scholarly journals Cardiac Manifestations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients: An Electro- and Echocardiographic Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakash Babaliche ◽  
Ankita Menon
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cardiac Manifestations

Background : Advanced novel therapies and antiretroviral medications for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have led to the improved management and survival of the infected patients. However, I [i]t manifestations in late-stage diseases such as cardiac deformities, which are the major cause of fatality in HIV-infected patients. Hence the current study was undertaken to derive the association of cardiac dysfunctions in HIV-infected patients using electrocardiograph (ECG)and echocardiography (ECHO).Methodology : The study included a total of 100 consecutive patients with HIV infection and was performed during January–December 2016 in the Department of General Medicine. Prior to the commencement of the study, ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee. Patients underwent complete blood count, ECG, and ECHO. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and R-3.4.1 software.Results : Majority of the patients were males (79) and 40–49 years was the most common age group. The duration of HIV infection in most of the patients (73) was 1–10 years. Among the study population, 79 patients received antiretroviral drugs. Chi-square test was used to find the association of clinical symptoms and cardiac abnormalities with CD4 count. Cardiac manifestations were observed in 62% patients; sinus tachycardia (29%) was found to be the most common cardiac manifestation on ECG. Diastolic and systolic dysfunctions were observed in 35 patients and 49 patients, respectively.Conclusion : Patients with HIV infection are at a higher risk of developing cardiac dysfunctions. Early identification through ECG and ECHO-revealed abnormalities might assist in cardiac-targeted interventions, which can significantly reduce the fatal outcomes in HIV-infected patients.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among tuberculosis patients at tertiary care combined hospital

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-135
Author(s):  
Rakesh Basavareddy ◽  
Asha Basavareddy ◽  
Shimoga Laxman Ravi ◽  
Bilagumba Ramu Kiran ◽  
Gadwalkar R. Srikant
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hiv Seroprevalence ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Background and Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have reached epidemic proportions in our country. This study was undertaken to know the seroprevalence of HIV infection among TB patients and to evaluate the various clinical features of TB in seropositive and seronegative patients. This study was undertaken in Vijayanagara Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellary. It was cross-sectional comparative observational study conducted from December 2010 to May 2012. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 consecutive patients diagnosed with TB satisfying inclusion criteria were selected for the study. All patients went through a detailed evaluation along with testing for HIV seroprevalence. Chi-square and Student’s t-tests used to find the significance between two groups. Results: The overall HIV seroprevalence among TB patients was 8%. Seroprevalence was highest in the age group between 31 and 40 years at 29.41% (odds ratio [OR] = 11.11, P = 0.003). It was found that seropositive TB patients were more likely to present with significant weight loss (OR = 19.25, P= 0.000), and have lymphadenopathy OR = 13.24, P = 0.002) and oral candidiasis (OR = 49.44, P = 0.000) on examination. Bilateral chest radiographic involvement (OR = 57.40, P = 0.000) and the disseminated variety of the disease (OR = 29.67, P = 0.001) are also more probable. Conclusions: Human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence is quite high among TB patients in Bellary. During the evaluation of TB patients, the possibility of HIV co-infection should be kept in mind, and thus adequate knowledge of the likely clinical features is absolutely necessary.

scholarly journals Reduced Susceptibility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) from Patients with Primary HIV Infection to Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Is Associated with Variation at Novel Amino Acid Sites

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (22) ◽  
pp. 10269-10273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Leigh Brown ◽  
Heather M. Precious ◽  
Jeannette M. Whitcomb ◽  
Joseph K. Wong ◽  
Marlynne Quigg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
In Vitro Mutagenesis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Recently, significant numbers of individuals with primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been found to harbor viral strains with reduced susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs. In one study, HIV from 16% of such antiretroviral-naive individuals was shown to have a susceptibility to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTIs) between 2.5- and 10-fold lower than that of a wild-type control. Mutations in the RT domain that had previously been associated with antiretroviral resistance were not shared by these strains. We have analyzed by logistic regression 46 variable amino acid sites in RT for their effect on susceptibility and have identified two novel sites influencing susceptibility to NNRTIs: amino acids 135 and 283 in RT. Eight different combinations of amino acids at these sites were observed among these patients. These combinations showed a 14-fold range in mean susceptibility to both nevirapine and delavirdine. In vitro mutagenesis of the control strain combined with a phenotypic assay confirmed the significance of amino acid variation at these sites for susceptibility to NNRTIs.

scholarly journals Complementary Antiviral Efficacy of Hydroxyurea and Protease Inhibitors in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Dendritic Cells and Lymphocytes

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 2274-2278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giampiero Piccinini ◽  
Andrea Foli ◽  
Giuditta Comolli ◽  
Julianna Lisziewicz ◽  
Franco Lori
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Virus Production ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Activated Lymphocytes ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Dendritic cells are susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and may transmit the virus to T cells in vivo. Scarce information is available about drug efficacy in dendritic cells because preclinical testing of antiretroviral drugs has been limited predominantly to T cells and macrophages. We compared the antiviral activities of hydroxyurea and two protease inhibitors (indinavir and ritonavir) in monocyte-derived dendritic cells and in lymphocytes. At therapeutic concentrations (50 to 100 μM), hydroxyurea inhibited supernatant virus production from monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro but the drug was ineffective in activated lymphocytes. Concentrations of hydroxyurea insufficient to be effective in activated lymphocytes cultured alone strongly inhibited supernatant virus production from cocultures of uninfected, activated lymphocytes with previously infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro. In contrast, protease inhibitors were up to 30-fold less efficient in dendritic cells than in activated lymphocytes. Our data support the rationale for testing of the combination of hydroxyurea and protease inhibitors, since these drugs may have complementary antiviral efficacies in different cell compartments. A new criterion for combining drugs for the treatment of HIV infection could be to include at least one drug that selectively targets HIV in viral reservoirs.

scholarly journals Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Tuberculosis Patients in Mumbai

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
pp. 012-014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandhya S Sawant ◽  
Sachee R Agrawal ◽  
Jayanthi S Shastri ◽  
Medha Pawaskar ◽  
Pradeep Kadam
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Chi Square Test

ABSTRACT Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the most powerful risk factor for the progression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection to Tuberculosis (TB) disease. TB accelerates the progression of HIV infection to AIDS and shortens the survival of such patients. Aim: To determine the seroprevalence of HIV infection among TB confirmed patients in a tertiary care center in Mumbai in view of the significance of HIV in TB. Its association with gender and age was also determined. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected by venipuncture from 432 TB patients and their HIV status was determined. HIV antibody detection was carried out as per Strategy III, National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) guidelines. Statistical analysis was carried out by applying the Chi-square test. Results and Conclusion: Of the 432 patients screened, 9% (39) were HIV positive. The prevalence of co-infection was higher among females (9.4%) than the male (8.7%) patients and highest amongst those aged 21to40 years (13.7%). Co-infection was found to be statistically highly associated with age (p < 0.05). This high prevalence calls for routine screening of TB patients for HIV infection.

Clinical observation of a prurigo nodularis in a HIV-positive patient

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.Н. Ефанова ◽  
Ю.Э. Русак ◽  
Е.А. Васильева
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Positive Patient ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Prurigo Nodularis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Mucous Membranes

Вирус иммунодефицита человека (ВИЧ) имеет глобальные масштабы распространения и представляет собой одну из самых серьезных социальных и медицинских проблем. Эпидемическая ситуация с ВИЧ-инфекцией в мире и Российской Федерации остается напряженной. У ВИЧ-положительных больных нередко отмечаются особенности поражения кожных покровов и слизистых оболочек. Кожные процессы у ВИЧ-позитивных пациентов протекают, как правило, атипично, имеют торпидное течение, могут возникать в несвойственных для них возрастных группах и нередко резистентны к стандартному лечению. Поражения кожных покровов и слизистых оболочек у ВИЧ-инфицированных можно условно разделить на несколько групп: аллергические реакции, инфекционные, паранеопластические процессы и дерматозы с неизвестным патогенезом. В современной литературе недостаточно освещен вопрос о группе «дерматозов с неясным патогенезом» на фоне ВИЧ-инфекции, в частности о пруриго. В описанном клиническом случае представлена ВИЧ-позитивная пациентка с редким проявлением узловатого пруриго. Освещены история вопроса, этиология, клинические проявления, методы лечения. Представленный случай иллюстрирует манифестацию пруриго на фоне системных причин (ВИЧ-инфекции) и начала высокоактивной антиретровирусной терапии без предшествующего атопического анамнеза. Вразрез с данными литературы, количество CD4+ у пациентки с почесухой составляло более 200 клеток/мкл, хотя, как известно, почесуха относится к дерматозам с низким числом клеток CD4+. Остается неясной роль иммунодефицитного состояния в патогенезе пруриго. Возможно, в данном случае развитие дерматоза спровоцировано прямым вирусным эффектом или токсическим влиянием антиретровирусных препаратов. Интересным является факт быстрого положительного ответа кожного процесса на традиционную терапию. Ключевые слова: узловатая почесуха, пруриго, ВИЧ-инфекция, иммунодефицит, клиническая картина, особенности течения, клиническое наблюдение. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a globally spreading virus that represents one of the most serious social and health problems. The epidemic situation of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection in the world and, in particular, in the Russian Federation remains tense. In HIV-positive patients, specific lesions of the skin and mucous membranes are often noted. Skin processes in HIV-positive patients are usually atypical, have a torpid course, may occur in unusual age groups and are extremely difficult to respond to standard treatment. Lesions of the skin and mucous membranes in HIV-infected can be divided into several groups: allergic reactions, infectious, paraneoplastic processes and dermatoses with unknown pathogenesis. In the modern literature, the issue of the group of «dermatoses with an unclear pathogenesis» against the background of HIV infection, in particular about prurigo, is insufficiently illuminated. In the described clinical case, an HIV-positive patient with a rare manifestation of nodular prurigo is presented. The history of the issue, etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment methods are covered. The presented case illustrates the manifestation of prurigo against the background of systemic causes (HIV infection) and initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy without a previous atopic history. Contrary to the literature data, the CD4+ count in a patient with prurigo was more than 200 cells/μL, although pruritus is known to be a dermatoses with a low CD4+ cell count. The role of the immunodeficiency state in the pathogenesis of prurigo remains unclear. Perhaps, in this case, the development of dermatosis is provoked by a direct viral effect or the toxic effect of antiretroviral drugs. An interesting fact is the rapid positive response of the skin process to traditional therapy.

Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Infants and Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Robert N. Husson ◽  
Anne M. Comeau ◽  
Rodney Hoff
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Since its initial description at the beginning of this decade,1-3 the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become one of the major medical, public health, and social issues of our times. Since the isolation of the retrovirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex,4,5 major advances have been made in understanding the biology of the virus and the disease it causes. Diagnosis of HIV infection in adults and older children, and screening of blood products, have become routine and reliable with the use of licensed tests that detect HIV-specific antibody.6 Antiretroviral drugs, as well as new agents active against AIDS-associated opportunistic infections, have been developed and the first steps in the treatment of HIV infection and its associated illnesses have been taken. Whereas most HIV infection has occurred in adults, it has become an increasing problem among children, particularly in certain geographic areas and populations, reflecting the changing nature of the epidemiology of the disease in the United States. In contrast with the early predominance among homosexual males,7 at present the most significant increases in both HIV infection and AIDS are occurring in users of illicit intravenous drugs, in heterosexual contacts of infected individuals, and in infants born to HIV-infected mothers.8 Nationwide the prevalence of HIV infection in childbearing women remains low; however, rates as high as 1% to greater than 4% have been reported from some urban areas.9,10 Although widely disparate rates of vertical transmission have been reported,11 ongoing prospective studies indicate that the rate of transmission from HIV-infected mother to infant appears to be in the range of 24% to 35%.12-14

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Children

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverly Ryan ◽  
Edward Connor ◽  
Anthony Minnefor ◽  
Frank Desposito ◽  
James Oleske
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Low Free Testosterone Levels in Japanese Men with Well-controlled Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 381-386
Author(s):  
Yusuke Yoshino ◽  
Ichiro Koga ◽  
Yoshitaka Wakabayashi ◽  
Takatoshi Kitazawa ◽  
Yasuo Ota
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Background: The change in the prevalence of hypogonadism with age in men with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is subject to debate. Objective: To address this issue, we diagnosed hypogonadism based on serum levels of free testosterone (fTST) rather than total testosterone which is thought to be an inaccurate indicator. We also determined the relationship between age and fTST levels and identified risk factors for hypogonadism in men with HIV infection. Method: We retrospectively reviewed fTST levels and associated clinical factors in 71 wellcontrolled HIV-infected men who were treated at Teikyo University Hospital between April 2015 and March 2016 and who had data available on serum fTST levels, measured >6 months after starting antiretroviral therapy. fTST was measured using radioimmunoassay on blood samples collected in the morning. Risk factors for hypogonadism were identified using Welch’s t-test and multiple regression analysis. Results: The men had a mean (± standard deviation) age of 47.4 ± 13.6 years, and mean (± standard deviation) serum fTST level of 13.0 ± 6.1 pg/mL. Fifteen (21.1%) men had hypogonadism based on a fTST <8.5 pg/mL. Serum fTST levels significantly decreased with age (−0.216 pg/mL/year). Older age and low hemoglobin levels were identified as risk factors for hypogonadism. Conclusion: The men in the study experienced a more rapid decline in fTST levels with age than men in the general population (−0.161 pg/mL/year). Serum fTST levels in men with HIV infection should be monitored, especially in older men and those with low hemoglobin levels.

scholarly journals Primary Care Guidelines for the Management of Persons Infected With HIV: 2013 Update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. e1-e34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Aberg ◽  
Joel E. Gallant ◽  
Khalil G. Ghanem ◽  
Patricia Emmanuel ◽  
Barry S. Zingman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
New Information ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Care Guidelines ◽  
Evidence Based Guidelines ◽  
Specific Health

Abstract Evidence-based guidelines for the management of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were prepared by an expert panel of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. These updated guidelines replace those published in 2009. The guidelines are intended for use by healthcare providers who care for HIV-infected patients. Since 2009, new antiretroviral drugs and classes have become available, and the prognosis of persons with HIV infection continues to improve. However, with fewer complications and increased survival, HIV-infected persons are increasingly developing common health problems that also affect the general population. Some of these conditions may be related to HIV infection itself or its treatment. HIV-infected persons should be managed and monitored for all relevant age- and sex-specific health problems. New information based on publications from the period 2009–2013 has been incorporated into this document.

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