging. Entrustable professional activities have been proposed as a solution but integration of such activities into busy clinical cardiology practices will present its own challenges. Consequently, this pivot toward a more structured approach to medical education necessitates the widespread availability of appropriately trained medical educationalists; a development that will better inform curriculum development, instructional design, and assessment. Differentiation between superficial and deep learning, the vital role of rich formative feedback and coaching, should guide our trainees to become self-regulated learners, capable of critical reasoning yet retaining an awareness of uncertainty and ambiguity. Furthermore, disruptive innovations such as ‘technology enhanced learning’ may be leveraged to improve education, especially for trainees from low- and middle-income countries. Each of these initiatives will require resources, widespread advocacy and raised awareness, and publication of supporting data, and so it is especially gratifying that Cardiology in The Young has fostered a progressive approach, agreeing to publish one or two articles in each journal issue in this domain.

scholarly journals Faecal contamination of drinking water during collection and household storage: the need to extend protection to the point of use

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Clasen ◽  
Andrew Bastable
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Female Head ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽  
And Storage

Paired water samples were collected and analysed for thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) from 20 sources (17 developed or rehabilitated by Oxfam and 3 others) and from the stored household water supplies of 100 households (5 from each source) in 13 towns and villages in the Kailahun District of Sierra Leone. In addition, the female head of the 85 households drawing water from Oxfam improved sources was interviewed and information recorded on demographics, hygiene instruction and practices, sanitation facilities and water collection and storage practices. At the non-improved sources, the arithmetic mean TTC load was 407/100 ml at the point of distribution, rising to a mean count of 882/100 ml at the household level. Water from the improved sources met WHO guidelines, with no faecal contamination. At the household level, however, even this safe water was subject to frequent and extensive faecal contamination; 92.9% of stored household samples contained some level of TTC, 76.5% contained more than the 10 TTC per 100 ml threshold set by the Sphere Project for emergency conditions. The arithmetic mean TTC count for all samples from the sampled households was 244 TTC per 100 ml (geometric mean was 77). These results are consistent with other studies that demonstrate substantial levels of faecal contamination of even safe water during collection, storage and access in the home. They point to the need to extend drinking water quality beyond the point of distribution to the point of consumption. The options for such extended protection, including improved collection and storage methods and household-based water treatment, are discussed.

scholarly journals DUAL HESITANT FUZZY AGGREGATION OPERATORS

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejian YU ◽  
Wenyu ZHANG ◽  
George HUANG
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Aggregation Operators ◽  
Fuzzy Arithmetic ◽  
Hesitant Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Numerical Example ◽  
Fuzzy Environment ◽  
Fuzzy Aggregation

Dual hesitant fuzzy sets (DHFSs) is a generalization of fuzzy sets (FSs) and it is typical of membership and non-membership degrees described by some discrete numerical. In this article we chiefly concerned with introducing the aggregation operators for aggregating dual hesitant fuzzy elements (DHFEs), including the dual hesitant fuzzy arithmetic mean and geometric mean. We laid emphasis on discussion of properties of newly introduced operators, and give a numerical example to describe the function of them. Finally, we used the proposed operators to select human resources outsourcing suppliers in a dual hesitant fuzzy environment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document