scholarly journals Iodine in drinking water in Denmark is bound in humic substances

2002 ◽  
pp. 663-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Andersen ◽  
SB Petersen ◽  
P Laurberg
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Source Rock ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Marine Deposits ◽  
Iodine Excretion

OBJECTIVE: The iodine intake level is important for the occurrence of thyroid disorders in a population. We have previously found that iodine in drinking water is related to iodine excretion but whether iodine is present as iodide or bound in other molecules remains unknown. DESIGN: We measured iodine in drinking water from 22 locations in Denmark. Six locations were selected by iodine content for further tap water analysis (Skagen 140 micro g/l, Samsoe 56 micro g/l, Nykoebing S. 50 micro g/l, Nakskov 40 micro g/l, Ringsted 38 micro g/l, Copenhagen 19 micro g/l). METHODS: HPLC size exclusion before (Skagen) and after (all sites) freeze drying and measurement of absorbance (280 nm) and iodine in fractions, and fluorescence spectroscopy of bulk organic matter in Skagen drinking water. RESULTS: Iodine content was unaltered after 3 Years (P=0.2). All samples contained organic molecules with characteristics similar to humic substances. Most iodine eluted with humic substances (Skagen 99%, Ringsted 98%, Nykoebing S. 90%, Copenhagen 90%, Samsoe 75%, Nakskov 40%). Changing pH and ionic strength and preincubation with iodide indicated that iodine was bound in humic substances. Humic substances may affect thyroid function but differ with geology. Geological and geochemical data agree with tap water humic substances having been released from marine deposits. Iodine is abundant in the marine environment and marine deposits are particularly rich in iodine. Correlation analysis (r=0.85, P=0.03) conform to iodine in drinking water, suggesting marine humic substances at the source rock. CONCLUSION: Iodine in Danish drinking water varied considerably. In drinking water with a high iodine content, the iodine mainly eluted with humic substances derived from marine source rock. We hypothesize that iodine in drinking water in general suggests coexisting humic substances of marine origin.

scholarly journals Naturally occurring iodine in humic substances in drinking water in Denmark is bioavailable and determines population iodine intake

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stig Andersen ◽  
Klaus M. Pedersen ◽  
Finn Iversen ◽  
Steen Terpling ◽  
Peter Gustenhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Iodine intake is important for thyroid function. Iodine content of natural waters is high in some areas and occurs bound in humic substances. Tap water is a major dietary source but bioavailability of organically bound iodine may be impaired. The objective was to assess if naturally occurring iodine bound in humic substances is bioavailable. Tap water was collected at Randers and Skagen waterworks and spot urine samples were collected from 430 long-term Randers and Skagen dwellers, who filled in a questionnaire. Tap water contained 2 μg/l elemental iodine in Randers and 140 μg/l iodine bound in humic substances in Skagen. Median (25; 75 percentile) urinary iodine excretion among Randers and Skagen dwellers not using iodine-containing supplements was 50 (37; 83) μg/24 h and 177 (137; 219) μg/24 h respectively (P < 0·001). The fraction of samples with iodine below 100 μg/24 h was 85·0 % in Randers and 6·5 % in Skagen (P < 0·001). Use of iodine-containing supplements increased urinary iodine by 60 μg/24 h (P < 0·001). This decreased the number of samples with iodine below 100 μg/24 h to 67·3 % and 5·0 % respectively, but increased the number of samples with iodine above 300 μg/24 h to 2·4 % and 16·1 %. Bioavailability of iodine in humic substances in Skagen tap water was about 85 %. Iodine in natural waters may be elemental or found in humic substances. The fraction available suggests an importance of drinking water supply for population iodine intake, although this may not be adequate to estimate population iodine intake.

scholarly journals Iodine in drinking water varies by more than 100-fold in Denmark. Importance for iodine content of infant formulas

1999 ◽  
pp. 400-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
KM Pedersen ◽  
P Laurberg ◽  
S Nohr ◽  
A Jorgensen ◽  
S Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Iodine Excretion

The iodine intake level of the population is of major importance for the occurrence of thyroid disorders in an area. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the importance of drinking water iodine content for the known regional differences in iodine intake in Denmark and for the iodine content of infant formulas. Iodine in tap water obtained from 55 different locations in Denmark varied from <1.0 to 139 microg/l. In general the iodine content was low in Jutland (median 4.1 microg/l) with higher values on Sealand (23 microg/l) and other islands. Preparation of coffee or tea did not reduce the iodine content of tap water with a high initial iodine concentration. A statistically significant correlation was found between tap water iodine content today and the urinary iodine excretion measured in 41 towns in 1967 (r=0.68, P<0.001). The correlation corresponded to a basic urinary iodine excretion in Denmark of 43 microg/24h excluding iodine in water and a daily water intake of 1.7 l. The iodine content of infant formulas prepared by addition of demineralized water varied from 37 to 138 microg/l (median 57 microg/l, n=18). Hence the final iodine content would depend heavily on the source of water used for preparation. We found that iodine in tap water was a major determinant of regional differences in iodine intake in Denmark. Changes in water supply and possibly water purification methods may influence the population iodine intake level and the occurrence of thyroid disorders.

Effect of voluntary intake of iodinated salt on prevalence of goitre in children

1988 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Hintze ◽  
Dieter Emrich ◽  
Klaus Richter ◽  
Hanne Thal ◽  
Horst Thal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Study ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Group A ◽  
Goitre Prevalence

Abstract. The availability of iodinated salt containing 20 mg of iodine as iodate/kg salt consumed on a voluntary basis enabled us to investigate its effect on goitre prevalence and iodine excretion in urine in a longitudinal, prospective, randomized study over 4 years. With this salt, under the assumption of a consumption of 5 g salt per day and person, an additional intake of 100 μg of iodine can be achieved. The study was performed on initially 334 children (168 boys, 166 girls) at the age of 10 years living in an area of iodine deficiency. After 4 years, 286 children still participated in the study. Initially, goitre prevalence as assessed by palpation was found to be 30.5% (37.4% in girls and 23.8% in boys). Neck circumference was found to be significantly higher in children with goitre compared with those without (30.2 ± 1.4 vs 29.4 ± 1.4 cm; P < 0.001). Iodine excretion in the urine was significantly lower in children with goitre compared with those without (40.4 ± 16.7 μg/g creatinine vs 46.1 ± 24.9 μg/g creatinine; x ± sd; P < 0.05). The children were randomly assigned to two different groups: group A (N = 146) was asked to use iodinated salt, group B (N = 188) non-iodinated salt. Over the 4 years, a continuous increase in iodine excretion in urine could be demonstrated in group A. After 1 year, it was significantly higher than in the control group that used non-iodinated salt. After 4 years, the mean iodine excretion in children using iodinated salt was 60.1 ± 24.1 μg/g creatinine in contrast to 45.1 ± 18.6 μg/g in the control group (x ± sd; P< 0.0001). However, no decrease in goitre prevalence could be documented: after 4 years, 23.8% of the children belonging to the group using iodinated salt and 22.5% of those in the group taking non-iodinated salt had a goitre. From these observations we conclude: 1. The voluntary use of a commercially available iodinated salt containing 20 mg iodate/kg leads to a significant increase in iodine intake, measured by urinary iodine excretion. Even after 4 years, the value is far below the daily iodine intake recommended by the WHO. No decrease in goitre frequency could be assessed. 2. An increase in iodine ingestion can be achieved either by increasing the iodine content of the salt or by application of iodine by alternative measures. The safest way would be to use iodinated salt exclusively, i.e. also in the food industry and restaurants. An increase in the iodine content of the salt and its continuous voluntary use would lead to a large variation in iodine intake. A higher risk of adverse reaction, e.g. iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis, cannot be excluded in susceptible persons.

scholarly journals Studies on Endemic and Experimental Goitre

1936 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Hercus ◽  
H. D. Purves
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Potassium Iodide ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Rape Seed ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Iodine Excretion

VI. Summary1. Some improvements in the determination of small quantities of iodine in biological substances are described.2. The thesis that a low iodine intake is prerequisite for goitre production is supported.3. A survey of determinations by various authors of the daily urinary iodine excretion in goitrous and non-goitrous regions leads to the conclusion that the critical level of iodine intake sufficient to suppress goitre is between 120 and 160γ per day.4. Determinations of urinary iodine excretion in New Zealand and in the non-goitrous islands of Samoa are presented which show that in the parts of New Zealand investigated the iodine intake is at a low or goitrous level.5. The result in New Plymouth, Taranaki, shows that a high content of iodine in the soil does not necessarily assure an adequate iodine intake.6. The progress of prophylaxis by iodised salt in New Zealand is reviewed, and from consumption data it is concluded that iodised salt constitutes approximately only 30 per cent, of the domestic salt consumption of New Zealand.7. To ensure a more general use of iodised salt it is recommended that the regulations be amended to provide that:(a) Ordinary domestic salt shall be iodised.(b) Non-iodised salt shall be sold only in packages labelled “Non-iodised” and with the addition “ The use of this salt exposes the user to the risk of developing goitre”.8. The results obtained hitherto with the use of iodised salt are briefly reviewed and attention drawn to some apparent failures even when iodised salt has been used for all domestic purposes. These failures are attributed to the standard for iodised salt being too low.9. It is concluded that for New Zealand a supplementation of at least 100γ per day is necessary to afford complete protection against goitre.10. To provide the necessary amount of supplementation the iodine content of iodised salt in New Zealand requires to be raised. We recommend therefore that either(a) If the domestic salt only is to be iodised the standard be fixed at from 5 to 6 parts of potassium iodide (KI) per 250,000 of salt, or(b) If iodised salt is to be used in the manufacture of bread, butter, bacon and other salted foods, the standard be fixed at from 3 to 4 parts of potassium iodide (KI) per 250,000 of salt.11. In New Zealand cabbage has not shown any marked goitrogenic activity as tested on rabbits.12. Turnip roots showed sporadically a goitrogenic activity comparable with that found for the most active samples of cabbage in other countries.13. In tests of Brassica seeds on rats, goitrogenic activity was found in rape seed, cabbage seed, steamed white mustard seed, and steamed black mustard seed.14. The activity of rape seed was destroyed by steaming.We have pleasure in acknowledging the financial help which we have received from the Sir John Roberts Endowment for Medical Research, from the Sir H. L. Ferguson Fund and from the Honorary Staff of the Dunedin Hospital, and for the co-operation of a large number of our colleagues in New Zealand and Samoa in the collection of specimens.

An urban water cycle perspective of natural organic matter (NOM): NOM in drinking water, wastewater effluent, storm water, and seawater

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Baghoth ◽  
S. K. Maeng ◽  
S. G. Salinas Rodríguez ◽  
M. Ronteltap ◽  
S. Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Wastewater Effluent ◽  
Size Exclusion

Natural organic matter (NOM) occurs throughout the hydrologic cycle, varying in both amount and character. In this paper, a description of NOM in surface and drinking water, in groundwater and in seawater is presented. Water samples representing these environments were collected and characterized using multiple NOM characterization techniques, including fluorescence excitation emission matrices (F-EEM) and size exclusion liquid chromatography with organic carbon detection (LC-OCD). The results show that the raw surface water as well as the treated water comprises mainly (&gt;70%) of humic substances. The biopolymers, which are more readily biodegradable, contribute up to 2% of the NOM in the raw water but this is completely removed after treatment. For sea water samples, humic substances represent about 50% of the dissolved organic carbon concentration (DOC), while the fraction with size bigger than 20 kDa (biopolymers) represents about 7%. During soil passage, there was preferential removal of non-humic substances (i.e., biopolymers) from wastewater effluent-impacted surface water while the specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA), which reflects the aromatic characteristics of organics in a sample, showed an increasing trend along the depth of the soil column. This is a consequence of the removal of non-humic substances (biopolymers) which results in an increase in aromaticity.

scholarly journals Assessment of Iodine Deficiency among School-Going Children of Age Group 6 to 12 Years in Kachchh District, Gujarat State: Cross-Sectional Hospital-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh P. Sharma ◽  
Amitkumar Maheshwari ◽  
Chandan Chakrabarti ◽  
Darshan J. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Level ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Abstract Aim Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is the cause of preventable brain damage, mental retardation, and stunted growth and development in children. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of IDD in Kachchh district, Gujarat, by testing urinary iodine excretion levels and iodine intake of salts in school-going children. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted and the level of iodine deficiency was assessed in 223 school children of both sexes, aged 6 to 12 years from four talukas, that is, subdivisions, of the Kachchh district by estimating urinary iodine using Sandell–Kolthoff reaction along with iodine content in edible salt samples by MBI kit (STK-Spot testing kit, MBI Kits International, Chennai, TN, India). Results The median urinary iodine level was found to be 194 μg/L, indicating no biochemical iodine deficiency in the region. In the study areas, 1% of the population showed a level of urinary iodine excretion < 50 μg/L. About 83% salt samples had iodine level more than 15 ppm and the iodine content in salt samples less than 15 ppm was only about 17%, indicating the salt samples at households contain iodine in adequate level. Conclusion There is a need of periodic surveys to assess the change in magnitude of IDD with respect to impact of iodized salt intervention.Furthermore, to strengthen National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program, factors should be identified. There is also a need to prevent and reimpose the ban on the sale of noniodized salts in Gujarat.

Concept and validation of a simple model of the intrathyroidal iodine kinetics

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (01) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.-J. Bormuth ◽  
S. Braun ◽  
M. Zimny ◽  
H.-J. Schroth ◽  
Th. Rink
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Radioiodine Therapy ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodine Uptake ◽  
Average Deviation ◽  
Regression Curves ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Individual

Summary Aim of this study is the introduction and validation of a simple model of the intrathyroidal iodine kinetics, designed for optimizing radioiodine therapy planning and dose measurement in a routine clinical setting. Methods: The new model defines the intrathyroidal iodine kinetics as balance of the thyroidal iodine intake and -excretion, characterized by the two exponential equations At = A0 * (1-exp(-λ1t)) and At = A0 * (exp(-λ2t) -1), respectively. A0 describes the theoretically maximum iodine uptake when the thyroidal iodine excretion is ignored, λ1 and λ2 represent the constants characterizing the iodine intake and excretion, respectively. The thyroidal iodine content at the time t equals the sum of both functions, which is At = A0 * (exp(-λ2t)-exp(-λ1t)). In 25 patients with autonomous goiter / nodules (n = 18), Graves’ disease (n = 5), or endemic euthyroid goiter (n = 2), the iodine uptake in the thyroid during the radioiodine therapy as fraction of the applied activity was determined daily, with the remaining body covered by a lead shield. On average, 7.2 measurements were performed per patient (minimum 4, maximum 13). With these uptake values, individual regression curves were fitted using the above equation, and the difference between the actual measurements and the corresponding values of the regression curves was determined. Results: The average deviation of the 179 uptake values from the calculated points of the respective regression curves was only 1.4%. There was no significant difference between the three disease groups. The distribution of the relative deviations during the individual courses was constant, systematic errors were not detected. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the intrathyroidal iodine kinetics can be precisely described with the model At = A0 * (exp(-λ2t)-exp(-λ1t)). With only three measurements, the trend of the curve can be calculated, which allows to determine the total radioiodine storage in the thyroid.

scholarly journals DETERMINAN EKSES IODIUM PADA ANAK SEKOLAH DI WILAYAH DENGAN RIWAYAT EKSES IODIUM DI INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Kusrini ◽  
Muhamad Samsudin ◽  
Muhamad Arif Musoddaq ◽  
Sidiq Purwoko ◽  
Basuki Budiman
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
School Age ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Excess Iodine ◽  
The Status

ABSTRACT Iodine is the micronutrient needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones. Excess or lack of iodine will cause disruption of thyroid function. The results of previous studies indicate that there is an increased prevalence of excess iodine in school-age children. The purpose of this study was to determine the determinants of excess iodine in school-age children aged 6 to 12 years in Demak, Grobogan, and Dharmasraya Regencies. The number of sample of school-age children was 750 in three district, with the inclusion criteria for length of stay in the study area was >6 months, and the exclusion criteria was they did not have severe illness. The status of iodine was measured through iodine content in urine using spectrophotometric methods. To determine iodine intake, iodine levels were measured in salt and in water, and the interview used food frequency questionaire (FFQ). The results showed that the iodine status of respondents in Dharmasraya Regency was at the optimal category (EIU: 225 µg / l, whereas in Demak and Grobogan districts the iodine were at excess category (EIU: 446  /l and 453µg / l) with the intake source came from drinking water and noodles (more than 10 ppb). It can be concluded that the determinants of excess iodine in three locations were iodine levels in drinking water, and noodles with consumption >3 times per week. It is recommended that the iodized salt program in the three research locations needs to be reconsidered. Keywords: Determinant, iodine, excess   ABSTRAK Iodium adalah mikronutrien  yang diperlukan untuk sintesa hormon tiroid. Kelebihan maupun kekurangan  iodium akan menyebabkan gangguan fungsi tiroid. Hasil penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan prevalensi ekses iodium pada anak sekolah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui determinan ekses iodium pada anak usia sekolah 6 sampai dengan 12 tahun di Kabupaten Demak, Grobogan dan Dharmasraya. Jumlah sampel anak sekolah sebanyak 750 anak usia sekolah di tiga kabupaten tersebut, dengan kriteria inklusi lama tinggal  di wilayah penelitian lebih atau sama dengan  6 bulan, dan kriteria ekslusi tidak memiliki sakit berat. Status iodium diukur melalui kadar iodium dalam urin  menggunakan metode spektrofotometri. Untuk mengetahui intake iodium, dilakukan pengukuran kadar iodium dalam garam dan dalam air dan wawancara menggunakann food frequency questionaire (FFQ). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa status iodium responden di Kabupaten Dharmasraya dalam kategori optimal (EIU: 225 µg/l, sedangkan di Kabupaten Demak  dan Grobogan dalam kategori ekses iodium (EIU: 446 µg/l dan 453 µg/l) dengan sumber intake berasal dari air minum dan mie (lebih dari 10 ppb). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa determinan ekses iodium di tiga lokasi  adalah kadar iodium dalam air minum dan mie dengan konsumsi lebih dari 3 kali per minggu. Disarankan pemberian garam beriodium di keitga lokasi penelitian perlu dipertimbangkan kembali. Kata kunci: Determinan, ekses, iodium

scholarly journals Further Observations on the Occurrence of Iodine in Relation to Endemic Goitre in New Zealand and on Iodine Metabolism

1931 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Hercus ◽  
H. A. A. Aitken ◽  
H. M. S. Thomson ◽  
G. H. Cox
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Nodular Goitre ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Iodine Metabolism ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Residential Institutions

1. Most artificial manures are found to have some effect in increasing the iodine content of crops, particularly superphosphate.2. Marked differences are found between the iodine contents of Samoan and New Zealand foodstuffs corresponding to the non-goitrous condition of Samoa and the partial endemicity of New Zealand.3. Investigation of the dietaries of fifteen residential institutions showed that improvement in provision of iodine was necessary in many cases by using fish at least twice a week, raising the daily ration of milk to 1 pint per head, and employing iodised salt for table and culinary purposes.4. Dietetic experiments indicate (i) that on a change of diet adjustment of iodine metabolism may take a considerable time, (ii) that iodised salt is most effective in promoting storage of iodine when associated with a meat diet.5. Iodine excretion is found to decrease much more rapidly under fasting than on a diet very low in iodine.6. Iodised salt has the effect of adjusting the excretion of goitrous adults to the normal non-goitrous value.7. The iodine content of the blood is found to be lower than normal in cases of simple colloid and simple nodular goitre, though it may range from low to abnormally high in cases of Graves' disease. In all types of goitre the thyroid gland is low in iodine.8. The ratio of thyroid iodine to total bodily iodine is about 12 per cent. in the case of the white rat under ordinary conditions, but the ratio is found to vary considerably with the iodine intake.9. Great differences in the ratio of the weight of the thyroid gland to that of the whole body are found among different species of animals, the ratio being higher for the dog than for the monkey.10. Variations in commercial samples of iodised salts are recorded and discussed.11. Data are given in regard to the iodine and chlorine content of rainwater in different localities.

scholarly journals More than two-thirds of dietary iodine in children in northern Ghana is obtained from bouillon cubes containing iodized salt

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1107-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Razak Abizari ◽  
Susanne Dold ◽  
Roland Kupka ◽  
Michael B Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Salt Iodine

AbstractObjectiveBouillon cubes are widely consumed by poor households in sub-Saharan Africa. Because their main ingredient is salt, bouillon cubes could be a good source of iodine if iodized salt is used in their production and if their consumption by target groups is high. Our objective was to measure the iodine content of bouillon cubes, estimate their daily intake in school-aged children and evaluate their potential contribution to iodine intakes.DesignIn a cross-sectional study, we measured urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) and estimated total daily iodine intakes. We administered a questionnaire on usage of bouillon cubes. We measured the iodine content of bouillon cubes, household salt, drinking-water and milk products.SettingPrimary schools in northern Ghana.SubjectsSchoolchildren aged 6–13 years.ResultsAmong school-aged children (n250), median (interquartile range) UIC and estimated iodine intake were 242 (163–365) µg/l and 129 (85–221) µg/d, indicating adequate iodine status. Median household salt iodine concentration (n100) was only 2·0 (0·83–7·4) µg/g; 72 % of samples contained <5 µg iodine/g. Iodine concentrations in drinking-water and milk-based drinks were negligible. Median iodine content of bouillon cubes was 31·8 (26·8–43·7) µg/g, with large differences between brands. Estimated median per capita consumption of bouillon cubes was 2·4 (1·5–3·3) g/d and median iodine intake from bouillon cubes was 88 (51–110) µg/d.ConclusionsDespite low household coverage with iodized salt, iodine nutrition in school-aged children is adequate and an estimated two-thirds of their dietary iodine is obtained from bouillon cubes.

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