Mechanical and physical properties of boards made from recycled paper

Due to the increasing accumulation of wastes around the world, the demand for sustainable products is increasing. Paper is a commonly disposed of material that can pose problems even when it is recycled. The concept of using cardboard (CB) as a material for furniture production has been around for many years, but CB furniture does not last long. This study examined the feasibility of using post-consumer recycled paper to produce paper-based boards for furniture design. Cardboard (CB) and office paper (OP) were the main post-consumer materials that were used. The CB and OP were mixed with polylactic acid (PLA) and limestone. The boards were made at a temperature of 200 °C and pressed at a pressure of 3.5 N/mm2 using a single opening hydraulic press. The physical and mechanical properties were tested according to the European standards for wood-based panels. Tests that are critical for furniture parts, such as the modulus of rupture (MOR), the modulus of elasticity (MOE), the internal bond, the screw withdrawal resistance, the thickness swelling, and the water absorption were examined. The paperboard samples exceeded some of the requirements for the general use of boards for interior fitments (including furniture) for use in dry conditions (Type P2) and for non-load bearing boards for use in humid conditions (Type P3).

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Utilization of Partially Liquefied Bark for Production of Particleboards

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10155253 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (15) ◽

pp. 5253 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wen Jiang ◽

Stergios Adamopoulos ◽

Reza Hosseinpourpia ◽

Jure Žigon ◽

Marko Petrič ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bending Strength ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Value Added ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽

Dry Conditions ◽

Synthetic Adhesives ◽

European Standards ◽

Muf Adhesives

Bark as a sawmilling residue can be used for producing value-added chemicals and materials. This study investigated the use of partially liquefied bark (PLB) for producing particleboard with or without synthetic adhesives. Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) bark was partially liquefied in the presence of ethylene glycol and sulfuric acid. Four types of particleboard panels were prepared with a PLB content of 4.7%, 9.1%, 20%, and 33.3%, respectively. Another five types of particleboard panels were manufactured by using similar amounts of PLB and 10 wt.% of melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) adhesives. Characterization of bark and solid residues of PLB was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and automated vapor sorption (AVS). Mechanical and physical properties of the particleboard were tested according to the European standards EN 310 for determining modulus of elasticity and bending strength, EN 317 for determining thickness swelling after immersion in water, and EN 319 for determining internal bond strength. The results showed that the increase in PLB content improved the mechanical strength for the non-MUF boards, and the MUF-bonded boards with up to 20% of PLB met the requirements for interior uses in dry conditions according to EN 312. The non-MUF boards containing 33.3% of PLB and the MUF-bonded boards showed comparable thickness swelling and water absorption levels compared to the reference board.

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Properties of Malaysian Solid Coco-Lumber

CORD ◽

10.37833/cord.v25i2.144 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Khairul, M.

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Outer Part ◽

Basic Density ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

The Philippines ◽

Raw Material ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Furniture Industry ◽

Absorption Properties ◽

Dry Conditions

Solid coco-lumber is relatively a new raw material in Malaysia’s furniture industry. However, different situations can be seen in the Philippines and Indonesia as they are actively producing and marketing coconut wood-based products. In this study, the physical and mechanical properties such as moisture content, basic density, Modulus of Rupture (MOR), Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), shear stress, compression parallel to the grain, thickness swelling and water absorption properties of Malaysian solid coco-lumber were determined. The solid coco-lumber was divided into inner and outer parts and were tested under two different conditions i.e. green and air-dry conditions. The study showed that the physical and mechanical properties of the air-dried outer part of the solid coco-lumber were 50% higher compared to the inner part under both conditions. The results proved that the properties of coconut wood tested are very useful to the emerging coco-lumber based furniture industry in Malaysia.

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Effect of Soaking/Oven- Drying on Mechanical and Physical Properties of Birch (Betula spp.) Plywood

Drvna industrija ◽

10.5552/drvind.2021.1946 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 121-129

Author(s):

Regino Kask ◽

Harri Lille ◽

Mihkel Kiviste ◽

Silver Kruus ◽

Johann Olaf Lääne

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Phenol Formaldehyde ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Oven Drying ◽

Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽

The Face ◽

European Standards ◽

Fractional Equation

The objective of this study was to explore some of the physical and mechanical properties of 9-layer birch (Betula spp.) plywood with the addition of phenol-formaldehyde glue, in cases in which the cutting edges of the samples are coated with the damp-proof mastic Fibergum, and in case in which they remain unprocessed (uncoated), following a total of ten cycles of soaking/oven-drying. The properties to be determined were the bending strength (BS), modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE), thickness swelling (TS) and restore dimensions (RD), which were tested according to the European standards (EN). A linear-fractional equation and linear relationship were used for the approximation of any change in the physical and mechanical properties of the samples depending upon the number of soaking/oven-drying cycles. It was shown that the values of the properties investigated were most affected by the first soaking and drying cycle. Thereafter, BS and MOE levels decreased smoothly at a low rate, but the values of TS became stabilised. The BS and MOE values for the wet samples with coated cutting edges were higher than when they were uncoated, as the moisture levels in the former case were lower. After the first soaking of the samples with coated cutting edges, the retention values were as follows: BS at 52.8 % and 66.7 % for the major and minor axes, respectively, with the same applying to MOE at 61.9 % and 64.2 %, while TS was at 105.2 %. To clarify the phenomenon that causes a decrease of the properties, the face plies and edge structures of the initial dry samples and of the samples after the first, second and ninth soaking/oven-drying cycles were studied using the X-Ray technique.Ključne riječi

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Physical and Mechanical Properties of Alnus Formosana Wood Introduced into Sichuan

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.574.411 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 574 ◽

pp. 411-415

Author(s):

Ming Chen ◽

Jian Hua Lyu

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Impact Toughness ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Basic Density ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Dry Density ◽

Average Value ◽

Mechanical And Physical Properties

The mechanical and physical properties of Alnus formosana wood from Sichuan, China were studied. Air-dry density, oven-dry density, basic density, shrinkage, swelling, parallel-to-grain compressive strength, parallel-to-grain tensile strength, modulus of rupture (MOR),modulus of elasticity (MOE) ,impact toughness were analyzed. Results from this study show that air-dry density, oven-dry density and basic density were respectively 0.52, 0.49 and 0.43g/cm3. The average value of volumetric shrinkage was 7.111% and the average value of volumetric swelling was 7.06%. The average values of modulus of elasticity (MOE) ,modulus of rupture (MOR), parallel-to-grain compressive strength, parallel-to-grain tensile strength and impact toughness were 8102.429 Mpa, 80.429 Mpa, 41.575Mpa, 81.542 Mpa and 47.406 Kj/m2 , respectively. This study solved a basic problem about the planting and utilization of Alnus formosana wood in Sichuan, China.

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Fire-resistance, physical, and mechanical characterization of binderless rice straw particleboards

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.12.4.8539-8549 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 8539-8549 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cristina C. Ferrandez-Garcia ◽

Teresa Garcia-Ortuño ◽

Maria T. Ferrandez-Garcia ◽

Manuel Ferrandez-Villena ◽

Clara E. Ferrandez-Garcia

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Mechanical Characterization ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

European Standards ◽

Internal Bonding Strength

Binderless rice straw particleboards were successfully manufactured by hot pressing at low temperatures (110 °C) while under pressure (2.6 MPa) using a three-step process. Two particle sizes were used: 0.25 to 1.00 mm and 0.00 to 0.25 mm. Three pressing times (15 min, 30 min, and 60 min) were studied. Eighteen types of boards were made. The physical and mechanical properties were assessed in accordance with the European Standards for wood-based particleboards, namely density, thickness swelling, water absorption, thermal conductivity, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bonding strength, and reaction to fire. Two panels exceeded the requirements for general uses. The panels had a low thermal conductivity (0.076 W/mK to 0.091 W/mK). The panels were classified in the same class as the fire retardants (class Bd0, according to EN ISO 11925-2:2002).

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High-density particleboard made from agro-industrial waste and different adhesives

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.14.3.5162-5170 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 5162-5170

Keyword(s):

Sugarcane Bagasse ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Dry Mass ◽

High Density ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Formaldehyde Resin ◽

Pulp Industry ◽

Dry Conditions ◽

American Standard

Particleboards were made using particles from sugarcane bagasse and eucalyptus residues of the pulp industry. The particleboard properties were evaluated according to ABNT NBR 14810-1 (2013), ABNT NBR 14810-2 (2013), and ANSI A208.1 (1999) standards, which compared the efficiency of castor oil-based polyurethane resin (PU-Castor) and urea-formaldehyde resin (UF). The particleboards were composed of 60% wood particles and 40% bagasse, with a 10% adhesive dose based on the dry mass of particles. The following parameters were evaluated: apparent density, moisture content (MC), thickness swelling after 24 h, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity to static bending (MOE), and internal bond strength of panels (IB). The results obtained demonstrated the potential use of eucalyptus and sugarcane bagasse residues in the production of high-density particleboards. The panels produced with PU-Castor showed greater efficiency, and their physical and mechanical properties were compatible with the requirements of the Brazilian standard for P4 panels (structural panels for use in dry conditions) and the American standard for H-3 panels (high industrial density).

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PEMANFAATAN KAYU AKASIA MANGIUM (Acacia mangium Willd) UNTUK MEBEL

Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan ◽

10.24111/jrihh.v4i1.1195 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Djoko Purwanto

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Treatment Process ◽

Acacia Mangium ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Wood Fibers ◽

Test Parameters ◽

Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽

Scale Scores

Timber Acacia mangium (Acacia mangium, Willd) for Furniture. The study aims to determine the mechanical and physical properties and the decorative value (color and fiber) wood of acacia mangium with using finishing materials. This type of finishing material used is ultran lasur natural dof ,ultran lasur classic teak, aqua politur clear dof, aqua politur akasia dan aqua politur cherry. After finishing the wood is stored for 3 months. Test parameters were observed, namely, physical and mechanical properties of wood, adhesion of finishing materials, color and appearance of the fiber, and timber dimensions expansion. The results showed that the mechanical physical properties of acacia wood qualified SNI. 01-0608-89 about the physical and mechanical properties of wood for furniture, air dry the moisture content from 13.78 to 14.89%, flexural strength from 509.25 to 680.50 kg/cm2, and compressive strength parallel to fiber 342.1 - 412.9 kg/cm2. Finishing the treatment process using five types of finishing materials can increase the decorative value (color and fiber) wood. Before finishing the process of acacia mangium wood has the appearance of colors and fibers and less attractive (scale scores 2-3), after finishing acacia wood fibers have the appearance of colors and interesting and very interesting (scale 4-5).Keywords: mangium wood, mechanical properties, decorative value, finishing, furniture.

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Potential of Brewer’s Spent Grain as a Potential Replacement of Wood in pMDI, UF or MUF Bonded Particleboard

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13030319 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 319

Author(s):

Marius Cătălin Barbu ◽

Zeno Montecuccoli ◽

Jakob Förg ◽

Ulrike Barbeck ◽

Petr Klímek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Bond ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Brewer’S Spent Grain ◽

Beer Brewing ◽

Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽

Dry Conditions ◽

Spent Grain

Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) is the richest by-product (85%) of the beer-brewing industry, that can be upcycled in a plentiful of applications, from animal feed, bioethanol production or for removal of heavy metals from wastewater. The aim of this research is to investigate the mechanical, physical and structural properties of particleboard manufactured with a mixture of wood particles and BSG gradually added/replacement in 10%, 30% and 50%, glued with polymeric diisocyanate (pMDI), urea-formaldehyde (UF) and melamine urea-formaldehyde (MUF) adhesives. The density, internal bond, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, screw withdrawal resistance, thickness swelling and water absorption were tested. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy anaylsis was carried out to analyze the structure of the panels after the internal bond test. Overall, it was shown that the adding of BSG decreases the mechanical performance of particleboard, due to reduction of the bonding between wood and BSG particles. This decrease has been associated with the structural differences proven by SEM inspection. Interaction of particles with the adhesive is different for boards containing BSG compared to those made from wood. Nevertheless, decrease in the mechanical properties was not critical for particleboards produced with 10% BSG which could be potentially classified as a P2 type, this means application in non-load-bearing panel for interior use in dry conditions, with high dimensional stability and stiffness.

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Eco-Friendly, High-Density Fiberboards Bonded with Urea-Formaldehyde and Ammonium Lignosulfonate

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13020220 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 220

Author(s):

Petar Antov ◽

Viktor Savov ◽

Ľuboš Krišťák ◽

Roman Réh ◽

George I. Mantanis

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Urea Formaldehyde ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

High Density ◽

Thickness Swelling ◽

Formaldehyde Content ◽

Uf Resin ◽

Natural Wood ◽

European Standards

The potential of producing eco-friendly, formaldehyde-free, high-density fiberboard (HDF) panels from hardwood fibers bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin and a novel ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS) is investigated in this paper. HDF panels were fabricated in the laboratory by applying a very low UF gluing factor (3%) and ALS content varying from 6% to 10% (based on the dry fibers). The physical and mechanical properties of the fiberboards, such as water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), as well as formaldehyde content, were determined in accordance with the corresponding European standards. Overall, the HDF panels exhibited very satisfactory physical and mechanical properties, fully complying with the standard requirements of HDF for use in load-bearing applications in humid conditions. Markedly, the formaldehyde content of the laboratory fabricated panels was extremely low, ranging between 0.7–1.0 mg/100 g, which is, in fact, equivalent to the formaldehyde release of natural wood.

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Impact of Chemical Modification on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Tropical Wood Material

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.314 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 576 ◽

pp. 314-317

Author(s):

Sinin Hamdan ◽

M. Saiful Islam

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Diazonium Salt ◽

Treated Wood ◽

Coupling Reaction ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Ir Analysis ◽

D Values ◽

Benzene Diazonium

Five types of selected tropical light hardwoods were chemically modified with benzene diazonium salt to improve their physical and mechanical properties. Benzene diazonium salt underwent a coupling reaction with wood which was confirmed through FT-IR analysis. The compressive modulus of the treated wood increased, whereas modulus of rupture was shown to decrease on treatment. The modified wood samples had higher hardness (Shore D) values compared to that of the control ones.

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