scholarly journals The Performance of Notes Inégales: The Influence of Tempo, Musical Structure, and Individual Performance Style on Expressive Timing

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Moelants
Keyword(s):  
Music Performance ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Pitch Interval ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Performance Style ◽  
Baroque Music ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Individual Interpretation

notes inégales is a common practice in the performance of French baroque music. It indicates that the first of a pair of equally notated notes is played longer, similar to the use of swing eighths in jazz. The performance of that inequality is an ongoing source of debate, but the actual performance has not been studied yet. In an experiment, eight harpsichordists and eight baroque violinists performed six melodies of French baroque gavottes in three tempo conditions. The mean ratio of inequality was 1.63, with mean ratios of individual performers varying between 1.89 and 1.33. Another significant source of variance was the metric structure, with larger inequality found at metrically important points. Tempo also had an important influence, but individual interpretation varied greatly. For example, while most performers played more evenly while tempo increased, some performers chose the opposite strategy. Pitch interval had only a minor impact on the execution of the notes inégales, but also showed differences between performers. The results show the importance of personal style in music performance: although the music played is highly standardized, we show how the timing of different performers can be influenced by different aspects of the musical structure.

scholarly journals Optimization of SPECT/CT imaging protocols for quantitative and qualitative 99mTc SPECT

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Kupitz ◽  
Heiko Wissel ◽  
Jan Wuestemann ◽  
Stephanie Bluemel ◽  
Maciej Pech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Quantitative Imaging ◽  
Scatter Correction ◽  
Reconstruction Algorithm ◽  
Weighting Factor ◽  
Quantitative Spect ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Spect Acquisition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Minor

Abstract Background The introduction of hybrid SPECT/CT devices enables quantitative imaging in SPECT, providing a methodological setup for quantitation using SPECT tracers comparable to PET/CT. We evaluated a specific quantitative reconstruction algorithm for SPECT data using a 99mTc-filled NEMA phantom. Quantitative and qualitative image parameters were evaluated for different parametrizations of the acquisition and reconstruction protocol to identify an optimized quantitative protocol. Results The reconstructed activity concentration (ACrec) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of all examined protocols (n = 16) were significantly affected by the parametrization of the weighting factor k used in scatter correction, the total number of iterations and the sphere volume (all, p < 0.0001). The two examined SPECT acquisition protocols (with 60 or 120 projections) had a minor impact on the ACrec and no significant impact on the SNR. In comparison to the known AC, the use of default scatter correction (k = 0.47) or object-specific scatter correction (k = 0.18) resulted in an underestimation of ACrec in the largest sphere volume (26.5 ml) by − 13.9 kBq/ml (− 16.3%) and − 7.1 kBq/ml (− 8.4%), respectively. An increase in total iterations leads to an increase in estimated AC and a decrease in SNR. The mean difference between ACrec and known AC decreased with an increasing number of total iterations (e.g., for 20 iterations (2 iterations/10 subsets) = − 14.6 kBq/ml (− 17.1%), 240 iterations (24i/10s) = − 8.0 kBq/ml (− 9.4%), p < 0.0001). In parallel, the mean SNR decreased significantly from 2i/10s to 24i/10s by 76% (p < 0.0001). Conclusion Quantitative SPECT imaging is feasible with the used reconstruction algorithm and hybrid SPECT/CT, and its consistent implementation in diagnostics may provide perspectives for quantification in routine clinical practice (e.g., assessment of bone metabolism). When combining quantitative analysis and diagnostic imaging, we recommend using two different reconstruction protocols with task-specific optimized setups (quantitative vs. qualitative reconstruction). Furthermore, individual scatter correction significantly improves both quantitative and qualitative results.

scholarly journals Dynamic modeling of nutrient use and individual requirements of lactating sows1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 2822-2836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaël Gauthier ◽  
Christine Largouët ◽  
Charlotte Gaillard ◽  
Laetitia Cloutier ◽  
Frédéric Guay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Modeling Approach ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
The Mean ◽  
On Farm

AbstractNutrient requirements of sows during lactation are related mainly to their milk yield and feed intake, and vary greatly among individuals. In practice, nutrient requirements are generally determined at the population level based on average performance. The objective of the present modeling approach was to explore the variability in nutrient requirements among sows by combining current knowledge about nutrient use with on-farm data available on sows at farrowing [parity, BW, backfat thickness (BT)] and their individual performance (litter size, litter average daily gain, daily sow feed intake) to estimate nutrient requirements. The approach was tested on a database of 1,450 lactations from 2 farms. The effects of farm (A, B), week of lactation (W1: week 1, W2: week 2, W3+: week 3 and beyond), and parity (P1: 1, P2: 2, P3+: 3 and beyond) on sow performance and their nutrient requirements were evaluated. The mean daily ME requirement was strongly correlated with litter growth (R2 = 0.95; P < 0.001) and varied slightly according to sow BW, which influenced the maintenance cost. The mean daily standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine requirement was influenced by farm, week of lactation, and parity. Variability in SID lysine requirement per kg feed was related mainly to feed intake (R2 = 0.51; P < 0.001) and, to a smaller extent, litter growth (R2 = 0.27; P < 0.001). It was lowest in W1 (7.0 g/kg), greatest in W2 (7.9 g/kg), and intermediate in W3+ (7.5 g/kg; P < 0.001) because milk production increased faster than feed intake capacity did. It was lower for P3+ (6.7 g/kg) and P2 sows (7.3 g/kg) than P1 sows (8.3 g/kg) due to the greater feed intake of multiparous sows. The SID lysine requirement per kg of feed was met for 80% of sows when supplies were 112 and 120% of the mean population requirement on farm A and B, respectively, indicating higher variability in requirements on farm B. Other amino acid and mineral requirements were influenced in the same way as SID lysine. The present modeling approach allows to capture individual variability in the performance of sows and litters according to farm, stage of lactation, and parity. It is an initial step in the development of new types of models able to process historical farm data (e.g., for ex post assessment of nutrient requirements) and real-time data (e.g., to control precision feeding).

An Initial Test of a Theory of Individual Performance

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 963-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D. Pringle
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Grade Point Averages ◽  
Accurate Prediction ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Initial Test ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Grade Point

This study provided an initial test of a comprehensive model of individual performance. The extent to which one's opportunity, capacity, and willingness to perform predict one's actual performance is examined. A questionnaire designed to measure opportunity, capacity, and willingness was administered to 213 college students, while performance was measured by the students' grade point averages Scores on Capacity and Willingness interacted to provide a reasonably accurate prediction of performance, but the effect of scores on Opportunity was nonsignificant.

The dimensions of baroque music performance: a semantic differential study

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emery Schubert ◽  
Dorottya Fabian
Keyword(s):  
Music Performance ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Baroque Music

scholarly journals The Interpretive Shaping of Embodied Musical Structure in Piano Performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryony Buck ◽  
Jennifer MacRitchie ◽  
Nicholas J. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Music Performance ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Piano Performance ◽  
Body Movements ◽  
Motion Patterns ◽  
Structural Interpretation ◽  
Highly Skilled ◽  
A Performance

Research has indicated that the magnitude of physical expressive movements during a performance helps to communicate a musician's affective intent. However, the underlying function of these performance gestures remains unclear. Nine highly skilled solo pianists are examined here to investigate the effect of structural interpretation on performance motion patterns. Following previous findings that these performers generate repeated patterns of motion through overall upper-body movements corresponding to phrasing structure, this study now investigates the particular shapes traced by these movements. Through this we identify universal and idiosyncratic features within the shapes of motion patterns generated by these performers. Gestural shapes are examined for performances of Chopin&rsquo;s explicitly structured A major Prelude (Op. 28, No. 7) and are related to individual interpretations of the more complex phrasing structure of Chopin&rsquo;s B minor Prelude (Op. 28, No. 6). Findings reveal a universal general embodiment of phrasing structure and other higher-level structural features of the music. The physical makeup of this embodiment, however, is particular to both the performer and the piece being performed. Examining the link between performers' movements and interpreted structure strengthens understanding of the connection between body and instrument, furthering awareness of the relations between cognitive interpretation and physical expression of structure within music performance.

Musicians body sway embodies musical structure and expression: A recurrence-based approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Demos ◽  
Roger Chaffin ◽  
Topher Logan
Keyword(s):  
Serial Position ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Mixed Linear Models ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
Performance Style ◽  
The Relationship

Musicians’ sway during performance seems to be related to musical structure. However, it has yet to be shown that examples of the relationship are not simply due to chance. Progress has been impeded by three problems: the assumption that musical structure is constant across performances; the complexity of the movements; and the inability of traditional statistical tests to accurately model the multilevel temporal hierarchies involved. We solved these problems in a study of the side-to-side postural sway of two trombonists as they each recorded two performances of each of two solo pieces in each of three different performance styles (normal, expressive, non-expressive). The musicians reported their phrasing immediately after each performance by marking copies of the score. We measured the rate and stability (mean line) of recurrence (self-similarity) and assessed the effect of serial position within a phrase, using mixed linear models to model the nesting of phrases within pieces, within performances, across expressive styles and musicians. Recurrence and stability of recurrence changed systematically across the course of a phrase, producing sinusoidal-like and arch-shaped phrasing contours that differed with the performance style and length of phrase. As long suspected, musicians’ expressive movements reflect musical structure.

Functional dystonia in the foot and ankle

2021 ◽  
Vol 103-B (6) ◽  
pp. 1127-1132
Author(s):  
Julia Gray ◽  
Matthew Welck ◽  
Nicholas P. Cullen ◽  
Dishan Singh
Keyword(s):  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Mean Delay ◽  
Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome ◽  
Injury Event ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Minor

Aims To assess the characteristic clinical features, management, and outcome of patients who present to orthopaedic surgeons with functional dystonia affecting the foot and ankle. Methods We carried out a retrospective search of our records from 2000 to 2019 of patients seen in our adult tertiary referral foot and ankle unit with a diagnosis of functional dystonia. Results A total of 29 patients were seen. A majority were female (n = 25) and the mean age of onset of symptoms was 35.3 years (13 to 71). The mean delay between onset and diagnosis was 7.1 years (0.5 to 25.0). Onset was acute in 25 patients and insidious in four. Of the 29 patients, 26 had a fixed dystonia and three had a spasmodic dystonia. Pain was a major symptom in all patients, with a coexisting diagnosis of chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS) made in nine patients. Of 20 patients treated with Botox, only one had a good response. None of the 12 patients who underwent a surgical intervention at our unit or elsewhere reported a subjective overall improvement. After a mean follow-up of 3.2 years (1 to 12), four patients had improved, 17 had remained the same, and eight reported a deterioration in their condition. Conclusion Patients with functional dystonia typically presented with a rapid onset of fixed deformity after a minor injury/event and pain out of proportion to the deformity. Referral to a neurologist to rule out neurological pathology is advocated, and further management should be carried out in a movement disorder clinic. Response to treatment (including Botulinum toxin (Botox) injections) is generally poor. Surgery in this group of patients is not recommended and may worsen the condition. The overall prognosis remains poor. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(6):1127–1132.

Removal of organics from wastewater using a novel biological hybrid system

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 321-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Al-Sharekh ◽  
M. F. Hamoda
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Innovative System ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Percentage Removal ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
A Minor

This paper summarizes the results obtained using the hybrid aerated submerged fixed-film (HASFF) process. HASFF is an innovative system comprising a four-compartment reactor having an array of fixed ceramic plates maintained under diffused aeration to support attached biomass, with activated sludge recycle to promote suspended growth in the reactor. Wastewater from a municipal treatment plant was fed to the reactor and its activated sludge was used for recycling in the hybrid system. Four pilot units were operated in the plant at various hydraulic retention times, HRTs (2, 4, 6 and 8 h), using primary-settled wastewater under organic loading rates up to 0.7 g BOD/gMLTVS · d. Data obtained showed that the overall BOD percentage removal efficiencies were consistently above 94.0% at all HRTs including the 2 hours while the COD percentage removal efficiencies ranged between 65.7–76%. The effluent's mean filtered BOD concentration ranged between 4.5–7.5 mg/l whereas the mean filtered COD concentration ranged between 70.0–89.6 mg/l. Increasing the hydraulic loading rate by four-folds from 0.08 to 0.32 m3/m2 · d had a minor effect on the unit's BOD and COD percentage removal efficiencies indicating a robust biological process that is resilient to hydraulic shock loads, thereby offering a viable upgrading option.

Effect of cold exposure on resistance to hemorrhage in dogs

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie A. Kuhn ◽  
Lot B. Page ◽  
John K. Turner ◽  
Julian Frieden
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Minor

Effects of progressive hemorrhage during severe cold exposure were studied in 17 unanesthetized dogs. The amount of blood required to be withdrawn to reduce the mean arterial blood pressure to 50 mm Hg by a standardized bleeding procedure was determined in the same animals at air temperatures of +25°C and –25°C. Cold-exposed dogs showed a statistically significant increased ‘resistance’ to hemorrhage in that an average withdrawal of 20% more blood was required to reduce mean arterial blood pressure to shock levels in the cold than in the same dogs at comfortable temperature. In six animals it was necessary to draw a minor, but measurably greater, amount of blood from a given dog to produce hypotension during cold exposure than when the procedure was performed at a comfortable temperature and, in two animals, a minor, but measurably less, amount of blood was withdrawn during cold exposure. In seven animals a significantly greater amount of blood was drawn in the cold than in a neutral environment, but in some of these animals the control bleeding was apparently substandard. In two animals the control bleedings were in the normal range and bleedings were substandard in the cold. Cortisone administration did not alter resistance to hemorrhage during cold exposure.

Prehospital neuromuscular blockade post OHCA: UK's first paramedic-delivered protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 202-207
Author(s):  
Mark Durham ◽  
Pete Westhead ◽  
David Griffiths ◽  
Richard Lyon ◽  
Margaret Lau-Walker
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Neuromuscular Blockade ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Service Evaluation ◽  
Spontaneous Circulation ◽  
Airway Control ◽  
Adverse Incident ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Minor

Background: Since 2016, critical care paramedics from the South East Coast Ambulance Service have offered neuromuscular blockade to patients for ventilatory/airway control after cardiac arrest. Aims: To examine the first cases of paramedic-delivered neuromuscular blockade, and evaluate the prevalence of its use and safety. Methods: Retrospective service evaluation of patients receiving post-arrest paralysis during the study period from 1 April 2016 until 31 July 2017. Findings: The study included 127 patients. The mean age of administration was 63 years, mean weight was 80 kg (SD: 19 kg), dose was 1 mg/kg and median time from rocuronium administration to hospital was 32 minutes (IQR 20–43 minutes). Three patients (2.3%) experienced a minor adverse incident. There were no major airway complications, nor other significant adverse incidents. Thirty-seven patients (31%) survived to discharge. Conclusion: From this patient group, paramedic-administered rocuronium in intubated patients who have experienced a cardiac arrest and a return of spontaneous circulation appears to be safe, but further interventional research is required to determine whether this improves patient outcomes.

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