scholarly journals Placental adaptation to maternal malnutrition

Reproduction ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Carey Satterfield ◽  
Ashley K. Edwards ◽  
Fuller W. Bazer ◽  
Kathrin A. Dunlap ◽  
Chelsie B. Steinhauser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Maternal Malnutrition ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
And Function

Maternal malnutrition gives rise to both short- and long-term consequences for the survival and health of the offspring. As the intermediary between mother and fetus, the placenta has the potential to interpret environmental signals, such as nutrient availability, and adapt to support fetal growth and development. While this potential is present, it is clear that at times, placental adaptation fails to occur resulting in poor pregnancy outcomes. This review will focus on placental responses to maternal undernutrition related to changes in placental vascularization and hemodynamics and placental nutrient transport systems across species. While much of the available literature describes placental responses that result in poor fetal outcomes, novel models have been developed to utilize the inherent variation in fetal weight when dams are nutrient restricted to identify placental adaptations that result in normal weight offspring. Detailed analyses of the spectrum of placental responses to maternal malnutrition point to alternations in placental histoarchitectural and vascular development, amino acid and lipid transport mechanisms, and modulation of immune related factors. Dietary supplementation with select nutrients, such as arginine, have the potential to improve placental growth and function through a variety of mechanisms including stimulating cell proliferation, protein synthesis, angiogenesis, vasodilation, and gene regulation. Improved understanding of placental responses to environmental cues is necessary to develop diagnostic and intervention strategies to improve pregnancy outcomes.

Acute Kidney Injury following Cardiac Surgery

2015 ◽  
pp. 451-480
Author(s):  
Bryan Romito ◽  
Joseph Meltzer
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
General Management ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
And Function

The primary goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with an overview of basic renal physiology and function and to review the identification, pathogenesis, and treatment of acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery. Particular focus will be directed toward the diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injury, short- and long-term impacts on patient outcomes, role of novel biomarkers, mechanisms of acute renal injury, general management principles, preventative strategies, and the influence of anesthetic and surgical techniques on its development. The content of this chapter will serve to underscore a particularly harmful but likely underappreciated problem affecting patients in the cardiothoracic critical care setting.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Cancer Vaccination with Ex Vivo RNA-Transfected Dendritic Cells—An Update

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Dörrie ◽  
Niels Schaft ◽  
Gerold Schuler ◽  
Beatrice Schuler-Thurner
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Active Immunotherapy ◽  
Pancreatic Cancers ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Melanoma Patients ◽  
And Function ◽  
Tumor Mrna

Over the last two decades, dendritic cell (DC) vaccination has been studied extensively as active immunotherapy in cancer treatment and has been proven safe in all clinical trials both with respect to short and long-term side effects. For antigen-loading of dendritic cells (DCs) one method is to introduce mRNA coding for the desired antigens. To target the whole antigenic repertoire of a tumor, even the total tumor mRNA of a macrodissected biopsy sample can be used. To date, reports have been published on a total of 781 patients suffering from different tumor entities and HIV-infection, who have been treated with DCs loaded with mRNA. The majority of those were melanoma patients, followed by HIV-infected patients, but leukemias, brain tumors, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinomas, pancreatic cancers and several others have also been treated. Next to antigen-loading, mRNA-electroporation allows a purposeful manipulation of the DCs’ phenotype and function to enhance their immunogenicity. In this review, we intend to give a comprehensive summary of what has been published regarding clinical testing of ex vivo generated mRNA-transfected DCs, with respect to safety and risk/benefit evaluations, choice of tumor antigens and RNA-source, and the design of better DCs for vaccination by transfection of mRNA-encoded functional proteins.

scholarly journals Clinical impact of sarcopenia assessment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing treatments

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 927-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Marasco ◽  
Matteo Serenari ◽  
Matteo Renzulli ◽  
Luigina Vanessa Alemanni ◽  
Benedetta Rossini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
And Function

Abstract Changes in body composition are associated with poor outcomes in cancer patients including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sarcopenia, defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality and function, has been associated with a higher rate of complications and recurrences in patients with cirrhosis and HCC. The assessment of patient general status before HCC treatment, including the presence of sarcopenia, is a key-point for achieving therapy tolerability and to avoid short- and long-term complications leading to poor patients’ survival. Thus, we aimed to review the current literature evaluating the role of sarcopenia assessment related to HCC treatments and to critically provide the clinicians with the most recent and valuable evidence. As a result, sarcopenia can be predictive of poor outcomes in patients undergoing liver resection, transplantation and systemic therapies, offering the chance to clinicians to improve the muscular status of these patients, especially those with high-grade sarcopenia at high risk of mortality. Further studies are needed to clarify the predictive value of sarcopenia in other HCC treatment settings and to evaluate its role as an additional staging tool for identifying the most appropriate treatment. Besides, interventional studies aiming at increasing the skeletal muscle mass for reducing complications and increasing the survival in patients with HCC are needed.

scholarly journals Nutrient–nutrient interactions: competition, bioavailability, mechanism and function in health and diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Combet ◽  
Stuart R. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Food Processing ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Round Table ◽  
Nutrient Interactions ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

The Nutrition Society Spring Conference 2018, held in Glasgow, brought together experts focusing on the interaction between different nutrients and how this impacts absorption, metabolism and health from biochemical and physiological perspectives. This cross-cutting theme was examined from a range of perspectives, bringing together experts on topics ranging from food processing to the impact of inflammation on nutrient status. Two plenary lectures provided a food landscape and lifecourse background to the proceedings, with on the first day a focus on processed/ultra-processed foods and their nutrient composition and, on the second day, a plenary lecture exploring the role that nutrient–nutrient interactions within the maternal diet have for the lifelong health of the offspring. The meeting was framed around three symposia, examining the competition and bioavailability of dietary components, nutrient–nutrient interactions and their role in protection from chronic diseases and the mechanisms of nutrient–nutrient interactions. The meeting ended with a round table, and an overall conclusion highlighting the opportunities to derive further understanding of the short- and long-term implications of diets through the study of nutrient–nutrient interactions.

Endurance in extreme work environments

2021 ◽  
pp. 204138662110064
Author(s):  
Belinda S. Cham ◽  
Alexandra A. Boeing ◽  
Michael David Wilson ◽  
Mark A. Griffin ◽  
Karina Jorritsma
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Response ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Sleep Environment ◽  
And Function ◽  
Working And Living Conditions

Extreme work environments are inherently stressful and involve challenging working and living conditions. In contexts ranging from space exploration to disaster response, people must sustain performance under pressure, and function with limited resources. In this paper we develop the concept of endurance for extreme work environments, which we define as the capacity to sustain performance at high levels for safe and effective operations over extended durations (e.g., a mission, operation, deployment, or expedition). We integrate diverse streams of literature (e.g., work stress, recovery, and sleep) to describe endurance in terms of short- and long-term energy management processes as individuals interact with their work-life system (i.e. work, non-work, and sleep environment). We conclude with theoretical and practical implications for a better understanding of endurance, such as considering multiple time perspectives, and the role that researchers, practitioners, and organizations can play in optimizing endurance in the field.

scholarly journals Intestinal microbiota during early life – impact on health and disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotta Nylund ◽  
Reetta Satokari ◽  
Seppo Salminen ◽  
Willem M. de Vos
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Life Impact ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

In the first years after birth, the intestinal microbiota develops rapidly both in diversity and complexity while being relatively stable in healthy adults. Different life-style-related factors as well as medical practices have an influence on the early-life intestinal colonisation. We address the impact of some of these factors on the consecutive microbiota development and later health. An overview is presented of the microbial colonisation steps and the role of the host in that process. Moreover, new early biomarkers are discussed with examples that include the association of microbiota and atopic diseases, the correlation of colic and early development and the impact of the use of antibiotics in early life. Our understanding of the development and function of the intestinal microbiota is constantly improving but the long-term influence of early-life microbiota on later life health deserves careful clinical studies.

Justice Matters: Peace Negotiations, Stable Agreements, and Durable Peace

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Druckman ◽  
Lynn Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Negotiated Agreements ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
Peace Agreements ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The One ◽  
Durable Peace

Attaining durable peace (DP) after a civil war has proven to be a major challenge, as many negotiated agreements lapse into violence. How can negotiations to terminate civil wars be conducted and peace agreements formulated to contribute to lasting peace? This question is addressed in this study with a novel data set. Focusing on justice, we assess relationships between process (procedural justice [PJ]) and outcome (distributive justice [DJ]) justice on the one hand and stable agreements (SA) and DP on the other. Analyses of fifty peace agreements, which were reached from 1957 to 2008, showed a path from PJ to DJ to SA to DP: The justice variables were instrumental in enhancing both short- and long-term peace. These variables had a stronger impact on DP than a variety of contextual- and case-related factors. The empirical link between justice and peace has implications for the way that peace negotiations are structured.

Short- and long-term survival and function of unilateral intrastriatal dopaminergic grafts in Parkinson's disease

1997 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor K. Wenning ◽  
Per Odin ◽  
Paul Morrish ◽  
Stig Rehncrona ◽  
Håkan Widner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Dopaminergic Grafts ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Effects of a Scapular-Focused Exercise Protocol for Patients with Shoulder Dysfunctions—A Prospective Cohort

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2888
Author(s):  
Cristina dos Santos ◽  
Mark A. Jones ◽  
Ricardo Matias
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Anterior Shoulder Instability ◽  
Scapular Dyskinesis ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
And Function

Current clinical practice lacks consistent evidence in the management of scapular dyskinesis. This study aims to determine the short- and long-term effects of a scapular-focused exercise protocol facilitated by real-time electromyographic biofeedback (EMGBF) on pain and function, in individuals with rotator cuff related pain syndrome (RCS) and anterior shoulder instability (ASI). One-hundred and eighty-three patients were divided into two groups (n = 117 RCS and n = 66 ASI) and guided through a structured exercise protocol, focusing on scapular dynamic control. Values of pain and function (shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) questionnaire, complemented by the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) questionnaire) were assessed at the initial, 4-week, and 2-year follow-up and compared within and between. There were significant differences in pain and function improvement between the initial and 4-week assessments. There were no differences in the values of DASH 1st part and SPADI between the 4-week and 2-year follow-up. There were no differences between groups at the baseline and long-term, except for DASH 1st part and SPADI (p < 0.05). Only 29 patients (15.8%) had a recurrence episode at follow-up. These results provide valuable information on the positive results of the protocol in the short- and long-term.

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