scholarly journals Synthesis of ZnO/CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste for Biodiesel Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Dino Wicaksono ◽  
Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Catalyst Activity ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Active Metal ◽  
Eggshell Waste

The diminishing of fossil fuel reserve has raised a consideration on the renewable energy development. Biodiesel is among the promising renewable energy which is feasible for large-scale production. Biodiesel is generally synthesized through the alkaline-catalyst transesterification of vegetable oil. The common catalyst for biodiesel is homogeneous base catalysts which are active but show several drawbacks related to the environmental aspects. Therefore, development of heterogeneous alkaline catalyst for biodiesel production is critical. CaO catalyst is considered a favourable heterogeneous base catalyst for transesterification reaction and it can be derived from various natural resources. In this work, CaO catalyst from eggshell was synthesized from eggshell waste. To improve the catalyst activity, CaO was combined with ZnO active metal, resulting ZnO/CaO catalyst. In this research, the development, characterization, and application of ZnO/CaO catalyst for waste cooking oil (WCO) transesterification to produce biodiesel has been investigated. Various concentration of ZnO was combined with CaO to determine the best formulation of ZnO/CaO catalyst development. It was demonstrated that the addition of ZnO active metal on CaO catalyst could remarkably improve the biodiesel yield through WCO transesterification reaction. The addition of 6% ZnO active metal on CaO, forming ZnO/CaO 6% catalyst, has exhibited the optimal enhancement of biodiesel yield. Furthermore, it was found that the optimum amount of ZnO/CaO 6% catalyst added in the reaction system was 3% w/w catalyst/WCO.

WASTE FRYING OIL TRANSESTERIFICATION TREATED BY STEAM DRAG METHOD

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (26) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Daniel Sena MARINS ◽  
Marcos Vinícius Oliveira CARDOSO ◽  
Mara Eliza SANTOS ◽  
Jeferson MASSINHAN
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Conversion Rates

Demand for diversified biodiesel feedstocks is high and increasing, but few are viable for large-scale production, and many of those selected compete with other sectors of the chemical industry. To improve energy and environmental sustainability, fatty acids from waste oils that are improperly disposed of and pollute the environment can be used for transesterification reactions. However, they need treatment to achieve high conversion rates. In this context, the aim of this work was to perform and analyze the treatment of residual frying oil with the evaporation and entrainment process, aiming at its use as raw material to obtain biodiesel (methyl esters) by a transesterification reaction. The physicochemical properties of the residual oil after treatment were characterized by moisture content, pH and the acidity, saponification, iodine, and peroxide index. The conversion rate of the residual oil to methyl esters was determined by 1H NMR analysis. After the treatment, the method of analysis of variance showed that the oil obtained a significant reduction of the saponification, iodine, peroxide and acidity indexes, being the acidity reduced from 9.36 to 7.85 mg KOH g-1. The moisture content of 0.733% and elevation of pH to 8.0. The conversion rate of fatty acid biodiesel of residual oil was 79.3 %, lower value of standards norms (ASTM, 2005; EN, 2008; ANP, 2014), showing that the assigned methodology for frying residual oil is inefficient in biodiesel production.

Solar Concentrators

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Bekhruzi Talbi Shokhzoda ◽  
Mikhail Georgievich Tyagunov
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Cell Area ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Solar Concentrators ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost

Looking at the history of solar energy and renewable energy in general, the authorities and scientists have been paying much attention to the recent period, due to the depletion of fossil energy resources and the growing difficulties in solving environmental problems. The development of solar energy has led to the use of solar energy concentrators. Concentrators are used to concentrate sunlight onto PV cells. This allows for a reduction in the cell area required for producing a given amount of power. The goal is to significantly reduce the cost of electricity generated by replacing expensive PV converter area with less expensive optical material. In this chapter, the authors talk about concentrators in solar energy, especially about modules based on holographic films. Holographic solar panels (HSP) in recent decades have appeared in large-scale production and been actively used in solar energy. Evaluations of other types of existing concentrators are presented.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Glycerol Catalytic Valorization: A Review

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1279
Author(s):  
Manuel Checa ◽  
Sergio Nogales-Delgado ◽  
Vicente Montes ◽  
José María Encinar
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Technological Limitations

Once a biorefinery is ready to operate, the main processed materials need to be completely evaluated in terms of many different factors, including disposal regulations, technological limitations of installation, the market, and other societal considerations. In biorefinery, glycerol is the main by-product, representing around 10% of biodiesel production. In the last few decades, the large-scale production of biodiesel and glycerol has promoted research on a wide range of strategies in an attempt to valorize this by-product, with its transformation into added value chemicals being the strategy that exhibits the most promising route. Among them, C3 compounds obtained from routes such as hydrogenation, oxidation, esterification, etc. represent an alternative to petroleum-based routes for chemicals such as acrolein, propanediols, or carboxylic acids of interest for the polymer industry. Another widely studied and developed strategy includes processes such as reforming or pyrolysis for energy, clean fuels, and materials such as activated carbon. This review covers recent advances in catalysts used in the most promising strategies considering both chemicals and energy or fuel obtention. Due to the large variety in biorefinery industries, several potential emergent valorization routes are briefly summarized.

scholarly journals Waste Frying Oil Transesterification Treated by Steam Drag Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (26) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Daniel Sena Marins ◽  
Marcos Vinícius Oliveira Cardoso ◽  
Mara Eliza Santos ◽  
Jeferson Massinhan
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Conversion Rates

Demand for diversified biodiesel feedstocks is high and increasing, but few are viable for large-scale production, and many of those selected compete with other sectors of the chemical industry. To improve energy and environmental sustainability, fatty acids from waste oils that are improperly disposed of and pollute the environment can be used for transesterification reactions. However, they need treatment to achieve high conversion rates. In this context, the aim of this work was to perform and analyze the treatment of residual frying oil with the evaporation and entrainment process, aiming at its use as raw material to obtain biodiesel (methyl esters) by a transesterification reaction. The physicochemical properties of the residual oil after treatment were characterized by moisture content, pH and the acidity, saponification, iodine, and peroxide index. The conversion rate of the residual oil to methyl esters was determined by 1H NMR analysis. After the treatment, the method of analysis of variance showed that the oil obtained a significant reduction of the saponification, iodine, peroxide and acidity indexes, being the acidity reduced from 9.36 to 7.85 mg KOH g-1. The moisture content of 0.733 % and elevation of pH to 8.0. The conversion rate of fatty acid biodiesel of residual oil was 79.3 %, lower value of standards norms (ASTM, 2005; EN, 2008; ANP, 2014), showing that the assigned methodology for frying residual oil is inefficient in biodiesel production

scholarly journals Coconut husk ash as heterogenous catalyst for biodiesel production from cerbera manghas seed oil

2018 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 09008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Husni Husin ◽  
Abubakar Abubakar ◽  
Suci Ramadhani ◽  
Cici Ferawati Br. Sijabat ◽  
Fikri Hasfita
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Potassium Oxide ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Coconut Husk ◽  
Cerbera Manghas

The research on the use of coconut husk as a solid catalyst for transesterification reaction of Cerbera manghas oil into biodiesel has been done. The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of coconut husk ash for biodiesel production from Cerbera manghas seed oil. Coconut husk is prepared by burning in air to obtain potassium oxide as active phase. The coconut husk is analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD spectrum shows that the peak characteristics of potassium oxide can be observed in the diffractogram. The particle size of the catalyst ranging from 1 - 3 μm with pentagonal structure. The coconut husk ash solid catalyst is used in the transesterification reaction of Cerbera manghas oil in a batch reactor. Biodiesel yield of 88.6% can be achieved over coconut husk ash catalyst, using a 10 wt.% of catalyst, reaction temperature at 3 hours, and a methanol-to-oil ratio of 6: 1. This solid catalyst can be separated easily from the reaction system and not soluble in methanol or methyl esters. The coconut husk ash catalyst is high potential to be developed as one of the solid catalysts to convert Cerbera manghas oil to biodiesel.

scholarly journals Small-Scale Biodiesel Production Plants—An Overview

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1901
Author(s):  
Maria Gabriela De Paola ◽  
Ivan Mazza ◽  
Rosy Paletta ◽  
Catia Giovanna Lopresto ◽  
Vincenza Calabrò
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
Renewable Energy Storage

Small-scale plants that produce biodiesel have many social, economic and environmental advantages. Indeed, small plants significantly contribute to renewable energy production and rural development. Communities can use/reuse local raw materials and manage independently processes to obtain biofuels by essential, simple, flexible and cheap tools for self-supply. The review and understanding of recent plants of small biodiesel production is essential to identify limitations and critical units for improvement of the current process. Biodiesel production consists of four main stages, that are pre-treatment of oils, reaction, separation of products and biodiesel purification. Among lots of possibilities, waste cooking oils were chosen as cheap and green sources to produce biodiesel by base-catalyzed transesterification in a batch reactor. In this paper an overview on small-scale production plants is presented with the aim to put in evidence process, materials, control systems, energy consumption and economic parameters useful for the project and design of such scale of plants. Final considerations related to the use of biodiesel such as renewable energy storage (RES) in small communities are discussed too.

scholarly journals Mining of Algal Lipids for the Production of Biofuel Using Oedogonium tyrolicum

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (09) ◽  
pp. 738-753
Author(s):  
KarukuvelRaja R ◽  
◽  
Sanjay Prasad S ◽  
Rekha Shanmugam ◽  
Dr. K. V. Shalini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Uv Spectroscopy ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Alternative Source

Fuel is the most significant need of the modern world but now the availability of fuel source has decreased alarmingly. Therefore, scientists are investigating the other alternative source as substitutes for fuel. Microalgae are considered as one of the best source for the fuel production because they are easily available, cheaper, easy to handle and eco-friendly. In this study, the Oedogonium tyrolicum was isolated from Sulur Lake. The isolated species were identified by morphological examination. It was cultivated for extraction of fatty acids by slight modification on Blight & Dryer method. Fatty acid content from the isoted microalgae was found to be 16%. Trans-esterification was carried out to the extracted fatty acids. Characterization of the biodiesel was done by UV Spectroscopy, FTIR and GCMS. In UV Spectroscopy analysis, the peak was observed at 275nm which refers the presence of FAME in extracted biodiesel. Three functional groups corresponding to Carboxylic acid, Alkane (Methyl group) and Ester are identified using FT-IR analysis and there were 21 type of mono esters present in biodiesel. 69.54% of FAME compounds were identified by GCMS analysis. These results conclude that Oedogonium tyrolicum can serve as a potential source for the biodiesel production. Thus Oedogonium tyrolicum can be used for large scale production of biofuels.

Clean Power from Deserts

Green ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Düren
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Power ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Economic Wealth

AbstractSolar power from deserts can contribute significantly to a future renewable energy system. The technically accessible solar potential in deserts exceeds the global energy demand by a factor of 20. In the DESERTEC concept, a smart super grid based on HVDC technology interconnects wind, solar and other renewable energy sources with distant consumers on a scale of several thousand kilometres. The large grid averages out the natural fluctuations of renewable energy sources to a large extend. Remaining fluctuations have to be compensated by storage systems. Two competing technologies, CSP and PV, are available for large-scale solar power production in desert countries. CSP technology can be combined with thermal energy storage and water desalination. A large-scale production of solar energy in desert countries has important socio-economic implications. The interconnection of continents by large power grids introduces new economical interdependencies, which can help to reduce the North-South gradient of economic wealth.

Production ofBacillus amyloliquefaciensOG and its metabolites in renewable media: valorisation for biodiesel production andp-xylene decontamination

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusto Etchegaray ◽  
François Coutte ◽  
Gabrielle Chataigné ◽  
Max Béchet ◽  
Ramon H.Z. dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Specific Production ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Promote Plant Growth ◽  
Acetoin Production

Biosurfactants are important in many areas; however, costs impede large-scale production. This work aimed to develop a global sustainable strategy for the production of biosurfactants by a novel strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Initially, Bacillus sp. strain 0G was renamed B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum (syn. Bacillus velezensis) after analysis of the gyrA and gyrB DNA sequences. Growth in modified Landy’s medium produced 3 main recoverable metabolites: surfactin, fengycin, and acetoin, which promote plant growth. Cultivation was studied in the presence of renewable carbon (as glycerol) and nitrogen (as arginine) sources. While diverse kinetics of acetoin production were observed in different media, similar yields (6–8 g·L–1) were obtained after 72 h of growth. Glycerol increased surfactin-specific production, while arginine increased the yields of surfactin and fengycin and increased biomass significantly. The specific production of fengycin increased ∼10 times, possibly due to a connecting pathway involving arginine and ornithine. Adding value to crude extracts and biomass, both were shown to be useful, respectively, for the removal of p-xylene from contaminated water and for biodiesel production, yielding ∼70 mg·g–1cells and glycerol, which could be recycled in novel media. This is the first study considering circular bioeconomy to lower the production costs of biosurfactants by valorisation of both microbial cells and their primary and secondary metabolites.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Biodiesel Production from High-Acid-Value Waste Cooking Oil via a Microwave Reactor Using a Homogeneous Alkaline Catalyst

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 437
Author(s):  
Ming-Chien Hsiao ◽  
Peir-Horng Liao ◽  
Nguyen Vu Lan ◽  
Shuhn-Shyurng Hou
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
High Acid

In this study, low quality oils (waste cooking oils) with high acid value (4.81 mg KOH/g) were utilized as the feedstocks for a transesterification reaction enhanced by additional microwave power and the use of an NaOH catalyst. The kinetics of the transesterification reaction under different reaction times and temperatures was studied. It was found that in the microwave-assisted transesterification reaction, the optimum conditions under a microwave power of 600 W were as follows: an NaOH catalyst of 0.8 wt %, a 12:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, a reaction time of 2 min, and a reaction temperature of 65 °C. The conversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel reached 98.2% after this short reaction time. This result conformed to 96.5% of the standard value of Taiwan CNS 15072. In addition, with increases in the reaction temperature from 55 to 65 °C, the reaction rate constant increased from 0.635 to 2.396 min−1, and the activation energy required for the transesterification reaction was 123.14 kJ/mole.

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